2021年新高考英語4月模擬題分項(xiàng)匯編 02 閱讀理解之說明文（二） 解析版

專題02閱讀理解之說明文（二）

一、（河北省衡水中學(xué)2021屆高三聯(lián)考）

Sometermite（白蟻）specieshavefiguredouthowtoenjoytheshelterofthehugecomplexneststhatthe

insectsbuildwithoutcontributingtotheirconstruction.Theyavoidthefullangeroftheirbuilderhostsbybeing

extremelyeasy-going.

Animalsthatliveinthenestsofanotherspecieswithoutaffectingthemareknownasinquilines.Inquiline

termitesareuniqueamongtermitesinbeingunabletomaketheirownnests.Instead,theyliveinthehallwaysbuilt

byanothertermite,Constrictotermescyphergaster.Untilnow,ithasbeenunclearhowthetwopartieskeptpeaceful

insuchtightquartersbecausetermitesaretypicallyveryaggressivetowardsoutsiders.

HelderHugoattheUniversityofKonstanzinGermanyandhiscolleaguescollectedConstrictotermes

cyphergaster^nestsintheBrazilianCerradoandbroughtthemintothelaboratory.Theythenplacedhostand

tenant（房客）termitesineitheropenornarrowareasandusedvideototrackandrecordthewaysinwhichthetwo

speciesreactedtoeachother.

Rightfromthestart,theinquiline,termitesmovedaroundlessthantheirhostsandinteractedlittlewiththem,

eveninthemuchnarrowerarea."Manytimes,“saysHugo,“whentwounrelatedgroupsareputtogetherina

limitedspace——suchasanexperimentalarea——theoutcomeisconflictwithlossesfrombothsides."Butthatdidn't

happenhere.Despiteattacksfromhosttermites,thetenanttermiteswereobedient.Hostswouldbiteorattackthe

inquilineswithstrongchemicals,buttheirtargetsneverrespondedinthesameway,choosingtoflee.Someignored

thehostscompletely.

“Wedidnotexpectthattheywouldneverfightback,^^saysHugo,notingthattheinquilinesarecapableof

protectingtheirownplacewithmouths.t4Bypreventingconflictgoingworse,inquilinetcnnitesmayconsiderably

improvetheirchancesoflivingtogetherwiththeirhosttermitespeacefully.^^

“Passivenessdoesnotnecessarilyleadtodefeat,butcanbeaveryusefulstrategy,savingenergyand

resources,“sheadds."Naturemaynotalwaysberedintoothandclaw,andaggressionisnotanymoresuccessfula

strategythan'cowardice'（儒弱）

12.Whatisthefeatureoftheinquilinetermites?

A.Theyliveinanothertermitespecies'nests.

B.Theyareaggressivetowardsoutsiders.

C.Theyliketobuildtheirownnests.

D.Theyarecommunicativetenants.

13.Whatdoyoulearnabouttheexperimentinparagraph3?

A.Thedifferencesbetweenthetwospecies.

B.Thefindingsoftheobservation.

C.Thelivinghabitsoftermites.

D.Theprocessoftheresearch.

14.WliatdoesHugothinkoftheinquilinetennites,livingstrategy?

A.Aggressive.B.Unacceptable.C.Effective.D.Dangerous.

15.What'sthebesttitleforthetext?

A.TheCharacteristicsofTermites

B.PassivenessDoesn'tNecessarilyLeadtoDefeat

C.TheRelationshipBetweenHostandTenantTermites

D.TermitesUseCowardicetoAvoidTheirHosts'Anger

【答案】

12.A

13.D

14.C

15.D

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。文章講述了寄居白蟻?zhàn)约翰恢?，而是寄居在別的白蟻的巢穴中，這些白蟻用示弱

來躲避巢穴主人的憤怒。

12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段關(guān)鍵句"Inquilinetermitesareuniqueamongtermitesinbeingunableto

maketheirownnests.Instead,theyliveinthehallwaysbuiltbyanothertermite,Constrictotermescyphergaster.^^

