第十二章動(dòng)詞不定式(思維導(dǎo)圖+知識(shí)梳理+好題精煉)2022-2023初中英語(yǔ)中考語(yǔ)法歸納

第十二章動(dòng)詞不定式思維導(dǎo)圖知識(shí)梳理一、不定式概述動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是:“to+動(dòng)詞原形”,有時(shí)可以不帶to.不帶to的不定式與動(dòng)詞原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一種語(yǔ)法形式.除基本助動(dòng)詞do和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞外,英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都有不定式形式.動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ),但可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)外的任何成分－主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).動(dòng)詞不定式和它的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ).不定式有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化(以do為例):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing-完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing-動(dòng)詞不定式的句法作用(一)作主語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式通常表示一種具體的、特定的行為,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式.Toobeythelawsiseveryone'sduty.服從法律是每個(gè)人的職責(zé).Howtousethecomputerisaquestion.怎么使用計(jì)算機(jī)是一個(gè)問(wèn)題.Howtogetthereisnotdecidedyet.怎樣去那里還沒(méi)決定下來(lái).點(diǎn)撥(1)在很多情況下,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)不定式放在謂語(yǔ)之后.Itwasdifficulttosellmycar.我的車(chē)很難賣(mài)掉.It'snotknownwheretostayforthenight.在哪里過(guò)夜還不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的,一般在不定式前加一個(gè)for短語(yǔ).Itwillbearegretforusnottohelphim.我們沒(méi)有幫助他是個(gè)遺憾.(3)在某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前?？杉右粋€(gè)以of引起的短語(yǔ),來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況.Itwouldberudeofustorefusetheirinvitation.(我們)拒絕他們的邀請(qǐng),會(huì)顯得無(wú)禮.(二)作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ),一般緊跟在系動(dòng)詞,如:be,seem,get等后面,用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ).Thequestioniswhentostart.問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候啟程.Youseemtohavelostweight.你好像減肥了.Whatwehavetodofirstistofindasolution.我們得做的第一件事是找出一個(gè)解決辦法.點(diǎn)撥當(dāng)不定式所作的表語(yǔ)僅用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容時(shí),這個(gè)不定式只作單純的表語(yǔ),而不具有未來(lái)的含義.(三)作賓語(yǔ)能以不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多,常見(jiàn)的有:agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage,pretend,start,try,want,wish等.Doyouwishtoseethemanager?你想見(jiàn)經(jīng)理嗎?TheydecidedtolearnEnglishhard.他們決定好好學(xué)英語(yǔ).Don'tforgettomeetmeat6:00.別忘了六點(diǎn)鐘和我見(jiàn)面.有些動(dòng)詞,如:tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,decide,discuss等后面,常用帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式作賓語(yǔ).Wedon'tknowwho(whom)toask.我們不知道問(wèn)誰(shuí).Weaskedhowtogettothestation.我們問(wèn)怎么到達(dá)車(chē)站.Haveyoudecidedwheretogoforyourholidays?你們決定到哪兒度假了嗎?Idon'tknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot?那份工作我不知道申請(qǐng)還是不申請(qǐng)?(四)作定語(yǔ)Ihavenotimetowaste.我沒(méi)有時(shí)間可浪費(fèi).Letmefindaplacetopark.我來(lái)找個(gè)停車(chē)的地方.Heisalwaysthefirsttocometoworkandthelasttoleave.他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)上班,最后一個(gè)走.點(diǎn)撥不定式修飾something,anything,nothing時(shí),放在它們的后面.如果something,anything,nothing有形容詞來(lái)修飾,詞序是something(nothing...)+形容詞＋不定式.Myfatherhadsomethingtodo.我父親有事要辦.Haveyougotanythingimportanttobuy?你有什么重要的東西要買(mǎi)嗎?(五)作狀語(yǔ)不定式?？捎米鳡钫Z(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞,表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因等.一般放在被修飾詞之后,但在表示目的時(shí),為了強(qiáng)調(diào)也可放在句首.1.作目的狀語(yǔ)為加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣在否定式前還可加上inorder或soas組成詞組(即:inorderto...,soasto...),作狀語(yǔ)表示目的.Tolivealongandhealthylife,wemustlearntohaveabalanceddiet.為了能過(guò)長(zhǎng)壽而健康的生活,我們必須懂得吃均衡的食品.Istayedtheresoastoseewhatwouldhappen.我留在那兒,為的是想看看會(huì)發(fā)生什么事.Inordertohelphim,wewoulddoeverythingwecan.為了幫助他,我們?cè)敢獗M一切力量.2.作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表結(jié)果,其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常亦是全句的主語(yǔ).在“so...asto...”“such...asto..“enoughto...”“onlyto...”以及“too...to...”等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式皆表示結(jié)果.Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她已到了可以上學(xué)的年齡了.Hewastoodrunktodrivehome.他酩酊大醉,沒(méi)法開(kāi)車(chē)回家.3.作原因狀語(yǔ)Shetrembledtothinkoftheterribleaccident.想到那可怕的車(chē)禍,她就不寒而栗.Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.聽(tīng)到這消息,我們都高興地跳了起來(lái).(六)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1、有很多動(dòng)詞的后面都可以有不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want,expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等.Sheaskedhergrandfathertoplaygamewithher.她請(qǐng)爺爺跟她一起做游戲.Mothertoldmetocookthemeal.媽媽叫我做飯.2.有一些動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式通常不帶to,這種動(dòng)詞有兩類(lèi):一類(lèi)是感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞,另一類(lèi)是使役動(dòng)詞感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞:如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等.使役動(dòng)詞:如make,let,have等.Letmedoitforyou.讓我來(lái)替你做.Don'tlethergoout.別讓她出去.Imadehimworkhard.我迫使他加勁干.(1)動(dòng)詞help之后,復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的不定式可帶to,亦可不帶to.在上述動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式必須帶to.Hewasseentoenterthetheatre.有人看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)了劇院.Iwasmadetodomyhomeworkthewholenight.我被迫整晚做作業(yè).Canyouhelpme(to)movethistable?你能幫我移動(dòng)一下這張桌子嗎?(2)感官動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有兩種形式:不帶to的不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式.IheardMeimeisinginginherroomwhenIwentpast.我路過(guò)的時(shí)候聽(tīng)見(jiàn)梅梅在房間里唱歌.(路過(guò)的瞬間正在唱,所以用singing)WeoftenhearMeimeisinginherroom.我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)梅梅在房間里唱歌.(經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn),用不定式)Isawhimcomein.Isawhimcomingin.兩句話的意思都一樣:我看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)來(lái).用不定式著重于動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程,用動(dòng)詞-ing形式則是強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)時(shí)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行情況.3.當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think,make,find,consider,feel,regard等詞,作賓語(yǔ)的不定式后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將真正的賓語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的后面IfinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.我發(fā)現(xiàn)要把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事項(xiàng)(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,經(jīng)常和ask(tell)sb.todosth.句型連用.Sheaskedmenottodrivehimtothestation.她要我不要開(kāi)車(chē)送他到車(chē)站.Trynottobelate.爭(zhēng)取不要遲到.MaryaskedmenottogivemypentoJimmy.瑪麗讓我別把筆給吉米.Shedecidednottocomehereagain.她決定不再到這兒來(lái).點(diǎn)撥不定式的否定式和否定句的區(qū)別:Iaskedhimnottoopenthedoor.我讓他別把門(mén)打開(kāi).Ididn'taskhimtoopenthedoor.我沒(méi)讓他把門(mén)打開(kāi).(二)不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行式:表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行.It'snicetobesittingherewithyou.在這兒陪你坐著是非常愉快的.Itisunwiseforhimtobetalkingthattopicallthetime.他老是談?wù)撨@件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài)完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)已經(jīng)完成.Shesaidshewassorrytohavemissedyou.她說(shuō)她沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你很遺憾.Heseemedtohavevisitedourfactory.他好像參觀過(guò)我們的工廠.Theyappearedtohavemetbefore.他們看來(lái)以前見(jiàn)過(guò)面.(四)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義Ididn'twanttobetoldaboutit.我不想被告知這件事.Nothingseemstohavebeenforgotten.似乎什么也沒(méi)有被遺忘.Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.據(jù)說(shuō)這幢大樓兩年前已毀于一場(chǎng)大火.在以某些形容詞,如kind,good,silly,honest,bad,stupid,bold,clever,cruel,courteous,nice,rude,sensible,tactful,wise,wrong等作表語(yǔ)時(shí),后面需用以“of+名詞(或代詞賓格)＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),以說(shuō)明不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)(即of短語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)).It'sverygoodofyoutocome.謝謝你的光臨.Howsillyofyou(itis)tomakesuchamistake!你出了這樣的差錯(cuò),多傻啊！It'sverykindofyoutosayso.多謝你這么說(shuō).在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather...than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner...than,cannotbut,donothingbut等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式要省略“to”.YouhadbetterwriteitinEnglish.你最好用英文寫(xiě).Iwouldratherstayathome.我寧愿待在家里.好題精練一、用-ing形式或不定式的適當(dāng)形式完成句子1.Doyouenjoy_________football?(play)2.Freddidn'thaveanymoney,sohedecided_________ajob.(take)3.We'regoingoutfordinner,Wouldyoulike_________us?(join)4.Theteacherremindedthestudents_________theirtestpaperontime.(finish)5.WhenIwastired,Ienjoyed_________TV.(watch)6.Itwasaniceday,sotheoldmanagreed_________forawalk.(go)7.I'mnotinahurry,Idon'tmind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.totake3.tojoin4.tofinish5.watching6.togo7.waiting二、選擇括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞組完成句子,注意括號(hào)內(nèi)“go+v.