2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題+答案

2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[AJ,|BJ,(CJor|D]

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilityto

thinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It]in

youngadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startsto

slowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsare

findingthatmaynotbe.certainchangesinbrainfunction

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe

bodyfataroundtheabdomenare

associatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelpprevent

or6thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominal

fatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenandthatdatato

reportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople

2—highermeasuresofabdominalfat_10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceasthe

yearsU

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfrom

excessabdominalfat;inmen.theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobeL3.Itishopedthat

futurestudiescouldL4thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferentJ_5formenandwomen.

16.therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainlean

musclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmentalj_8.Thetwo

highlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseand

followingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks|D|fades

2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally|D|generally

3.[A]while[B]since[Cjonce[D]until

4.[A]detection|B]accumulation[C]consumption|D|separation

5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal|D]requirement

6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek|D]utilize

7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included|D]predicted

8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted|D]applied

9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against

10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored|D]played

11.(A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby

12.[A]superior|B]attributable[C]parallel[DJresistant

13.(A]restored|B|isolated[C\involved|D|controlled

14.[A]alter[B|spread|D]explain

15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments

|B|Meanwhile

16.|A|Likewise*[C]Therefore|D|Instead

17.[A]change[B]watcb[C]count|D]take

18.[A]well-being|BJprocess[C]formation|D]coordination

19.[A]level[C]knowledge[D]space

[BJloveg■

20.[A]design|B|routine[C]diet[D]prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or|DJ.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecome

agrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificant

extraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktoget

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestingin

andrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,

theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommute

ofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,

manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewho

mustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructure

oftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecmnwtershavealsoexperiencedsomeofthe

worstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltr;torstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyare

makingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantial

sumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.

However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceive

compensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,

evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageof

measurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,but

passengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,

punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanaged

incompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwitha

vengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares.

[A]willeasetrainoperation'sburden

|B]haskeptpacewithinflation[C]isabigsurprisetocommuters|D1remainsanunreasonablemeasure

22.ThestockbrokerinPara.2isusedtostandfor

[AJcardrivers

[B]railtraverIlers

[C]localinvestors

|D]ordinarytaxpayers

23.ItisindicatedinPara.3thattrainoperators________.

|A]areofferingcompensationstocommuters|B]

aretryingtorepairralationswiththeunions

[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequatesource

[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestri

次.「二

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,the

railwaysmayhavetoface|A]thelossofinvestment|B]thecollapseofoperations|C]areductionof

revenue|D]achangeofownership

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

|A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

|B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWorlk[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?

|D|Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedin

pace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertain

conditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.Calledconditional

cashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthe

cycleofpoverty.TheyYealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhas

providedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviation

andenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,

aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

Thafsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwith

environmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.

However,those

correlationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypanrevi:udyanalyzingcausality,basedon

areainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,

supportedttetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegot

moremoney,someofthemmayhavemore

clearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,

SuchprogramsdonothavetonegatFerrarosays.

ivelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwas

affectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthe

VC-

third-Iargestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom

2008to2012一including

duringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacrossprovinces15

andmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromother

factors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"we

seethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestationTFerrarosays.

That*slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainst

inclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorerice

tosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheir

harvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody*sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceof

growingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodfor

peoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsalone

ismorethantheprogramcosts.v

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto,[A]facilitatehealthcarereform

[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems|D|lowerdeforestationrates

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

|A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor|B]CCTprogramshavehelped

preservetraditionalli

[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipath|D]warmers

economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmental

degradation

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout

|A]itsacceptancelevelof「s

|B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation|C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss|D]theroleofitsforests

inclimatechange

29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat.

|A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

|B]itwillreduceregionalinequality

|C]itcanprotecttheenvironment

[D]itcanboostgrainproduction

30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

|A]Theeffectsofaprogram.

|B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[CJTheprocessofastudy.

|D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Text3

Asahistorian,who'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast.

FvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(what

betterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,

and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeenigquiteastir.Peoplehave

beensuiprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.Theyarenoting

thattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomeusmorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparate

fadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceof

laughter.

]eedt丁V*k,

Ofcourse,IneedtoconcedethatmycollectionotSmilingVictoriansmakesuponlyatiny

percentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900.the1

majorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsently

intothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:

thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveral

minutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.The

thoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,

andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBox

Brownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewas

almostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlook

elsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin."Naturegaveuslipsto

concealourteethJranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproper

dentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular

“pearlywhites"wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dental

hygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks.

tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallasperformcmightgumandgrinwithasmileaswide

LewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,but

itwasnotabecominglookforproperlybred

persons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographic

portraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedfbreverAA.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.

