2021譯林版高中英語(yǔ)選擇性必修四Unit-2課文翻譯

UNIT2UnderstandingeachotherWehavetwoearsandonemouthsothatwecanlistentwiceasmuchaswespeak.——Epictetus我們只有兩只耳朵和一張嘴巴，所以我們可以聽到的是我們所說(shuō)的兩倍?！獝郾瓤颂┑翿eading(p16-17)Effectivecommunication有效溝通Ifyouheardsomeoneshout“Heyyou!”fromacrosstheroom,howwouldyoureact?Justthesetwowordscancarryalotofinformation.Theycouldbeinterpretedasawelcominggreetingfromaclosefriend,especiallyifaccompaniedbyagentlesmile.Whenspokenbyastranger,theycanfunctionasameansofattractingyourattention.Muchofwhatwecommunicateisdependentnotonlyonthewordsweuse,butalsoonhowweusethem.So.let’slookalittledeeperintothetopicofcommunication.如果你聽到有人從房間的另一頭喊“嘿,你!”,你會(huì)作何反應(yīng)?僅僅這兩個(gè)詞就可以承載很多信息。它們(這兩個(gè)詞)可以解讀成來(lái)自親密朋友的熱情問(wèn)候,特別是如果伴隨著親切的笑容。當(dāng)陌生人這樣說(shuō)話時(shí),它們可以作為吸引你注意的一種方式。我們交流的大部分內(nèi)容不僅取決于我們使用的詞語(yǔ),還取決于我們?nèi)绾问褂盟鼈?。那?咱們更深入地探討一下交流的話題吧。Communicationistheprocessofexchanginginformationbetweenasenderandareceiver.Thesenderencodesamessageandsendsitfacetoface,orthroughvideo,telephone,mailorsocialmedia.Thismessageisthenreceivedanddecodedbythereceiver.Inresponse,thereceiversendsanencodedmessageback,whichisreferredtoasfeedback,Thisfeedbackisdecodedbytheoriginalsenderandtheentirecyclerepeatsitselfuntiltheyhavefinishedcommunicating.溝通是發(fā)送者和接收者之間交換信息的過(guò)程。發(fā)送者對(duì)信息進(jìn)行編碼,然后面對(duì)面發(fā)通或通過(guò)視頻、電話、郵件或社交媒體發(fā)送,然后該消息被接收方接收并解碼,作為回應(yīng),接收者發(fā)回一組編碼的信息,這被稱為反饋。這個(gè)反饋信息被原始發(fā)送者解碼,然后整個(gè)循環(huán)重復(fù),直到他們完成通信。Thiscommunicationprocesscanbechallengingbut,withpracticeandpatience,youcanbecomeahighlycompetentcommunicator.Toaccomplishthis,youneedtoknowwithwhomyouarecommunicating.Whatistheirageorposition?Whatistheirrelationshipwithyou?Whatexpectationsandculturalbackgroundsdotheyhave?Onceyouhaveobtainedthisinformationyoucanuseittodeterminehowbesttocommunicatewiththem.Dependingonwhetheryouarecommunicatingwithastranger,friend,familymemberorco-worker,youwillneedtodecidewhichcommunicationchannelbestsuitsthesituation.Furthermore,youwillneedtodeterminetheappropriatestyletouseandhowcomplexyourchoiceofwordsshouldbe.Forexample,ifyouareabusinesspersonnegotiatingwithalargeenterpriseaboutadeal,youshoulddoitfacetoface,usingformallanguageinastraightforwardmanner.這個(gè)溝通過(guò)程可能是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的,但是,通過(guò)練習(xí)和耐心,你可以成為一個(gè)非常稱職的溝通者。要做到這一點(diǎn),你需要知道你在和誰(shuí)交流,他們的年齡或職位是什么?他們和你的關(guān)系如何?他們有什么樣的期望和文化背景?一旦你獲得了此休息,你可以用它來(lái)決定如何最好地與他們溝通。根據(jù)你是與陌生人、朋友、家人還是問(wèn)事溝通,你需要決定哪種溝通渠道最適合這類情況。此外,你還需要確定使用的方式適當(dāng),以及你的措辭應(yīng)該多復(fù)雜。例如,如果你是一個(gè)商人,正在與一家大企業(yè)洽談一筆交易,你應(yīng)該面對(duì)面地,用正式的語(yǔ)言,以直截了當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行溝通。