（在白蟻中,寄居白蟻是獨(dú)特的，它們不能夠自己筑巢。相反，它們生活在另一種白蟻Constrictotermes

cyphergaster建造的巢穴里。）可知，寄居白蟻是獨(dú)特的，它們不能夠自己筑巢，而是生活在另一種白蟻建

造的巢穴中。由此可知，寄居白蟻的特征是它們生活在另一種白蟻的巢穴里。故選A項(xiàng)。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段內(nèi)容“HelderHugoattheUniversityofKonstanzinGermanyandhis

colleaguescollectedConstrictotermescyphergaster^nestsintheBrazilianCorradoandbroughtthemintothe

laboratory.Theythenplacedhostandtenant（房客）termitesineitheropenornarrowareasandusedvideototrack

andrecordthewaysinwhichthetwospeciesreactedtoeachother.”（德國康斯坦茨大學(xué)的赫爾德?雨果和他的同

事們在巴西塞拉多收集了Constrictotermescyphergaster的巢穴，并把它們帶進(jìn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)室。然后，他們將主人

和房客白蟻放置在開闊或狹窄的區(qū)域，并用視頻追蹤和記錄這兩種白蚊相互反應(yīng)的方式。）可知，本段主

要介紹的是研究的過程，首先把收集到的巢穴帶進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，然后將主人和房客白蟻放置在開闊或狹窄的區(qū)

域，并用視頻追蹤和記錄這兩種白蟻相互反應(yīng)的方式。由此可知，在第三段中我們了解到了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的過

程。故選D項(xiàng)。

14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段關(guān)鍵句"Despiteattacksfromhosttermites,thetenanttermiteswere

obedient.Hostswouldbiteorattacktheinquilineswithstrongchemicals,buttheirtargetsneverrespondedinthe

sameway,choosingtoflee.Someignoredthehostscompletely.”（盡管受至！J主人白蟻的攻擊，房客白蟻還是聽

話的。主人會(huì)用強(qiáng)烈的化學(xué)物質(zhì)叮咬或攻擊寄生白蟻，但它們的目標(biāo)從來沒有做出同樣的反應(yīng)，而是選擇

逃跑。有些完全忽視了主人。）可知，面對主人的攻擊，寄生白蟻選擇逃跑。根據(jù)文章最后一段內(nèi)容

"''Passivenessdoesnotnecessarilyleadtodefeat,butcanbeaveryusefulstrategy,savingenergyandresources/）

sheadds."'Naturemaynotalwaysberedintoothandclaw,andaggressionisnotanymoresuccessfulastrategy

thanCowardice，（儒弱）（“被動(dòng)不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致失敗，但可以是一個(gè)非常有用的戰(zhàn)略，節(jié)省能源和資源，''她

補(bǔ)充說。“大自然未必總是紅的牙齒和爪子，侵略也不是比“懦弱’更成功的策略?！埃┛芍?，在雨果看來，寄

生白蟻逃跑的被動(dòng)反應(yīng)是一個(gè)非常有用的戰(zhàn)略。由此可知，雨果認(rèn)為寄生白蟻的生存策略是有效的。故選C

項(xiàng)。

15.主旨大意題。分析文章內(nèi)容，結(jié)合第二段關(guān)鍵句"Inquilinetermitesareuniqueamongtermitesinbeing

unabletomaketheirownnests.Instead,theyliveinthehallwaysbuiltbyanothertermite,Constrictotermes

cyphergaster."（在白蟻中，寄居白蟻是獨(dú)特的，它們不能夠自己筑巢。相反，它們生活在另一種白蟻

Constrictotermescyphergaster建造的走廊里。）和第四段關(guān)鍵句"Despiteattacksfromhosttermites,thetenant

termiteswereobedient.Hostswouldbiteorattacktheinquilineswithstrongchemicals,buttheirtargetsnever

respondedinthesameway,choosingtoflee.Someignoredthehostscompletely.”（盡管受至I」主人白蟻的攻擊，房

客白蟻還是聽話的。主人會(huì)用強(qiáng)烈的化學(xué)物質(zhì)叮咬或攻擊寄生白蟻，但它們的目標(biāo)從來沒有做出同樣的反

應(yīng)，而是選擇逃跑。有些完全忽視了主人。）可知，文章主要講述了寄居白蟻獨(dú)特的生存方式，他們不能

夠自己筑巢，而是生活在另一種白蟻建造的巢穴中，并且利用自己的“懦弱”來避免和巢穴主人發(fā)生沖突，以

實(shí)現(xiàn)居住的目的?！癟ermitesUseCowardicetoAvoidTheirHosts'Anger”意為“白蟻用怯懦來躲避主人的憤怒”，

為短文最佳標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。

二、（河北省石家莊市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢）

Storiesaresharedinmanyways.Theyaredescribedinbooksandmagazines.Theyarereadaroundthe

campfireatnight.Theyarerandomlydistributedfromstand-alonebooths.Butwhatelse?

