2015年6月六級真題第2套

2015年6月英語六級真題及答案（第二套）PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Travelwebsiteshavebeenaroundsincethel990s,whenExpedia,Travelocity,andotherholidaybookingsiteswerelaunched,allowingtravelerstocompareflightandhotelpriceswiththeclickofamouse.Withinformationnolonger36bytravelagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworks,thetravelindustrywasrevolutionized,asgreatertransparencyhelped37prices.Today,theindustryisgoingthroughanewrevolution—thistimetransformingservicequality.Onlineratingplatforms—38inhotels,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.Hospitality“businessesarenowranked,analyzed,andcomparednotbyindustry39,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas40anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;theycannowexplaintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore41,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42toimproveservice.Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendlybellboys(行李員)inBerlinormalfunctioninghotelhairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites’43toaggregatealargevolumeofratings.Theimpactcannotbe44.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45provideyetmorepositivefeedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorableonlineidentity.A)accountable I)persistingB)capacity J)pessimisticC)controlled K)professionalsD)entail L)slashE)forged M)specializingF)incentives N)spectatorsG)occasionally O)subsequentlyH)overstatedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.PlasticSurgeryAbettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackattacks[A]Athinmagneticstrip(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andthey’vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That’swhy2014isshapingupasamajorshowdown:banks,lawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names,emailaddressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember.[B]Swipe(刷卡)istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastore.Inseveralrecentincidents,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-,debit-(借記)orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,insertedsecretlyintotheretailers’point-of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.Hackersthensoldthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycornersoftheweb.Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.[C]Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.ThefixisasecuritytechnologyusedheavilyoutsidetheUS.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV(shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa)thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN(personalidentificationnumber)toauthenticate(驗證)everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.(Onlinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactioncode.)[D]Whyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology?Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it’sallaboutrelativecosts,saysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNilsonReport,anindustrynewsletter.“Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdate,embossing(凸印)it,thesmallenvelope—allputtogether,you’reinthedollarrange.”Achip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostscloserto$3,saysRobertson,becauseofthepriceofchips.(Oncelargeissuersconverttogether，thechipcostsshoulddrop.)[E]MultiplyS3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheUS.Thenconsiderthatthere’sanestimated$12.4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis,saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.，Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5.5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingallthatplastic.[F]ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchases—andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,explainspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronicpaymentscompany.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthesecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture.“Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,”hesays.“Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen.’’[G]Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecausetheinformationthatgetsscannedisencrypted(加密).ThehistoricalreasontheUShasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology.Ourcheap,ultra·reliablewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless.InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausethetelephonemonopolywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactionstobeverifiedlocallyandsecurely.[H]Somebigbanks,likeWellsFar90,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-PINmodel.(It’sactuallyahybrid(混合體)thatwillstillhaveamagstripe,sincemostUSmerchantsdon’thaveEMVterminals.)Shouldyoutakethemuponit?Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.[I]Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifsomeoneusesyourcreditcardfraudulently(欺詐性地),it’stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakesthehit.Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud.“Ifit’savailable,thelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbank.”saysEricAdamowsky,aco-founderofCreditC.“Iwouldusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues.”Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.[J]Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavebeenreluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure(基礎設施)neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon’thaveaccesstoit.It’sachicken-and-eggproblem;noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpointofsalesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersaren’tcarryingthem—yetthere’slittlepointinconsumers’carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren’tequippedtousethem.(AnearliereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.)AccordingtoGumbley,there’sa“you-firstmentality.Thelogjam(僵局)hastobebroken.”[K]JPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpressedhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep—ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabledcardunderitsownbrandandseveralothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz-Carlton.[L]TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation:althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobechip-and-PIN-compatible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers.“It’stheultimatenightmare,’’aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.[M]Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain—merchant,network,bankthatiftheydon’tbecomeEMV-compliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk.[N]Inthemeantime,app-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofwhichcanuseEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads(侵襲)oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatletsyouuseyourmobilephonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants—withoutsurrenderinganycardinformationtothem.Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication,whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,afingerprint.[O]Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwithmagstripetechnology.“Itseemscrazytome,”saysGumbley,whoisEnglish,“thatacutting-edge-technologycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology.”That’swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:“Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconvenience,that’swheretherubberhitstheroad.”46.ItisbesttouseanEMVcardforinternationaltravel.47.Personalinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvulnerabletohacking.48.TheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnologypartlybecauseofinefficienttelephoneservice.49.WhilemanycountriesusethesmarterEMVcards,theUSstillclingstoitsoldmagstripetechnology.50.Attemptsarebeingmadetopreventhackersfromcarryingoutidentitytheft.51.Creditcardsaremuchsafertousethandebitcards.52.Bigbankshavebeenreluctanttoswitchtomoresecuretechnologybecauseofthehighercostsinvolved.53.Thepotentialliabilityforretailersusingmagstripeisfarmorecostlythanupgradingtheirregisters.54.TheuseofmagstripecardsbyAmericanretailersleavesconsumersexposedtotherisksoflosingaccountinformation.55.ConsumerswillbeadrivingforcebehindtheconversionfrommagstripetoEMVtechnology.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’lladmitI’veneverquiteunderstoodtheobsession(難以破除的成見)surroundinggeneticallymodified(GM)crops.Toenvironmentalistopponents,GMfoodsaresimplyevil,anunderstudied,possiblyharmfultoolusedbybigagriculturalbusinessestocontrolglobalseedmarketsandcrushlocalfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeliveredontheirsupposedpromise,thatmoneyspentonGMcropswouldbebetterchanneledtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouldbeprotectedwithwarninglabelsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticallymodifiedingredients.Tosupporters,GMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainablyprovidefoodtomeetagrowingglobalpopulation.Butmorethanthat,supportersseetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentalistsasfundamentallyanti-science,nodifferentthanthosewhoquestionthebasicsofman-madeclimatechange.Forbothsides,GMfoodsseemtoactasasymbol:you’repro-agriculturalbusinessoranti-science.ButscienceisexactlywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoods,whichiswhyIwashappytoseeNaturedevoteaspecialseriesofarticlestotheGMfoodcontroversy.Theconclusion:whileGMcropshaven’tyetrealizedtheirinitialpromiseandhavebeendominatedbyagriculturalbusinesses,thereisreasontocontinuetouseanddevelopthemtohelpmeettheenormouschallengeofsustainablyfeedingagrowingplanet.Thatdoesn’tmeanGMcropsareperfect,oraone-size-fits-allsolutiontoglobalagricultureproblems.Butanythingthatcanincreasefarmingefficiency—theamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofland—willbeextremelyuseful.GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywillbepartofthatsuiteoftools,butsowilltraditionalplantbreeding,improvedsoilandcropmanagement—andperhapsmostimportantofall,betterstorageandtransportinfrastructure(基礎設施),especiallyinthedevelopingworld.(Itdoesn’tdomuchgoodforfarmersinplaceslikesub-SaharanAfricatoproducemorefoodiftheycan’tgetittohungryconsumers.)I’dliketoseemorenon-industryresearchdoneonGMcrops—notjustbecausewe’dworrylessaboutbias,butalsobecauseseedcompanieslikeMonsantoandPioneershouldn’tbetheonlyentitiesworkingtoharnessgeneticmodification.I’dliketoseeGMresearchonlesscommercialcrops,likecorn.Idon’tthinkit’svitaltolabelGMingredientsinfood,butIalsowouldn’tbeagainstit—andindustrywouldbesmarttogoalongwithlabeling,justasawayofremovingfearsaboutthetechnology.Mostofall,though,Iwishatenthoftheenergythat’sspentendlesslydebatingGMcropswasfocusedonthosemorepressingchallengesforglobalagriculture.Therearemuchbiggerbattlestofight.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。56.HowdoenvironmentalistopponentsviewGMfoodsaccordingtothepassage?A)Theywilleventuallyruinagricultureandtheenvironment.B)Theyareusedbybigbusinessestomonopolizeagriculture.C)Theyhaveprovedpotentiallyharmfultoconsumers’health.D)Theyposeatremendousthreattocurrentfarmingpractice.57.Whatdoestheauthorsayisvitaltosolvingthecontroversybetweenthetwosidesofthedebate?A)BreakingtheGMfoodmonopoly.B)Morefriendlyexchangeofideas.C)RegulatingGMfoodproduction.D)MorescientificresearchonGMcrops.58.WhatisthemainpointoftheNaturearticles?A)FeedingthegrowingpopulationmakesitimperativetodevelopGMcrops.B)PopularizingGMtechnologywillhelpittoliveuptoitsinitialpromises.C)MeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethesafetyofGMfoods.D)Bothsupportersandopponentsshouldmakecompromises.59.Whatistheauthor’sviewonthesolutiontoagriculturalproblems?A)IthastodependmoreandmoreonGMtechnology.B)Itisvitaltothesustainabledevelopmentofhumansociety.C)GMcropsshouldbealloweduntilbetteralternativesarefound.D)Whateverisusefultoboostfarmingefficiencyshouldbeencouraged.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheongoingdebatearoundGMcrops?A)Itarisesoutofignoranceofandprejudiceagainstnewscience.B)Itdistractsthepublicattentionfromotherkeyissuesoftheworld.C)Effortsspentonitshouldbeturnedtomoreurgentissuesofagriculture.D)Neithersideislikelytogiveinuntilmoreconvincingevidenceisfound.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whentherightpersonisholdingtherightjobattherightmoment,thatperson’sinfluenceisgreatlyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellen,whoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederalReserveBank(Fed)inJanuary,nowfindsherself.Ifyoubelieve,asmanydo,thatunemploymentisthemajoreconomicandsocialconcernofourday,thenitisnostretchtothinkYellenisthemostpowerfulpersonintheworldrightnow.Throughoutthe2008financialcrisisandtherecessionandrecoverythatfollowed,centralbankshavetakenontheroleofstimulatorsoflastresort,holdinguptheglobaleconomywithvastamountsofmoneyintheformofassetbuying.Yellen,previouslyaFedvicechair,wasoneoftheprincipalarchitectsoftheFed’s$3.8trillionmoneydump.Astareconomistknownforhergroundbreakingworkonlabormarkets,Yellenwasakindofprophetessearlyoninthecrisisforherwarningsaboutthesubprime(次級債)meltdown.NowitwillbeherjobtogettheFedandthemarketsoutofthebiggestandmostunconventionalmonetaryprograminhistorywithoutderailingthefragilerecovery.ThegoodnewsisthatYellen,67,isparticularlywellsuitedtomeetthesechallenges.Shehasakeenunderstandingoffinancialmarkets,anappreciationfortheirimperfectionsandastrongbeliefthathumansufferingwasmorerelatedtounemploymentthananythingelse.SomeexpertsworrythatYellenwillbeinclinedtochaseunemploymenttotheneglectofinflation.Butwithwagesstillrelativelyflatandtheeconomyincreasinglydividedbetweenthewell-offandthelong-termunemployed,morepeopleworryabouttheopposite,deflation(通貨緊縮)thatwouldaggravatetheeconomy’sproblems.Eitherway,theincomingFedchiefwillhavetowalkafinelineinslowlyendingthestimulus.Itmustbesteadyenoughtodeflatebubbles(去泡沫)andbringmarketsbackdowntoearthbutnotsoquickthatitcreatesanothercreditcrisis.UnlikemanypastFedleaders,Yellenisnotonet