Yourbodylanguageisequallyimportant,sinceitrevealsalotaboutyourthoughtsandattitudes.Makesureitclearlysupportsthemessageyouwanttodeliver.Asmileshowsyouareattentivetotheissuesbeingdiscussed,whilelookingawaywithyourarmsfoldedcanindicatedisinterestandcreatedistrustorfriction.Additionally,youshouldnotignoretheotherperson’sbodylanguage,whichwillgiveyoucluesastowhethertheconversationisgoingwellornot.Whenyounoticeachangeintheotherperson’sbodylanguage.youshouldadjusthowyouarecommunicatingaccordingly.Ifsomeonelooksatyouwithaconfusedexpression,thiscouldindicatethattheyhavenotcompletelyunderstoodyourpoint.Thenyouwillneedtoclarifyyourmessagebeforemovingon.你的肢體語(yǔ)言同樣重要,因?yàn)樗沂玖四愕南敕ê蛻B(tài)度。確保它清楚地支持你想要傳遞的信息。微笑表明你對(duì)正在討論的問(wèn)題很關(guān)注,而雙臂交叉、日光移開可能表明你不感興趣,這樣會(huì)造成不信任或?qū)е履Σ?。另?你也不應(yīng)該忽視對(duì)方的肢體語(yǔ)言,因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)提示你對(duì)話是否順利。當(dāng)你注意到別人肢體語(yǔ)言的變化時(shí),你應(yīng)該相應(yīng)地調(diào)整你交流的方式。如果有人帶著困惑的表情看著你,這可能表明他們沒有完全理解你的觀點(diǎn)。那么在繼續(xù)之前,你需要闡明你的信息。Whilebeingknowledgeableaboutbodylanguageisvital,thevalueofempathyshouldnotbeunderstated.Seektounderstandtheotherperson’semotions,byputtingyourselfintheirshoesandlookingatthesituationfromtheirperspective.Supposeyouarediscussingaprojectwithyourpartner,whohasjustlostanimportantbasketballgameandisinactive.Toengagehimorherinthediscussionandmakeyourcommunicationmoreeffective.youmayexpressyoursympathyby,forinstance,saying,“Iunderstandhowyoufeel...”However,someissuesmaybecomplicatedandyoumayheconfusedaboutwhyothersfeelthewaytheydo.Onlywhenyougiveseriousconsiderationtotheirpointsofviewwillyoubeabletoseewhataccountsfortheiremotionsandempathizewiththem.Youmaynotapproveoftheirideasbutatleastyouwillseewheretheyarecomingfrom,whichmeansyoucanmakeadjustmentstoyourowntoneandchoiceofwordsaccordingly.雖然了解肢體語(yǔ)言很重要,但同情的價(jià)值也不應(yīng)該被低估,通過(guò)設(shè)身處地從對(duì)方的角度看問(wèn)題來(lái)試著理解對(duì)方的情緒。假設(shè)你和你的伙伴正在討論一個(gè)項(xiàng)目,他/她剛剛輸了一場(chǎng)重要的籃球比賽,而且現(xiàn)在不活躍。為了讓他或她參與討論,使你的交流更有效,你可以表達(dá)你的同情,例如,說(shuō):“我理解你的感受······”但是,有些問(wèn)題可能很復(fù)雜,你可能會(huì)困惑為什么其他人會(huì)有這樣的感覺。只有當(dāng)你認(rèn)真考慮他們的觀點(diǎn),你才能明白他們的情緒是如何產(chǎn)生的,并與他們產(chǎn)生共鳴。你可能不贊成他們的想法,但至少你會(huì)明白這些想法從何而來(lái),這意味著你可以相應(yīng)地調(diào)整自己的語(yǔ)氣和措辭。Effectivecommunicationwillenableyoutosettledifferencesanddisagreementsappropriatelyandimproveyourinteractionswithothers.Goodcommunicationskillswillalsohelpyoubuildtrustandgainrespect,allowingrelationshipstobecomemorepositiveandproductive.So,getpractisingandgoodluck!有效的溝通能讓你恰當(dāng)?shù)亟鉀Q差異與分歧,并改善你與他人的互動(dòng)交流。良好的溝通技巧還能幫助你建立信任,獲得尊重,使人際關(guān)系變得更加積極和富有成效。所以,好好練習(xí),祝你好運(yùn)!Grammarandusage(p20)SomepeoplesaythattheUKandtheUSAaretwocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.However,afterstudyingineachofthem.Ifounditismorethanthat.Apartfromthedifferencesinlanguagesuchaspronunciationandvocabulary,thereisasignificantgapintermsofcommunicationstyles.有人說(shuō)英國(guó)和美國(guó)是被一種共同的語(yǔ)言分開的兩個(gè)國(guó)家。然而,在兩個(gè)國(guó)家(的學(xué)校)學(xué)習(xí)之后,我發(fā)現(xiàn)不止那些。除了像發(fā)音、詞匯這種語(yǔ)言上的差異外,在交際風(fēng)格上也存在著顯著的差異。IspentonetermintheUK,wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.Britishpeopleareknowntobepolite.Sopolite,infact,thattheywillsometimessaythecompleteoppositeofwhattheyreallymean:acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.NosoonerhadIbeguntounderstandhowBritishpeoplecommunicatethanitwastimetoheadbackhome.Butitsurelyleftanimpressiononme.Later,IhadtheopportunitytostudyasanexchangestudentintheUSAforoneyear.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothepoint.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”Ihadtolearnawholenewwayofcommunicating.我在英國(guó)待過(guò)一個(gè)學(xué)期,在那里最大的挑戰(zhàn)是間接的說(shuō)話方式。英國(guó)人以彬彬有禮著稱。事實(shí)上,他們太禮貌了,以至于有時(shí)會(huì)說(shuō)與他們真正想說(shuō)的完全相反的話:一個(gè)普遍的看法——“還不錯(cuò)”,通常被翻譯成“太糟糕了”。我剛開始了解英國(guó)人的溝通方式就到要回家的時(shí)候了。但它確實(shí)給我留下了印象。后來(lái),我有機(jī)會(huì)到美國(guó)作為交換生學(xué)習(xí)一年?，F(xiàn)在,當(dāng)我和偏愛直接風(fēng)格的美國(guó)人說(shuō)話時(shí),我發(fā)現(xiàn)我經(jīng)常不能直接切入主題。有些時(shí)候,像“你介意把果醬遞給我嗎?”這樣的問(wèn)題會(huì)碰到“我為什么介意?”這樣的回答。我不得不學(xué)習(xí)一種全新的交流方式。Bytheendoftheexchangeyear,Ihadasomewhatbetterunderstandingofhowtocommunicateinbothcountries,butIstillhavealottomaster.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!到交換年結(jié)束的時(shí)候,我對(duì)如何在兩國(guó)交流有了一些更好的了解,但我還有很多需要掌握的。正如我的經(jīng)歷清楚地表明,學(xué)習(xí)一門語(yǔ)言只是開始!Integratedskills(p23)PopularityoflearningChinese漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的流行Mary-JoSaundersgoestokindergarteneverymorning,justlikemanyotherfive-year-oldsinNewYork.Today,sheislearningapoem.WhatisspecialisthatitisaChinesepoemandthatsheisabletoreciteitwithoutanaccent.SoonsheisgoingtolearnChinesehandwritingtoo.“Learningtheworld’smostspokenlanguagemightgiveMary-Joaheadstartinherfuturecareer,“sayshermotherAlison.“Ithinkit’sgoodforhertostretchherselfbylisteningtoandpronouncingnewsounds,aswellaslearningtoreadandwriteChinesecharacters.”MoreandmoreambitiousparentsintheworldaresigningtheirchildrenupforChineseclasses.Keenfortheirsonsanddaughterstosucceedinlife.theyseebeingfluentinasecondorthirdlanguageasanadvantage.LearningChineseisbecomingsopopularthatthelanguagehasbeenincludedintheeducationsystemsofmorethan75countries.Over4,000overseasuniversitiesofferChineselanguagecoursesandabout25millionpeoplearelearningChineseoutsideChina.ItiseasytounderstandwhyChineseisbecomingsopopular.LearningChinesemayhelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities.Chinaisalreadyaglobaleconomicpower,anditsinfluenceisgrowing.Forexample.thereisChina’sBeltandRoadInitiative,whichmotivatesmanycountriesalongtheSilkRoadtocooperatemoreclosely.Ithascreatedthousandsoflocaljobs,manyofwhichneedpeoplewithaknowledgeofChinese.AnotherreasonisthatstudyingChineseprovidesaccesstowonderfulChinesehistoryandculture.AdamTurner,aschoolheadteacherintheUK,citesthisasoneofthemostappealingaspectsoftherecentlyaddedChinesecourse.“StudentslovethemysteryofChina,”heexplains.“Theywanttoknowallaboutitstraditions,dynastiesandartforms.LearningChinesehelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.”瑪麗喬·桑德斯每天早上都去幼兒園,就像紐約許多其他五歲的孩子一樣。今天,她在學(xué)一首詩(shī)。特別的是,這是一首中國(guó)詩(shī),并且她可以不帶口音地吟誦。不久地也要學(xué)習(xí)中文書法?！皩W(xué)習(xí)世界上說(shuō)得最多的語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)讓瑪麗喬在未來(lái)的職業(yè)生涯中領(lǐng)先,”她的母親艾莉森說(shuō)?！拔艺J(rèn)為,通過(guò)聽新音、發(fā)新音,以及學(xué)習(xí)讀和寫漢字來(lái)鍛煉自己,對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)是有好處的?！笔澜缟显絹?lái)越多雄心勃勃的父母給孩子報(bào)名上中文課。希望自己的子女能在生活中取得成功,他們認(rèn)為會(huì)流利地說(shuō)第二或第三種語(yǔ)言是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)。學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)變得如此流行,以至于超過(guò)75個(gè)國(guó)家的教育系統(tǒng)中都包含了漢語(yǔ)。4000多所海外大學(xué)開設(shè)了漢語(yǔ)課程,約2500萬(wàn)人在國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)。很容易理解為什么漢語(yǔ)變得如此受歡迎。學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)可以幫助人們獲得更多的工作機(jī)會(huì)。中國(guó)已經(jīng)是一個(gè)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó),其影響力正在增長(zhǎng)。比如,中國(guó)的“一帶一路”倡議推動(dòng)了絲綢之路沿線許多國(guó)家更親密地合作。它為當(dāng)?shù)貏?chuàng)造了數(shù)千個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),其中許多需要懂中文的人。另一個(gè)原因是學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)提供了讓你了解令人驚嘆的中國(guó)的歷史和文化的機(jī)會(huì)。英國(guó)一所學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)亞當(dāng)·特納稱,這是最近新增的中文課程最吸引人的地方之一?！皩W(xué)生們喜歡中國(guó)的神秘,”他解釋說(shuō),“他們想了解它的所有傳統(tǒng)、王朝和藝術(shù)形式。學(xué)習(xí)中文幫助他們從一個(gè)新的視角看待生活,并且拓寬他們的視野,讓他們看到外面的世界。”Extendedreading(p25-26)Borrowedwords外來(lái)詞“Therestaurant’sfriedtofuisdelicious.”Isthereanythingspecialaboutthissentence?Well,allthewordsexcept“the”and“is”areborrowedfromotherlanguages!Thiscomesasnosurprise,giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.However,Englishisnotaloneinborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages—borrowedwordscanbefoundinalmostalllanguages.Forexample.EnglishwordsthatareborrowedintotheChineselanguageinclude“bacon”.“這家餐館的炸豆腐很美味”這個(gè)句子有什么特別之處嗎?好吧,除了“the”和“is”之外,所有的單詞都是從其他語(yǔ)言中借來(lái)的!這并不奇怪,鑒于英語(yǔ)中有超過(guò)300種不同語(yǔ)言的外來(lái)詞,包括拉丁語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)。