Toreviveliteratureintheeraoffastnewsandsmartphoneaddiction,ShortEdition,aFrenchpublisherof

short-formliterature,hassetupmorethan30storydispensers（分發(fā)機(jī)）intheUSAinthepastyearstodeliver

fictionatthepushofabuttonatrestaurants,universitiesandgovernmentoffices.

FrancisFordCoppola,thefilmdirectorandwinemaker,likedtheideasomuchthatheinvestedinthe

companyandplacedadispenserathisCafeZoetropeinSanFrancisco.Lastmonth,publiclibrariesinsomeother

citiesannouncedtheywouldbesettingthemup,too.ThereisoneonthecampusatPennState.Afewcanbefound

indowntownWestPalmBeach,Fla.AndShortEditionplanstoannouncemore,includingattheLosAngeles

InternationalAirport.

"Everythingoldisnewagain,“saidAndrewNurkin,directoroftheFreeLibraryofPhiladelphia,whichisone

ofthelibrariesthatsetupthedispensers.t4Wewantpeopletobeeasilyexposedtoliterature.Wewanttoadvance

literacyamongchildrenandinspiretheircreativity.,,

Here'showadispenserworks.Ithasthreebuttonsontopindicatingchoicesforstoriesthatcanbereadinone

minute,threeminutesorfiveminutes.Whenabuttonispushed,ashortstoryisprinted.

Thestoriesarefree.Theyarechosenfromacomputercategoryofmorethan100,000originalsubmissionsby

writerswhoseworkshavebeenevaluatedbyShortEdition'sjudges,andtransmittedoveramobilenetwork.

Offeringscanbetailoredtospecificinterests,likechildren'sfictionorromance.ShortEditiongetsstoriesforits

categorybyholdingwritingcontests.

ShortEditionsetupitsfirstboothin2016andhas150machinesworldwide."Theideaistomakepeople

happy,“saidKristanLeroy,directorofShortEdition.t4Thereistoomuchunhappinesstoday.

8.Whatdoweknowaboutthestoriessentbydispensers?

A.Theyareeasilyread.

B.Theyareshortinform.

C.Theycanbeboughtfrombooths.

D.Theycanbefoundinmagazines.

9.WhichparagraphshowsthepopularityofstorydispensersinAmerica?

A.Paragraph3.B.Paragraph5.

C.Paragraph6.D.Paragraph7.

10.WhywerethestorydispenserssetupaccordingtoAndrewNurkin?

A.TointroduceFrenchliterature.

B.Togetridofsmartphoneaddiction.

C.Tomakepeoplehaveaccesstoliterature.

D.Toreducethefinancialstressoflibraries.

11.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.EverythingOldIsNew

B.OnlineReading:aVirtualTour

C.ShortEditionIsGettingPopular

D.TasteofLiterature,atthePushofaButton

【答案】

8.B

9.A

10.C

11.D

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。本文主要講述了為了能夠在快新聞時(shí)代和手機(jī)成癮時(shí)代復(fù)興文學(xué)，法國文學(xué)出版商

ShortEdition過去幾年在美國設(shè)立了30多家故事機(jī)。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Ithasthreebuttonsontopindicatingchoicesfbrstoriesthatcanbereadinone

minute,threeminutesorfiveminutes.”（它頂部有三個(gè)按鈕，指示可以在一分鐘、三分鐘或五分鐘內(nèi)讀完的故

事。）可知，故事分發(fā)器發(fā)送的故事都很短。故選B項(xiàng)。

9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Thereisone...WestPalmBeach,Fla.AndShortEditionplanstoannounce

more,includingattheLosAngelesInternationalAirport.”（在佛羅里達(dá)州西棕桐灘的市中心可以找到一些。Short

Edition計(jì)劃宣布更多消息，包括在洛杉磯國際機(jī)場。）可知，故事分發(fā)器在美國很受歡迎。故選A項(xiàng)。

10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段"Wewantpeopletobeeasilyexposedtoliterature.Wewanttoadvanceliteracy

amongchildrenandinspiretheircreativity."（我們希望人們能容易地接觸文學(xué)。我們希望提高兒童的讀寫能力，

激發(fā)他們的創(chuàng)造力。）可知，設(shè)置故事分發(fā)器的主要目的是使人們有機(jī)會(huì)接觸文學(xué)。故選C項(xiàng)。

11.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Storiesaresharedinmanyways.Theyarcdescribedinbooksandmagazines.^^

（故事可以通過多種方式共享。它們在書籍和雜志中都有描述。）可知，文章介紹的是有關(guān)閱讀的話題。

第二段ShortEdition...todeliverfictionatthepushofabuttonatrestaurants,universitiesandgovernmentoffices.