[A]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

[B]highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies

(C]re-evaluatedtheVictorian'snotionofpublicimage

[D]changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians

32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

|A]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

|B]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

|C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

|D]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas,

[A]adeep-rootbelief

[B]amisguidedattitude

[C]acontroversialview

[D]athought-provokingidea

35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

|A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

[BJWhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?

[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

|D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthat

thecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavortheir

ownortheirpartners*websitesandservicesoverthoseoftheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensucha

strongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,

preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthebroadbandproviders,anti-regulatory

conservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidinga

badlyneededresolution,itonlyprolonged

lifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecaujeofpushbackfrom

latesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommissiononnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-line

votein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulesthe?

FCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthorityto

requirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocal

governmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchas

abroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpense

ofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposed

datacapsontheirrivals*streamingservicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,

citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatricia

MillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthatMtheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodem

broadbandservice,**andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternet

regulationintechnologicalanachronism?1

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCCsattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,while

preservingthecommission'spowertopre-emptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeans

morebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenacteda

toughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-R)rthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogive

thecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetraffic

ontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.

36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould

[A]bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol

[BJslowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork-「(處

[C]showpartialityintreatingclients

|D]intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals

37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC

[A]stickstoanout-of-dateorder

[B]takesananti-regulatorystance

[CJhasissuedaspecialresolution

[D]hasallowedthestatestointervene

38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

|AlItprotectsagainstunfaircompetition

[B]Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

[C]ItisundertheFCC'Sinvestigation.

|D]Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision

[A]focusesontrivialities

[B|conveysanambiguousmessage

[C]isatoddswithitsearlierrulings

[D]isoutoftouchwithreality

40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

(AJCongressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

[BJTheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

[C]Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

[D]Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.

PartB

Directions;

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitable

onefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitin

anyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomething

sinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelation

toautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelarger

economythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthat

companiescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghuman

activities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthan

eliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirms

preventhackingattempts.

HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:

BetterHiringPiactices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiring

decisions.'Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsare

muchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes/*saysDomingos.Inaddition,(41)Onecompanythat'sdoingthisis

calledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.

MoreEffectiveMarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.One

companyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenit

comestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)

Theseare"toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementfbrpeople,says

PatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

SavingCustomersMoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustcrsreduceicirelectricitybills,savingthem

moneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Compan:analsoopimizetheirownenergyuseandcut

downonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompaniesjneanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAI

modelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.(43)

VC.

ImprovedAccuracy

"Machinelearningoften

providesamorereliableformof

statistics,whichmakesdatamore

valuable,MsaysWinston.It<4helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.AA(44)

ProtectingandMaintainingInfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessing

technologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.Tfthey

failfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,MsaysDomingos.u(45)"

[A]1replacetheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou*redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookfor

relevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.

|B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,

alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.

[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiple

channelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhere

advertisingfundswillbemosteffective.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit*susefulfor[employees]

togoto.

[E]"Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch；'says

Domingos,tcortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]

money.

[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspicking叩thejjione...toaccomplish

somethingbeyondhumanscale.

|G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemore

promisingcandidates.0

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernwesternsocieties.(46)Those

societiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%ofthe

relevantagegroupsduringthudecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchanges

arisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmerican

economiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)And

thedemandthatcoseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclasses

thathadnotthoughlofamendingloauniversitybeforeIhewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapid

expansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidlythough

unevenlyinthe1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andthesein

turnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountries

ofWesternEuropethenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduring

thedecadeofthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,

growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsand

individualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionofthe

relevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexample,

ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,and

aboveallofsocialization.Whenaverylargeproportionofallthemembersofaninstitutionarenew

recruits,theythreatentooverwhelmtheprocesseswherebyrecruitstoamoreslowlygrowingsystemare

inductedintoitsvaluesystemandlearnitsnormsandforms.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,

say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthennwstaffarepredominantlyyoung

menandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthat

facultyanditsstandards.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereisloss

ofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomes

thechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualand

academiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,and

Japan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthnchancesfbracademicinnovation:theyalsoweakenedthe

formsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsduring

periodsofstabililyorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesin

theirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudents

aswell.Theyalsosawhigherlevelsofstudentdiscontent,reflectingtheweakeningoftraditionalforms

ofacademiccommunities.

SectionIVWriting

PartA

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturesbelow.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethepicturebriefly,

2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwrite