2023年考研外語模擬試題4

考研外語模擬試題4

一、UseofEnglish

1、MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnew

phenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace,[1]atthesame

time,agrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditional

social[2]playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognized

roleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave.

ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.Christakis,at

theHarvardMedicalSchool,andDr.JamesH.Fowler,atthe

UniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The[3]reportedlast

summerthatobesityappearedto[4]fromonepersontoanother

[5]socialnetworks,almostlikeavirusorafad.Ina

follow-uptothatprovocativeresearch,theteamhasproduced

[6]findingsaboutanothermajorhealth[7]:smoking.Ina

studypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,

theteamfoundthataperson，sdecisionto[8]thehabitis

stronglyaffectedby[9]otherpeopleintheirsocialnetwork

quit一evenpeopletheydonotknow.And,surprisingly,entire

networksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually[10].

For[11]oftheirstudies,they[12]ofdetailedrecordskept

between1971and2022about5,124peoplewhoparticipatedin

thelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.Becausemanyofthe

subjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFramingham,Mass.,

manyoftheparticipantswere[13]somehow一throughspouses,

neighbors,friends,co-workers—enablingtheresearchersto

studyanetworkthat[14]12,067people.

Takentogether,thesestudiesare[15]agrowingrecognition

thatmanybehaviorsare[16]bysocialnetworksin[17]that

havenotbeenfullyunderstood.And[18]maybepossible,the

researcherssay,toharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany

[19],suchasencouragingsafesex,gettingmorepeopleto

exerciseoreven[20]crime.

(1)

A.so

B.but

C.as

D.although

2、(2)

A.resource

B.database

C.communication

D.intranet

3、(3)

A.pair

B.sociologists

C.spouse

D.universities

4、(4)

A.range

B.differ

C.vary

D.spread

5、⑸

A.between

B.among

C.in

D.through

6、(6)

A.consequent

B.controversial

C.similar

D.diffident

7、(7)

A.issue

3

B.dispute

C.problem

D.question

8、(8)

A.cultivate

B.kick

C.leave

D.tick

9、(9)

A.how

B.that

C.what

D.whether

10、(10)

A.surprisingly

B.simultaneously

C.spontaneously

D.strongly

11、(11)

A.neither

B.none

C.both

4

D.which

12、(12)

A.madeacompanion

B.tookadvantage

C.tookanattitude

D.hadthebest

13、(13)

A.concerned

B.excluded

C.encouraged

D.connected

14、(14)

A.totaled

B.increased

C.summed

D.added

15、(15)

A.filling

B.blocking

C.fueling

D.contributing

16、(16)

5

A.swayed

B.deviated

C.bettered

D.deteriorated

17、(17)

A.order

B.ways

C.fear

D.case

18、(18)

A.it

B.there

C.they

D.if

19、(19)

A.reasons

B.keeps

C.good

D.purposes

20、(20)

A.banning

B.promoting

6

C.fighting

D.committing

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Sadnessisn'tmanly—thisEricWeaverknew.Whendepression

engulfedthisNewYorkpolicesergeant,ittookadifferent

guise:anear-constantstateofanger."OneminuteI'dbeokay

andthenextminuteI'dbescreamingatmykidsandpunching

thewall,"herecalls."Mykidswouldask,'What'swrongwith

Daddy?Why'shesomadallthetime?’"Foryears,Weaverdidn，t

knowwhatwaswrong.

Weaver'sconfusionaboutwhattorturedhimwasnotunusual.

Roughlyathirdofthe18millionormoreAmericanswhosuffer

depressioneachyeararemen.Yetalltoooften,expertssay,

menfailtorecognizethesymptomsandgetthetreatmentthey

need.

Foryears,expertssuspectedthatgendermakesabigdifference

indepression.StudiesfromNewYorktoNewZealandhave

repeatedlyfoundthesamestartlingstatistic:Abouttwiceas

manywomenasmensufferfromdepression.Thatfindingwas

consideredoneofthebedrockfactsofmodernmentalhealth.

Yetithasrecentlycomeunderattackfromcriticswhoare

concernedaboutunderreportingofmaledepression.

WilliamPollack,DirectoroftheCenterforMenatMcLean

Hospital,isleadingthechargeagainstthewell-entrenched

depressiongendergap.Hearguesthatmen，srateofdepression

maybenearlyequaltowomen's.Justlookatsuiciderates,he

says:Malesuicidesoutnumberfemalesfourtoone.Thatratio

“iswaytoohightosaythatmen'sdepressionnumbersareso

low,“henotes.

Pollackandotherscontendthatmaledepressiongoes

unrecognizedbecause,unlikethefemaleversion,itoften

doesn'tfitthetextbooksigns一atleastintheearlystages.

Clinicaldepressionatlaterstageslooksmuchthesameinboth

sexes.Butinthepreludetoabreakdown,thatdeepeningdespair

isoftenexpressedinverydifferentways.Insteadofbeing

weepy,menaremoreapttobeirritableandangry一moodsthat

aren，tincludedintheclassicdiagnostictests."Theirsadness

andhelplessnessarehiddenbehindamaskofanger,“says

Pollack.

“Mentendtoactout"toavoiddealingwithuncomfortable

feelings,addsFredricRabinowitz,apsychologistwhoworks

primarilywithmen.Iftheyfeelbad,they，reapttogetinto

fightsonthejoborathome,withdrawfromfamilyandfriends,

becomeobsessedwithworkorhobbies.Mostsignificantly,men

oftenturntodrinkingordrugs.Menhavetwotofourtimesthe

rateofsubstanceabuseproblemsaswomen,andPollackcontends

thatifthiswasrecognizedasasignofdepression,thegender

gapwouldsubstantiallynarrow.

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwo

paragraphs?

A.Mr.Weaverconsideredangerwasaguiseofdepression.

B.Depressionmayresultinsimilarsymptoms.

C.Mengenerallyignorethesignsofdepressionandits

treatment.

D.OnethirdofmaleAmericanssufferdepressioneachyear.

2、

StudiesfromNewYorktoNewZealandsuggestedthat.

A.women'mentalhealthwasworsethanmen，s

B.menare50%lessdepressedthanwomen

C.differentgenderfacesdifferentdepressions

D.genderdifferencesexplainedthedepressionrates

3、

Accordingtothepassage,Mr.Pollackbelievesthatmenfacing

depression.

A.willchoosetocommitsuicide

B.breakdownmoreeasilythanwomen

C.donothavethesamesymptomsasdescribedintextbook

D.areoftennotdiagnosedproperly

4、

Bysaying"Mentendtoactout”(Line1,Para.6),theauthor

impliesthat.

A.menoftenfightoutside

B.menusuallyhidetheiruncomfortablefeelings

C.menwouldchooseviolentactsoutside

D.menareeasilyoffendedbyothers

5、

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.MaleDepression:Re-examined

B.SymptomsofDepression:GenderDifference

C.MaleDepression:UnderlyingCauses

D.MaskofAnger:MenUnderStress

6、InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommon

headache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordeclining

slightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternet,andanever

greatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazine

unitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInc,

theworld'sbiggestmagazinecompany,hastofendoffrumours

thatitsparent,TimeWarner,willsellit.Peopleinthe

industryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMedia,its

Britishmagazinesubsidiary.

Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressure

fromseveraldirectionsatonce,bothonlineandoff.Magazines

havebecomemoreexpensivetolaunch,andthecostofattracting

andkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstand

saleshavebeenworryinglyweak,partlybecausesupermarkets

dominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply.

Theinternet'spopularityhashitmen，stitlesthehardest.FHM,

theflagship"lads"magazineofEmap一aBritishmediafirm,for

instance,lostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.

NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap'sprizeasset,but

slowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany,s

decisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men'smagazinesarein

troubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequickly

switchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices.

Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeel

pessimistic,however.Forreaders,manyofthepleasing

characteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityand

glossiness,forinstance—cannotbematchedonline.And

magazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythat

newspapersare.Accordingtoastudybythedigitalarmof

OgilvyGroup,appetiteformagazinesislargelyunchanged

betweenolder"babyboomers"andyoung"millennials”.

Ontheadvertisingside,magazinesarefaringmuchbetterthan

newspapers,whicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueas

classifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethe

factthatinmanygenres,suchasfashion,readersacceptand

valuemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct.

Unfortunately,magazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetonto

theinternet.''Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomething

theyworriedaboutafter4pmonFriday,“saysPeterKreisky,

aconsultanttothemediaindustry,“butnowit'sattheheart

oftheirbusinessmodel."Totheircredit,however,big

magazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprint

productsonline.Theyofferpeopleuseful,funservices

online一Lagardere,sCarandDriverwebsite,forinstance,

offersvirtualtestdrives,andBetterHomesandGardensonline

hasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes.

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormainlydiscusses.

A.theeffectsofinternetonthecirculationofUSandEurope

magazines

B.thereasonwhyparentsdon'tsubscribetomagazines

C.theproblemsAmericanandEuropeanmagazinesfacetoday

D.theconsequencesofpeople'sdevotiontoonlinemagazines

7、

Whichofthefollowingistrueofmagazines'currentsituation?

A.MagazinesfacepressuresfromtheInternetonly.

B.Magazinesneedtospendmoreonthemarketing.

C.Mostreadersofmagazinesareattractedtoonlineservices.

D.NewsstandinAmericaplaysamajorroleinmagazinesales.

8、

Accordingtothetext,magazineownersshouldnotfeel

pessimisticinthat.

A.magazinesareeasiertocarry

B.magazinesarenotlosingyoungreaders

C.magazinesearnmorefromadvertisingthannewspapers

D.magazinesstillhavecompetitivefeaturesnotfoundonline

9、

Whengoingontotheinternet,bigmagazines.

A.havechangedtheirbusinessmodelcompletely

B.aremakinguseofinternetflexibly

C.aretakingpromptactions

不______Q

q13

D.haveturnedtheirproductsintoonlineversion

10、

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

A.Magazinesfacedwithvariouschallenges.

B.Threatsposedbytheinternettomagazines.

C.Popularitylostwithmagazines.

D.Newopportunitiesofmagazines.

11、Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthe

defectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvinced

thatinitsday,standardswerehigher,schoolsweretougher

andkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasure,and

eventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomething,peopleare

gettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscores

aroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahigh

proportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthe

centurywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday5stests.

Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsforthe

increase,includingbetternutrition,urbanization,more

experiencewithtesttaking,andsmallerfamilies.Someeven

saythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren，sbrains

moreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscritics,andno

onecansaywithcertaintywhateffects,ifany,thechangeis

havingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemore

mysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceof

asimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.One

explanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausethe

increasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftime,

itcannotbeduetogeneticfactors.

Theworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrialized

nationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.Flynn,nowaprofessor

attheUniversityofOtego,NewZealand.Hebeganlookinginto

thesubjectinthe1980'sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensen,

theprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthatevenifthe

environmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalized,the15-point

gapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartly

eliminated.

AsDr.Flynninvestigated,hefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoing

upalmosteverywherehelooked.Althoughthegapremains,Dr.

Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneed

notbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.that

whiteshadin1945,hesaid,itmaybethattheaverageblack

environmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaverage

whiteenvironmentof1945.“Isthatreallysoimplausible?"Dr.

Flynnasked.

Meanwhile,thekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedand

respectedvaryfromtimetotime,saidDr.PatriciaGreenfield,

apsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.Playingcomputergameslike

Tetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.The

newskills,shesaid,aremanifestedintheworld."Flynnwill

tellyouwedon'thavemoreMozartsandBeethovens,Dr.

Greenfieldsaid,“Isay,lookattheachievementsofscience,

likeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthis

century.”

Thecaseofolderpeopleismentionedto.

A.illustratethedefectsofyoungpeople

B.stressthatstandardsofeducationaredropping

C.implythatyoungpeopleareactuallynotmorestupidthan

earliergenerations

D.comparetheintelligencegapbetweengenerations

12、

Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheintelligenceincrease

accordingtothetext?

A.Itsinfluenceonpeople'slifeisnotclear.

B.Itistheresultofbetternutrition.

C.Achievementtestscoreshavedecreased.

D.PeopleattheturnofthecenturyscoredlowerontheI.Q.

tests.

13、

OnwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldDr.Flynnmost

probablyagree?

A.TheI.Q.scoregapbetweenblacksandwhitescouldnotbe

eliminated.

B.The15-pointI.Q.gapwasaresultofmiscalculation.

C.Greatartistswillnotappearinourtimes.

D.EqualenvironmentsmayresultinequalIQ.

14、

Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatintelligence.

A.shouldberespectedandpromotedfromtimetotime

B.hasvariousformsandmeasurements

C.willhelpgameplayersimprovetheirskills

D.isstronglyinfluencedbytheachievementslikeDNA

15、

Thetextintendstotellusthat.