可知，法國文學(xué)出版商ShortEdition過去幾年在美國設(shè)立了30多家故事分發(fā)機(jī)。在餐廳，大學(xué)，政府辦公

室只需要按一下按鈕既可以閱讀小說。因此推斷D項(xiàng)“輕按一下按鈕，即可品味文學(xué)作品”為最佳標(biāo)題。故

選D項(xiàng)。

三、（河北省石家莊市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢）

Doyouthinkyou'resmarterthanyourparentsandgrandparents?AccordingtoJamesFlynn,aprofessorata

NewZealanduniversity,youare!Overthecourseofthelastcentury,peoplewhohavetakenIQtestshavegotten

increasinglybetterscores---onaverage,threepointsbetterforeverydecadethathaspassed.Thisimprovementis

knownas“theFlynneffect”，andscientistswanttoknowwhatisbehindit.

IQtestsandothersimilartestsaredesignedtomeasuregeneralintelligenceratherthanknowledge.Flynn

knewthatintelligenceispartlyinheritedfromourparentsandpartlytheresultofourenvironmentandexperiences,

buttheimprovementintestscoreswashappeningtooquicklytobeexplainedbyheredity.Sowhatwashappening

inthe20thcenturythatwashelpingpeopleachievehigherscoresonintelligencetests?

ScientistshaveproposedseveralexplanationsfortheFlynneffect.Somesuggestthattheimprovedtestscores

simplyreflectanincreasedexposuretotestsingeneral.Becausewetakesomanytests,welearntest-taking

techniquesthathelpusperformbetteronanytest.Othershavepointedtobetternutritionsinceitresultsinbabies

beingbornlarger,healthier,andwithmorebraindevelopmentthaninthepast.Anotherpossibleexplanationisa

changeineducationalstyles,withteachersencouragingchildrentolearnbydiscoveringthingsforthemselves

ratherthanjustmemorizinginformation.Thiscouldpreparepeopletodothekindofproblemsolvingthat

intelligencetestsrequire.

Flynnlimitedthepossibleexplanationswhenhelookedcarefullyatthetestdataanddiscoveredthatthe

improvementinscoreswasonlyoncertainpartsoftheIQtest.Test-takersdidn'tdobetteronthearithmeticor

vocabularysectionsofthetest;theydidbetteronsectionsthatrequiredaspecialkindofreasoningandproblem

solving.Forexample,onepartofthetestshowsasetofabstractshapes,andtest-takersmustlookforpatternsand

connectionsbetweenthemanddecidewhichshapeshouldbeaddedtotheset.AccordingtoFlynn,thisvisual

intelligenceimprovesastheamountoftechnologyinourlivesincreases.Everytimeyouplayacomputergameor

figureouthowtoprogramanewcellphone,youareexercisingexactlythekindofthinkingandproblemsolving

thathelpsyoudowellononekindofintelligencetest.Soareyoureallysmarterthanyourparents?Inonevery

specificway,youmaybe.

12.TheFlynneffectis.

A.notconnectedtoourexperiences

B.unknowninsomepartsoftheworld

C.anincreaseinIQtestscoresovertime

D.usedtomeasurepeople'sintelligence

13.Accordingtothearticle,newereducationaltechniquesinclude.

A.improvingtestscores

B.exposuretomanytests

C.memorizinginformation

D.childrenfindingthingsoutthemselves

14.Whydoestheauthormentioncomputergames?

A.Toencouragethereadertodomoreexerciseinsteadofplayinggames.

B.Toexplainwhymoreandmoreyoungpeoplehavepoorvocabularies.

C.Togiveanexampleoftechnologyimprovingourvisualintelligence.

D.Toshowthefactthatyoungpeoplearenotgettingmoreintelligent.