-ing形式”構(gòu)成固定搭配的用法(goboating;gofishing;godancing;gorunning;goskating;gohunting;gosinging)1.She'sagooddancer.Shealways_________onSaturday.2.I'vegotagun.I'll_________withthatstronghunternextweekend.3.“WhereisTim?”“Hehas._________Healwaysrunsinthemorning.”4.Wehaveenoughfishtoeat.Ourfather_________everyday.答案:1.goesdancing2.gohunting3.gonerunning4.goesfishing三、仿照示例改寫(xiě)下列句子示例:Itisveryinterestingtoplaybaseball.→Toplaybaseballisveryinteresting.1.ltwasnotpolitetospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Lee.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Itcanbequiteeasytotravelbyair.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.ltwillbenoproblemtoarrivetherebeforenoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Tomakethosestrangersbelieveuswassodifficult.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.TohelpTomspeakChinesewellisnotatalleasy.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.TospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Leewasnotpolite.2.Totravelbyaircanbequiteeasy.3.Toarrivetherebeforenoonwillbenoproblem.4.Itwassodifficulttomakethosestrangersbelieveus.5.ItisnotatalleasytohelpTom(to)speakChinesewell.四、選擇填空1._________thebookstore,hestopped_________afewbooks.A.Passing;buyingB.Passing;tobuyC.Topass;buyingD.Havingpassed;tobuy2.Bruce,lookatyourdirtyshoes,You'dbetter_________themrightnow.A.washedB.washingC.washD.towash3._________theroom,Ifoundthecomputer_________.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;stolenC.Toenter;stealD.Toenter;stealing4.We'veworkedhardfornearlyonehour.Let'sstop_________arestnow.A.haveB.tohaveC.havingD.havehad5.Mymotheralwaystellsmenot_________tothenetbars(網(wǎng)吧)．A.goB.togoC.goesD.going6.Theteacheraskedus_________Englishforhalfanhourinthemorning.A.readsBreadingC.toreadD.read7.Youwillhavetogetupearlytomorrow.Stop_________TV,Peter.A.watchesB.watchC.towatchD.watching8.Ifindithard_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns9.TheteacheraskedJohn_________ashorttalkinourclassmeeting.A.giveB.togiveC.gaveD.giving10.Thegirlwastoopoor_________ahouseA.tobuy;toliveinB.tobuy;toliveC.buy;toliveD.buying;livingin11.Itwasverylateatnight,butMr.Brownstillwenton_________.A.worksB.workedC.workingD.work12.Remember_________himaboutitbeforehegoesaway.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.totelling13.LinTaoisstrongenough_________thebigbox.A.carryB.tocarryC.carryingD.carries14.Hermothertoldher_________inbed.A.notreadB.nottoreadC.don'treadD.tonotread15.Whenclassbegan,westopped_________totheteachercarefully.A.listeningB.listenC.listensD.tolisten16.You'dbetter_________thecinemabybus.A.don'tgoB.togoC.togotoD.goto17.Whatdidthemanager_________youto_________atthemeeting?A.tell;sayB.ask;speakC.tell;speakD.ask;talk18.Tomwaslet_________inthegatehouse.A.waitB.towaitC.waitingD.tohavewaited19.Mr.Huhasenoughtime_________thejobintwodays.A.finishB.tofinishC.finishingD.finished20.Look,thebuilding_________isourlibrary.A.isrepairedB.beingrepairedC.repairingD.toberepairing21._________nomoney,Icouldnotbuythiscoat.A.HaveB.HavingC.TohaveD.Havehad22.Theteacherhassomethingimportant_________us.A.totellB.tellsC.tellingD.told23.LiMingdidn'tknow_________next.A.todowhatB.whattodoC.howtodoD.whatdo24.I'dlove_________toyourbirthdayparty.A.comeB.cameC.tocomeD.comes25.Ittookmetwohours_________bybus.A.togetthereB.togettothereC.getthereD.gettothere答案:1-5BCBBB6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD16-20DABBB21-25BABCA五、改正下列句子的錯(cuò)誤1.Heseemstonothearfromher.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Ihopeseeyousoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Imadethemtogivethemoneyback.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.ThescientistgaveussomeadviceonhowlearningEnglish.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Noonenoticedhimtoleavetheroom.____________________________________________________________________________________________6.Haveyougivenuptosmoke?____________________________________________________________________________________________7.Wefoundhimwaitedattheschoolgate.____________________________________________________________________________________________8.Whynottoturnoffthelight?____________________________________________________________________________________________9.Shedidn't