然而,英語(yǔ)并不是唯一一種從其他語(yǔ)言中借用詞匯的語(yǔ)言——幾手所有語(yǔ)言中都有借用詞匯的現(xiàn)象。例如,借用到漢語(yǔ)中的英語(yǔ)單詞包括“bacon”“tank”和“golf”。Wordborrowingcomesaboutwhentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract.Thistendstohappenwhenthereisnosuitablewordforanobjectorideainthenativetongue.Thisphenomenonhasbeenoccurringforthousandsofyears.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,wordsareevenmorelikelytobeborrowedstraightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore,especiallythoserelatedtotechnologicaldevelopments,suchas“email”and“Internet”.當(dāng)兩種不同語(yǔ)言的文化相互作用時(shí),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞匯借用。這種情況往往發(fā)生在母語(yǔ)中沒有合適的詞來(lái)表示一個(gè)物體或想法的時(shí)候。這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)生了幾千年。在當(dāng)今的全球化時(shí)代,通信技術(shù)使不同的文化更緊密地聯(lián)系在一起,詞匯甚至更有可能直接從源語(yǔ)言借用的速度比以往任何時(shí)候都快,特別是那些與技術(shù)發(fā)展有關(guān)的詞匯,如“電子郵件”和“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”。Thoughborrowingwordshasbecomefaster,theprocessisstillcomplex,andittakestimebeforenewwordsareintegratedintoeverydayspeech.Atfirst,theborrowedwordisonlyusedbybilingualspeakers.Itthenspreadstopeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage,andtheywillchangethepronunciationtofitthewaytheyspeak,almostunknowingly.Anexampleofthisistheword“kungfu”,whichreferstoChinesemartialarts.ThiswordcomesfromChinesegongfu,Overtime,thesoundsthataredifficulttopronouncehavebeenreplacedwithmorefamiliarones.Thelongeraborrowedwordhasbeeninuse,themoreitsoundsandevenlookslikethenativelanguage.雖然借詞已變得更快,但是過(guò)程仍然復(fù)雜,新詞需要一段時(shí)間才能融入日常用語(yǔ)中。起初,只有雙語(yǔ)者才會(huì)使用外來(lái)詞。然后,它傳播給了不了解源語(yǔ)言的人,他們會(huì)在幾乎不知不覺中改變發(fā)音,以適應(yīng)自己的說(shuō)話方式?！盞ungfu”這個(gè)詞就是這樣一個(gè)例子,它指的是中國(guó)武術(shù),這個(gè)詞來(lái)自漢語(yǔ)“功夫”。隨著時(shí)間的推移,那些難發(fā)的青已經(jīng)被更熟悉的音取代,一個(gè)外來(lái)詞使用的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),它聽起來(lái),甚至看起來(lái)就越像母語(yǔ)。Borrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardlybeavoided,butsomelanguagecommunitiesopposeadoptingwordsfromothercultures.Therearecountriesthatmakeinterventionstokeeptheirnativelanguagepureinordertodefendtheiridentity.TheFrenchspecificallyhaveanofficialorganizationthatcreatesnewwordsinordertoavoidborrowedwords.Somelanguageshaveanextremelysmallnumberofspeakers,suchastheNativeAmericanNavajolanguage,usedonlybythemembersofthetribe.Underthiscircumstance,itbecomesamatterofsurvivalforthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.雖然外來(lái)詞是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展幾乎難以避免的結(jié)果,但是一些語(yǔ)言群體反對(duì)從其他文化中吸收詞匯。有些國(guó)家采取干預(yù)措施,以保持其母語(yǔ)的純正,以捍衛(wèi)其身份。法國(guó)人專門有一個(gè)創(chuàng)造新詞的官方組織,以避免外來(lái)詞。有些語(yǔ)言的使用者人數(shù)非常少,例