15.WhichstatementwouldProfessorFlynnagreewith?

A.Peopletodayaretakingeasiertests.

B.Peopletodayhavemorevisualintelligence.

C.Peopletodayhavefewerproblemstosolve.

D.Peopletodayaremoreintelligentineveryway.

【答案】

12.C

13.D

14.C

15.B

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。你可能比你的父母和祖父母更聰明。文章主要講「'弗林效應(yīng)"，解釋/為什么人類智

力水平會(huì)提高的原因。

12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第——段“peoplewhohavetakenIQtestshavegottenincreasinglybetterscores■一onaverage,

threepointsbetterforeverydecadethathaspassed.Thisimprovementisknownas"theFlynneffect”.”（參加智商

測試的人得分越來越高-平均而言，每過十年，得分就會(huì)提高3分。這種提高被稱為弗林效應(yīng)）可知，“弗林

效應(yīng)''指代智商測試分?jǐn)?shù)的不斷提高。故選C項(xiàng)。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三段“Anotherpossible...teachersencouragingchildrentolearnbydiscoveringthingsfor

themselvesratherthanjustmemorizinginformation.,,（另一個(gè)可能的解釋是教育方式的改變，教師鼓勵(lì)孩子們

通過發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的東西而不僅僅是記住信息來學(xué)習(xí)。）可知，新的教育方式是要孩子自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)，而不是只

記憶信息。故選D項(xiàng)。

14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。最后一段“Everytimeyouplayacomputergame...andproblemsolvingthathelpsyoudo

wellononekindofintelligencetest.”（你玩電腦游戲或弄清楚如何為新手機(jī)編程時(shí)，您都在行使一種思維和

解決問題的能力，可以幫助您在一種智力測驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)出色。）可知，作者認(rèn)為，玩電腦游戲會(huì)幫助人們在

自制力測試中得高分，從而增強(qiáng)visualintelligence的作用，故選C項(xiàng)。

15.推理判斷題。最后一段“AccordingtoFlynn,thisvisualintelligenceimprovesastheamountoftechnology

inourlivesincreases.”（根據(jù)弗林的說法，隨著我們生活中技術(shù)含量的提高，這種視覺智能也會(huì)提高。）可

知，現(xiàn)如今人們有更多的視覺智力。A,C項(xiàng)未提及，D項(xiàng)說法不正確。故選B項(xiàng)。

四、（河北省張家口市2021屆高三一模）

It'seasytounderstandwhyearlyhumansdomesticateddogsastheirnewbestfriends.Domesticateddogscan

guardagainstfierceanimalsandprovidewarmthduringcoldnights.Butthosebenefitsonlycomefollowing

domestication.Despitemorethanacenturyofstudy,scientistshavestruggledtounderstandwhatitwasthatcaused

thedomesticationprocessinthefirstplace.

AnewtheorygivenbyMariaLahtinen,aseniorresearcher,mightbeabletoexplainthispuzzle.Shemadethis

theorywhenstudyingthedietoflatePleistocenehuntergatherersinArcticandsub-ArcticEurasia.Atthattime,

around20,000to15,000yearsago,theworldwasinthecoldestperiodofthelasticeage.

Incoldenvironmentsthen,astoday,humanstendedtogainthemajorityoftheirfoodfromanimals.

Nutritionaldeficienciescamefromtheabsenceoffatandcarbohydrates,notnecessaryprotein.Indeed,ifhumans

eattoomuchmeat,theycandevelopproteinpoisoningandevendie."Becausewehumansarenotfullyadaptedto

adietthatiscarnivorous,wesimplycannotdigestproteinverywell,“Lahtincnsays.

Duringthattime,animalsthathumanskilledforfoodwouldhavebeenstrugglingtolive,barelyhavingfatand

composedmostlyofleanmuscle.Usingpreviouslypublishedearlyfossilrecords,Lahtinenandhercolleagues

calculatedthattheanimalskilledbypeopleintheArcticandsub-Arcticduringthistimewouldhaveprovidedmuch

moreproteinthantheycouldhavesafelyconsumed.

UnderthetoughcircumstancesoftheArcticandsub-Arcticiceagewinter,sharingexcessmeatwithdogs

wouldhavecostpeoplenothing.Thedescendantsofwolvesthattookadvantageofsuchhandoutswouldhave

becomemoregentletowardhumansovertime,andtheylikelywentontobecomethefirstdomesticateddogs.