A.theincreaseinhumanintelligenceisanunavoidable

process

B.humanintelligenceisbecomingmorepredictable

C.humanintelligenceisgettinghigherinmorethanone

aspect

D.I.Qisthekeytoone'ssuccess

16^“Frontier”,oneofmanyEnglishwordsthattookonnew

meaningsinNorthAmerica,hasassumedaswellarolein

explainingthecontinent5shistoryduringthepastfivehundred

years.Intimethewordhasacquiredotherconnotations,both

positiveandnegative.Amonghistorians,theterm“frontier”

ismostcloselyassociatedwithFrederickJacksonTurner,whose

essayprofoundlyinfluencedAmericanhistoriographyforforty

yearsafteritspublicationin1893.

ReactingagainsthistorianswhoconsideredAmericanhistory

essentiallyanoutgrowthofBritishandEuropeaninstitutions,

TurnerarguedthatOldWorldcustomsandattitudesbrokedown

andreformedinAmerica，sradicallydifferentphysicaland

socialenvironment.Theopportunityof"freeland”drew

pioneerswestwardintosettingsthatrequiredthemtomodify

orscrapentirelymanyoftheinstitutionsandvaluesoftheir

previouslives.Theresultwasa"mergednationality，，?a

distinctivecultureandpeople.

Althoughheemphasizedthepositive,Turnerobservedthatthe

sameconditionsthathadhelpedreshapethesocietyhadless

desirableeffects.Forinstance,asearlygovernmentstheyhad

tocreatepoliticalformsalmostonthefly,theywereless

likelytoinnovatethantocopywhattheyknewfromthepast.The

tensionbetweenchangeandtraditionwasplayedoutingender

relations.Frontierconditionsoftenrequiredwomentotakeon

rolesusuallyreservedformen,butthecrushingloadofwork

madewomen，slivesdifficultanddangerousandleftlittleroom

forindividualfulfillmentoutsidetheirlabors.

ByTurner,sdeathin1932,morefundamentalcritiquesofhis

ideaswerebeingheard.Somestressedthatmanyother

factors—amongthempatternsofimmigration,American

society,smiddleclassnature,etc.一influencedthenational

characteratleastasmuchasthefrontier.Othersarguedthat

classdivisionsandsocialandeconomichierarchieshavebeen

muchmoreapartofAmericanlifethanthefrontier-inspired

equalityimpliedinTurner'swork.

Theeffectofthesevariouscritiqueshasbeenparadoxical.No

longerconsideredtheprimaryformativeforceoncontinental

history,thefrontierhasbeenmorebroadlydefinedandits

explanatorypowerhasgrown.Recentresearchhasexploredthe

interactionsamongEuropeans,Euro-Americans,andIndian

peoples.Alongthevariousfrontierstheredevelopedwhatthe

historianRichardWhitehascalleda“middleground”,cultures

ofoverlappingcustomsandmutualborrowinginwhichallsides

creatednewtermsofunderstandingandexchange.Consequently,

manytribesmergedandconsolidatedtomeetthethreatsand

opportunitiesposedbythenewcomers.Afrontierinthissense

wascertainlynotadivisionbetween,'civilizationand

savagery”,butratheraplacewherepeoples,ideas,cultures,

andinstitutionscametogetherandinteractedonmanylevels,

sometimesmixingandsometimesconflictingbutalwaysinmutual

influence.

FrederickJacksonTurnerismentionedto.

A.showhisinfluenceinAmericanhistorystudies

B.indicatethecomplexnatureoftheterm"frontier”

C.revealthetruthaboutAmericanhistory

D.stresstheroleof"frontier"intheU.S.history

17、

WemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatTurner

believed.

A.AmericanhistorygrewoutofBritishandEuropean

traditions

B.America'senvironmentwasnotwellpreparedfor

institutionsfromEurope

C.situationsintheU.S.adaptedoldWorldvalues

D.Freelandopportunityrequiredpioneerstoform,anew

culture

18、

Whatdowelearnfromthetextabouttheeffectsofthefrontier

conditions?

A.Earlygovernmentsmadenewpoliticalforms.

B.Genderrelationsweretensebecauseofpoliticalforms.

C.Mentookfewerrolesthanwomen.

D.Womenweredeprivedoftheirrighttodevelop.

19、

WhichofthefollowingbelongstothecriticismsofTurner's

thoughts?

A.FrontierplayedalesssignificantrolethanTurner

advocated.

B.Nationalcharacterhadlittletodowithfrontier.