24.Whathasbeenconfusingscientistsinthepastcentury?

A.Howdomesticateddogsbenefitedhumans.B.Whenhumansbegantodomesticatedogs.

C.Whatledtodogdomesticationoriginally.D.Whyearlyhumansmadefriendswithdogs.

25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"carnivorous“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.All-meatB.Low-fatsC.Fast-changing.D.Over-cooked.

26.WhatcanbeinferredaboutlatePleistocenehunter-gatherers?

A.Theystruggledwithwolves.

B.Theysharedmeatwithdogs.

C.Theyexistedontheearthfbrabout5,000years.

D.Theyhadtroubleadaptingtothecoldenvironment.

27.DuringtheArcticandsub-Arcticiceagewinter,theanimalskilledbyhumans

A.werealdangerousanimals.B.providedenoughfatfbrhumans.

C.becameafoodsourcefbrsomedogs.D.lackedproteinneededfbrahealthydiet.

【答案】

24.C

25.A

26.B

27.C

【解析】

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了早期人類因?yàn)闊o法食用所有捕獲的獵物，進(jìn)而將部分肉扔給狼，

進(jìn)行最初的狗的馴化。

24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Despitemorethanacenturyofstudy,scientistshavestruggledtounderstand

whatitwasthatcausedthedomesticationprocessinthefirstplace.（盡管經(jīng)過了一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的研究，科學(xué)家們一

直在努力理解最初是什么導(dǎo)致了馴化過程）''可知，在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里，最初是什么導(dǎo)致狗被馴化的讓科學(xué)

家感到困惑。故選C。

25.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Indeed,ifhumanseattoomuchmeat,theycandevelopproteinpoisoning

andevendie.（事實(shí)上，如果人類吃太多的肉，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)生蛋白質(zhì)中毒，甚至死亡）”；“Becausewehumans

arenotfullyadaptedtoadietthatis”以及后文"wesimplycannotdigestproteinverywell”可知，因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)祟愡€

沒有完全適應(yīng)食肉的飲食，我們不能很好地消化蛋白質(zhì)，劃線詞意思是“食肉的:A.All-meat食肉的；B.

Low-fats低脂的；C.Fast-changing.快速變化的；D.Over-cooked.煮得過久的。故選A。

26.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“theanimalskilledbypeopleintheArcticandsub-Arcticduringthistimewould

haveprovidedmuchmoreproteinthantheycouldhavesafelyconsumed.（在這段時(shí)間里，北極和亞北極地區(qū)被人

類殺死的動(dòng)物所提供的蛋白質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了它們可以安全食用的量）''和第五段中“Underthetough

circumstancesoftheArcticandsub-Arcticiceagewinter,sharingexcessmeatwithdogswouldhavecostpeople

nolhing.（在北極和亞北極冰河期冬天的嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境下，將多余的肉與狗分享，人們不會(huì)有任何損失戶可推知，

更新世晚期的狩獵采集者和狗一起吃肉。故選B。

27.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“UnderthetoughcircumstancesoftheArcticandsub-Arcticiceage

winter,sharingexcessmeatwithdogswouldhavecostpeoplenothing.（在北極和亞北極冰河期冬天的嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境

下，將多余的肉與狗分享，人們不會(huì)有任何損失）”可知，在北極和亞北極冰河期的冬天，被人類殺死的動(dòng)物

成為一些狗的食物來源。故選C。

五、（河北省張家口市2021屆高三一模）

InMexico,firstOaxaca'sstatelegislature（立法機(jī)關(guān)）passedabanonsellingorgivingouthigh-calorie

packagedfoodsandsugar-sweeteneddrinkstominors（未成年人）recently.Lessthantwoweekslater,Tabasco

stateapprovedaprohibitiontoo.NowatleastadozenotherstatesinMexicoareconsideringsimilarlegislation.

Two-thirdsofthosewhodiedfromCOVID-19inMexicohadhealthproblemssuchasobesityanddiabetes,

accordingtoHealthDepartmentofficials.Thathasledtoanewurgencytochangedietssothattheyounger

generationdoesn'tsufferthosediseases.Thecountryconsumeslargeamountsofsugar-sweeteneddrinksand

processedsnacks.One-thirdofMexicansaged6to19areoverweight,accordingtoUNICEF.Theycansuffermany

healthissues,especiallyinadulthood.

AssistantHealthSecretaryHugo,whohascalledsoda"bottledpoison",hasbeencallingoncitizenstocut

backonjunkfood.Hesaidthecountry*soverweighthealthissueisthefaultofanutritionalenvironmentthathas

beendevelopedtofavorthosejunkfoodproductsinsteadofhealth.

InadditiontoTabasco,Chihuahuastateisdebatingajunkfoodban.AfederalsenatorfromOaxacasayshe

wantstomakeitanationallaw.Anationwidelawwouldnotbeeasy.Therearepowerfulcommercialintereststhat

don'twantittohappen.Thebusinessowners*associationCOPARMEXsaidthelawmaking“willbeabarrierto

commercialfreedom”.

Publichealthgroupsapplaudedthejunkfoodbanforminorsasitisanotherencouragingsteptowardnutrition.

Withtheireffort,intheruralOaxacantown,citizenshavephysicallyblockedchipsandsodadeliverytrucksfrom

entering,sayingtheydon'twantoutsiderstobringinjunkfood.Almostallteenagersthereknowabouthealth

problemsrelatedtojunkfoodthankstothenon-profitworkshopsfromthehealthgroup.'Tdbeannoyedatfirst,“

said16-year-oldWendy,"butI'dadapt.AndmaybeI'dthinktwiceandbuyfruitorsomethinghealthyinstead.^^

32.Whatisbehindthenewurgencytochangediets?

A.COVID-19deathcases.B.Pressurefromthepublic.

C.Thenutritionalenvironment.D.Wideconsumptionofpackagedfoods.

33.Somestatesmakealawchangeto.

A.advocateahealthierlifestyleB.methealthierfooddemand

C,cutjunkfoodproductionD.winsupportfromyoungpeople

34.Whatdidpublichealthgroupsdoabouttheban?

A.Theytriedtowingrocers'support.B.Theyfundedtheresearchondiseases.

C,Theystoppedthedeliveryofjunkfood.D.Theyraisedcitizens*awarenessofhealthissues.

35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ActiontoFightAgainstGlobalHealthProblemB.WaysofLosingWeightbyEatingSmart

C.MovetoBanJunkFoodSalestoMinorsD.AdviceonHowtoHaveaBalancedDiet

【答案】

32.A

33.A

34.D

35.C

【解析】

本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了墨西哥的一些地方頒布禁令，甚至希望推及全國，禁止向未成年人售

賣高熱量的垃圾食品。

32.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Two-thirdsofthosewhodiedfromCOVID-19inMexicohadhealth

problemssuchasobesityanddiabetes,accordingtoHealthDepartmentofficials.Thathasledtoanewurgencyto

changedietssothattheyoungergenerationdoesn'tsufferthosediseases.（墨西哥衛(wèi)生部官員表示，墨西哥三分之

二死于COVID-19的人有肥胖和糖尿病等健康問題。這導(dǎo)致了改變飲食習(xí)慣的緊迫性，這樣年輕一代就不

會(huì)患上這些疾?。?'可知，改變飲食習(xí)慣的緊迫性背后的原因是C0VID-19死亡病例。故選A。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“TwodhirdsofthosewhodiedfromCOVID-19inMexicohadhealthproblems

suchasobesityanddiabetes,accordingtoHealthDepartmentofficials.Thathasledtoanewurgencytochange

dietssothattheyoungergenerationdoesn'tsufferthosediseases.Thecountryconsumeslargeamountsof

sugar-sweeteneddrinksandprocessedsnacks.One-thirdofMexicansaged6to19areoverweight,accordingto

UNICEF.Theycansuffermanyhealthissues,especiallyinadulthood.（墨西哥衛(wèi)生部官員表示，墨西哥三分之二

死于C0VID-19的人有肥胖和糖尿病等健康問題。這導(dǎo)致了改變飲食習(xí)慣的緊迫性，這樣年輕一代就不會(huì)

患上這些疾病。該國消費(fèi)大量含糖飲料和加工零食。據(jù)聯(lián)合國兒童基金會(huì)統(tǒng)計(jì)，墨西哥6歲至19歲的兒童

中有三分之一超重。他們會(huì)遭受許多健康問題，尤其是在成年期）”和第三段“AssistantHealthSecretaryHugo,

whohascalledsoda"bottledpoison",hasbeencallingoncitizenstocutbackonjunkfood.Hesaidthecountry's

overweighthealthissueisthefaultofanutritionalenvironmentthathasbeendevelopedtofavorthosejunkfood

productsinsteadofhealth.（衛(wèi)生部長助理Hugo稱蘇打水為“瓶裝毒藥”，并呼吁市民減少食用垃圾食品。他說,

這個(gè)國家超重的健康問題是營養(yǎng)環(huán)境的錯(cuò)，它被開發(fā)出來有利于垃圾食品，而不是健康）''可推知，一些州修

改法律以提倡更健康的生活方式。故選A。

34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Publichealthgroups叩plaudedthejunkfoodbanforminorsasitis

anotherencouragingsteptowardnutrition.Withtheireffort,intheruralOaxacantown,citizenshavephysically

blockedchipsandsodadeliverytrucksfromentering,sayingtheydon'twantoutsiderstobringinjunkfood.

Almostallteenagersthereknowabouthealthproblemsrelatedtojunkfoodthankstothenon-profitworkshops

fromthehealthgroup.（公共衛(wèi)生組織對禁止未成年人食用垃圾食品表示歡迎，因?yàn)檫@是朝著營養(yǎng)方向邁出的

又一步，令人鼓舞。通過他們的努力，在瓦哈卡鄉(xiāng)村小鎮(zhèn)，市民們用身體阻止運(yùn)送薯片和蘇打水的卡車進(jìn)

入，稱他們不希望外地人帶垃圾食品進(jìn)來。幾乎所有的青少年都知道與垃圾食品有關(guān)的健康問題，這要感

謝健康組織的非盈利講習(xí)班）''可知，公共衛(wèi)生組織用禁令提高了公民對健康問題的認(rèn)識。故選D。

35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“InMexico,firstOaxaca*sstatelegislature（立法機(jī)關(guān)）passedabanonsellingor

givingouthigh-caloriepackagedfoodsandsugar-sweeteneddrinkstominors（未成年人）recently.Lessthantwo

weekslater.Tabascostateapprovedaprohibitiontoo.NowatleastadozenotherstatesinMexicoareconsidering

similarlegislation.（在墨西哥，瓦哈卡州立法機(jī)構(gòu)最近通過了一項(xiàng)禁令，禁止向未成年人出售或發(fā)放高熱量包

裝食品和含糖飲料。不到兩周后，塔巴斯科州也通過了禁令?，F(xiàn)在，墨西哥至少有12個(gè)其他州也在考慮類

似的立法廣結(jié)合本文主要講述了墨西哥的一些地方頒布禁令，甚至希望推及全國，禁止向未成年人售賣高熱

量的垃圾食品。故C選項(xiàng)“禁止向未成年人銷售垃圾食品”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

六、（湖北省2021屆高三聯(lián)考）

Ifyouweretothrow,say,abananapeeloutofyourcarwhiledrivingalongthemotorway,thatwouldbea

completelyharmlessaction,duetothefactthatit'spartofafruit—right?Actually,no.Abananapeelcantakeup

totwoyearstobenaturallyprocessed,andwithathirdofmotoristsadmittingtolitteringwhiledriving,that'sa

wholelotofdiscardedbananapeels.Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading（生物降解）

termtothatofabananapeel,buttincanslastupto100years;andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles.

Despitethefactthatlonger-lastingmaterialswillservetodamagetheenvironmentanditsanimalsforlonger,

wecan'tmerelymeasuretheseverityofacertaintypeofrubbishbyitslifetime.Forexample,despitehavinga

fairlyshortlengthofbiodegradingtime,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisdiscardedintheUKevery

day.

Ifsnotacheaphabiteither:tokeepourstreetscleanannuallycostsUKtaxpayers￡500million,andwhenyou

includeourgreenspaces,thatgoesupto￡1billion.So,it'snotsurprisingthatifcaughtfly-tippingyoucouldfacea

￡20,000fineorevenjailtimeand,ifyoudisposedofsomethingdangerous,thecourtcouldgiveyoufiveyearsto

serve.Regardlessofhowseverethesepunishmentsmightseem,however,amongthereportedcasesonly2,000

werefoundguiltyoutof825,000,sowestillhavesomewaytogoinmakingsurepeopleobeytherules.

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“discarded“inparalmean?

A.Harmless.B.Processed.C.Thrown.D.Long-l