C.Turner,sthoughtsmadenosense.

D.Classdivisionswerethedrivingforcesinthefrontier.

20、

Accordingtothelastparagraph,frontierwasessentiallya

placeof.

A.overlappingracesandinstitutions

B.interactivegroupsandvalues

C.conflictingracesandcultures

D.variousopportunitiesandthreats

21、PartB(10points)

Wedon'tseeorhearthem,buteverydaytheyquietlygoabout

theirwork-filteringandcleansingourriversandstreams.And

ifwedon'tactsoon,they)11disappearfromtheworkforcejust

whenweneedthemmost.Iamtalkingaboutpigtoes,monkeyface,

pinkheelsplitterandpurplewartyback一一freshwatermussels(貝臺

貝)withfunnynamesthatbelietheseriousnessoftheir

labors.(41).

Onemusselalonecancleanseasmuchasagallonofwaterper

hour.Adduptheworkofawholemusselcommunity,andyouget

avirtualwatertreatmentplant.AccordingtoEthanNedeau,an

expertonthefreshwatermusselsofNewEngland,evenhalfthe

populationofmusselsatworkinaone-halfmilesegmentofNew

Hampshire，sAshuelotRivercanhelpcleansemorethan11.2

milliongallonsofwateraday-roughlythequantityof

householdwaterusedby112000people.

(42).Today69percentofUSfreshwatermusselspeciesareto

somedegreeatriskofextinctionoralreadyextinct.Themost

diverseassemblageoffreshwatermusselseverknownwaslocated

inthemiddlestretchoftheTennesseeRiverinnorthernAlabama.

Beforethedammingoftheriverintheearly1900s,69mussel

specieshadbeenspottedinthisreach;32ofthemhave

apparentlydisappeared,withnorecordingsightingsinnearly

acentury.

(43).Likemanyfreshwatermussels,theorange-nacremuckethas

afascinatinglifecycleandexhibitssomeofthemost

sophisticatedmimicryintheanimalkingdom.Thefemales

essentiallyusetheiroffspringtolurefishintohelpingthem

colonizenewstreambottoms.Theypackagetheirlarvae(幼蟲)

attheendofjelly一liketubesthatcanextendeightfeetout

intothewater.Tofishswimmingby,thelarvaedancinginthe

rifflesoftherivercurrentlookslikeatastyminnow.When

thefishbites,thetubebreaks,releasingthelarvaeintothe

stream.Afewoftheoffspringattachtothefish'sgillsand

hitchhikearoundwiththeirfirmedhostforaweekortwo,

absorbingnutrientsandgrowingalongtheway.(44).

Alongwith16otherthreatenedorendangeredmusselspeciesin

theMobilewatershed,theorange-nacremucketisatriskof

extinction-inlargepartduetoexcessivepollutionanddams

thathavediminishedtheriverhabitattheyneedtosurvive.

Tome,thelossofsuchindustrious,fascinatingcreatures

diminishesmorethanourwaterquality-itdiminishesour

naturalheritageandourworld.

(45).SoaswecelebrateWorldWaterDay,Ihopewealso

celebratethefreshwatermusselsthathelpkeepourwaters

cleanandhealthy-andcommittoeffortstoconservethem.

[A]Myfavoritefreshwatermusselistheorange-nacremucket,

foundonlyintheriversandstreamsofAlabama'sMobileRiver

basin.

[B]TheUnitedStatesranksfirstintheworldinthenumber

ofknownspeciesoffreshwatermussels292,com-paredwithjust

10inallofEurope.Butwe'relosingthese"livingfilters”

alltoofast.

[C]Onlyhabitatimprovements,insomecasescombinedwith

musselbreedingandreleaseefforts,cansavetheseandthe

other200freshwatermusselspeciesatrisknationwide.

[D]BecauseIbetwe'llmisstheselittlecreatureswiththe

whimsicalnameswhenthey'regone.

[E]Theysuckwaterin,filteroutbitsofalgae,bacteriaand

othertinyparticles,andthenreleaseitbacktotheriver

cleanerthanbefore.

[F]Finally,theyoungmusselsdropoff,floattotheriver

bottom,andcolonizenewterritory-andbeforelongbegintheir

vitaltaskofwaterpurification.

[G]Itisourresponsibilitytotakeactionstoprotectthe

freshwatermussels,otherwisetheywilldisappearinthefuture

andthewaterwillnotberefreshed.

(41)

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen