大學(xué)英語語法精講【重點、考點全涵蓋】

語法局部第一講虛擬語氣I.考點分析：虛擬語氣是動詞的特殊形式，用來表達(dá)說話人的意愿、建議、請求、意圖、驚奇、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實的情況，以及在說話人看來實現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。虛擬語氣是非常重要的語法考點?？疾鞖v屆四級試題，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)與虛擬語氣有關(guān)的考題每次至少2題，有時甚至3-4題。虛擬語氣的考查要點有：1.虛擬語氣的形式：分清虛擬時間和主句、從句所使用的動詞形式十分重要，因此我們把所有虛擬語氣的不同類型列表歸納并進(jìn)行比照，以便于同學(xué)們記憶掌握。動詞形式類型虛擬時間從句動詞主句動詞if條件句現(xiàn)在過去式would/should/might/could+動詞原形過去had+過去分詞would/should/might/could+have+過去分詞將來should/wereto/過去式would/should/might/could+動詞原形wish引導(dǎo)的賓從現(xiàn)在過去式過去had+過去分詞/couldhavedone將來would/could/might+動詞原形asif/though方式狀語從句同wish其它動詞引導(dǎo)的賓從(should)+動詞原形主語從句(should)+動詞原形表語從句(should)+動詞原形同位語從句(should)+動詞原形ifonly同if條件句lest,forfearthat,incaseshould+動詞原形wouldrather/soonerthat現(xiàn)在/將來過去式過去had+過去分詞Itishigh/abouttimethat過去式2.要注意從句中第一/三人稱的過去式was用were代替。例如：IfIwereinvited,Iwouldcome.Ifshewerenotill,shecoulddoalotofthings.3.if條件句中如謂語動詞是were,had,should,could時，可以省略if,把它們前置。例如：Hadmyfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendmeabroad.CouldIdoit,Iwouldsurelydoit.ShouldtheBlackDeathreappear,whatshouldwedo?〔萬一黑死病再次出現(xiàn)，我們該怎么辦？〕4.錯綜時間的條件句是難點，如99年1月第60題:IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,youwouldn’tbesmilingnow.〔從句用過去完成時，主句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時〕又如：IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothefilmlastnight.(從句虛擬現(xiàn)在，主句虛擬過去)；Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.(從句虛擬過去，主句虛擬將來)；Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.(從句虛擬過去，主句虛擬現(xiàn)在)5.虛擬句的另一難點是省略if條件句的含蓄條件句，如：Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore,butIhavebeenill.(=IfIhadnotbeenill,Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore.);Atruefriendwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Afriend,ifhehadbeentrue,wouldhaveacteddifferently.)6.注意介詞短語without,butfor,intheabsence等表示虛擬條件。例如：Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.沒有電就不會有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.沒有你們的幫助，我們的實驗時不可能成功的。7.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+賓語〞或“Butthat+從句〞表示假設(shè)條件。例如：Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,we’dneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.Butthathesawit(=Ifhehadnotseenit),hecouldnothavebelievedit.8.providing,providing(that),onconditionthat,suppose,supposing引導(dǎo)的條件從句中，根據(jù)語意，可以用虛擬語氣，有可以用陳述語氣。9.常見的引導(dǎo)賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞有：advice,agree,command,decide,demand,determine,direct〔命令〕insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,move(提議，動議)等；例如：TheUnitedNationsurgedthathe(should)withdrawhistroops.〔聯(lián)合國敦促他撤軍?！?0．常見的引導(dǎo)同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞有：advice,command,desire,determination,idea,motion,order,preference,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposals,request,requirement等；例如：Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.(用于同位語從句)邀請他的建議被否決了。Theirdemandisthattheirwagesbeincreasedby20%.(用于表語從句)他們的要求是工資增加20%。11．用在主語從句中時其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“Itis/was+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句〔用虛擬語氣〕〞，例如：Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.你有必要參加討論。Itwasorderedthatthemedicinesbesentherebyplane.根據(jù)命令，那些藥品必須空運到這兒。常見的這類形容詞、分詞還有：advisable〔合理的〕,anxious(急迫的),appropriate〔適宜的〕,compulsory〔強(qiáng)制的〕,crucial(緊要關(guān)頭的)，desirable〔理想的〕,eager,essential〔必要的〕,imperative(迫切的),important〔重要的〕,impossible〔不可能的〕,improper〔不適宜的〕,natural〔自然的〕,obligatory(必須履行的)，preferable〔更好的〕,proper〔適宜的〕,strange〔奇怪的〕urgent〔緊迫的〕,vital〔至關(guān)重要的〕,demanded〔要求的〕,required〔要求的〕,suggested〔建議的〕,desired〔希望的〕等。第二講非謂語動詞I．考點分析非謂語動詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式和動名詞。非謂語動詞既是四級考試的重點也是四級考試的的難點。因為非謂語動詞的用法很復(fù)雜，它既含有時態(tài)語態(tài)的變化、又有否認(rèn)形式。例如：Heseemedtohavewaitedthereforalongtime.(不定式的完成時態(tài))Heseemedtobewaitingforsomeone.(不定式的正在進(jìn)行時)Heseemedtohavenotknowntheplaceverywell.(不定式的完成時態(tài)的否認(rèn)形式)Heseemedtohavebeentoldaboutit.(不定式的被動語態(tài))一、非謂語動詞不同形式的根本用法。現(xiàn)在分詞可以用作狀語、定語和表語。例如：Thefilmisexciting.(表語)Theexcitingfilmattractedthechildrenverymuch.(定語)Havingfinishedthehomework,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(狀語)Theproblembeingdiscussediswhattheyareconcernedwith.(定語)過去分詞的用法與現(xiàn)在分詞大體相當(dāng)，可以用作狀語、定語和表語。只是表示的意義有所不同。例如：Childrenareexcitedatthefilm.(表語)Theexcitedchildrensanganddancedtothemidnight.(邏輯定語)Excitedatthenews,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(狀語)Thiswastheproblemdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.(定語后置)不定式有兩種形式：帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式,不定式有進(jìn)行體、完成體和被動語態(tài)。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、定語和狀語等。Itisofimportancetohavegoodfriends.(邏輯主語)Toseeistobelieve.(主語)Iexpecthimtocomebacksoon.(賓語補(bǔ)語)Idon’tknowhowtogetthere.(賓語)Weneedsomeonetohelpus.(定語)Togetthereearlier,westartedat6o’clock.(狀語)Theroomseemedtohavebeencleaned.(表語)動名詞在句中可以作主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語。Idon’tlikingtalkingwithher.(賓語)Smokingisdangerousforhealth.(主語)Herhobbyiscollectingcoins.(表語)二、四級考試中的非謂語動詞考點非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)Thetwobuildingsbeingrepairednowarethestudents’dormitories.(正在進(jìn)行時表示動作正在發(fā)生，被動語態(tài)表示被動)Thetwobuildingsrepairedduringthesummervacationarethestudents’dormitories.(過去分詞作定語，表示動作完成)Thetwobuildingstoberepairedarethestudents’dormitories.(不定式表示動作未發(fā)生，將要發(fā)生)非謂語動詞的否認(rèn)形式和物主代詞的用法Notknowingwhattodonext,heaskedmeforhelp.(分詞作狀語的否認(rèn)形式)Iregretnottellingherthenewsearlier.(動名詞作賓語的否認(rèn)形式)Idon’tmindyourbeinglate.(動名詞作賓語的物主形式)Ipersuadehimnottostaytheretoolong.(不定式作補(bǔ)語的否認(rèn)形式)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示現(xiàn)在和主動的意思；過去分詞含有被動和完成的意思。例如；OriginallycultivatedinIndia,thebananabroughttotheAmericasbythePortuguesewhofounditinAfrica.句中主語thebanana和cultivate的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動關(guān)系，用過去分詞Originallycultivated。Thelostchildwasfoundhidinginthecave.句中hidinginthecave與其主語thechild是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞。不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別：不定式和動名詞都可以作賓語，但在英語中不同的動詞要求后邊的賓語形式不同。有些動詞要求動名詞所賓語，有些動詞要求不定式所賓語，還有些動詞既可以用動名詞又可以用不定式作賓語，但所表達(dá)的意思卻不同。所以大家要記住這些特殊的動詞。要求接不定式作賓語的動詞有：expect,urge,intend,persuade,prefer,cause,encourage,tell,ask,make,let要求接動名詞作賓語的動詞有：mind,quit,resent,mention,appreciate,postpone,consider,enjoy,deserve,delay,avoid,escape,deny,resist,admit,fancy,giveup,cannotbut,need,want，feellike以下動詞既可以用動名詞又可以用不定式作賓語：remember,forget,regret,mean,like,hate,love,stopremember,forget,regret后接不定式表示動作尚未發(fā)生；接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。like,hate,love后接不定式表示具體的或一次性的動作；接動名詞表示習(xí)慣性或抽象性的動作。stop后接不定式表示停下現(xiàn)在動作去做另一件事；接動名詞表示停下現(xiàn)在所進(jìn)行的動作。mean后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接動名詞表示意思是什么。幾種特殊的句型Itisnogood(use)+doingsth.Itisnousearguingwithheraboutthematter.ThereIsno_doingsth.Thereisnotellingwhentostart.But+(to)do:介詞前動詞假設(shè)是實義動詞do，省略to;介詞前動詞假設(shè)不是實義動詞do，那么不能省略to。Ourparentsrequiredusofnothingbuttostudyhard.Hesaidnothingbuttocry.Hedidnothingbutcry.分詞的固定搭配詞組：judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,considering,taking…intoconsideration,comparedto(with)例句：Judgingfromthehandwriting,Iknowtheletterwaswrittenbyherboyfriend.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是帶有邏輯主語的分詞短語，它有以下幾種形式：主語＋分詞Theproblembeingsolved,hewentbackhome.Timepermitting,wewillgooutingthisweekend.Thereporthavingbeenreadalivelydiscussionbegan.With+邏輯主語+分詞〔形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等〕TheoldmancameInwithabookunderhisarm.Theywenthomewiththelightson.三、非謂語動詞考點例題時態(tài)1．Asapublicrelationsofficer,heissaid______someveryinfluentialpeople.〔01/6/34〕【A】A)toknowB)tobeknowingC)tohavebeenknowingD)tohaveknown2.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.〔96/6/37〕【C】A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending語態(tài)1.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection______tothenation.〔96/6/24〕【D】A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft2.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself--restraintasifIweretheone______.〔96/6/28〕【D】A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected3.CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit______inCuba.〔00/1/45〕【B】A)havingcultivatedB)beingcultivatedC)beencultivatedD)cultivating作狀語〔不定式,分詞〕1.______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster'sdegree.〔95/1/48〕【A】A)TobecomeB)BecomeC)OnebecomeD)Onbecoming2.Thisprogrammewillexaminethewriter'sbooksindetail______anintroductiontoherlife.〔94/1/70〕【A】A)followingB)havingfollowedC)beingfollowedD)tobefollowed3.Thehousewasveryquiet______asitwasonthesideofamountain.〔99/6/48〕【A】A)isolated B)beingisolatedC)isolatingD)havingbeenisolated作賓補(bǔ)〔分詞〕1.InAustraliatheAsiansmaketheirinfluence______inbusinesseslargeandsmall.〔94/4/67〕【C】A)feelingB)feelC)feltD)tobefelt2.Don'tgetyourschedule______;staywithusinthisclass.〔96/1/42〕【C】A)tochangeB)changingC)changedD)change3.Couldyoufindsomeone______.〔94/1/63〕【A】A)formetoplaytenniswithB)formetoplaytennisC)playtenniswith D)playingtenniswith作后置定語(分詞)1.Homework______ontimewillleadtobettergrades.〔95/1/44〕【A】A)done B)bedone C)havingdoneD)tohavebeendone2.Asearlyas1647Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolmustbeestablishedIneverytown______50householdormore.〔98/1/36〕【A】A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad作賓語(動名詞)1.Annneverdreamsof______forhertobesentabroadverysoon.〔98/6/43〕【A】A)therebeingachanceB)theretobeachanceC)therebeachanceD)beingachance2.Hegivespeopletheimpression______allhislifebroad.〔98/6/46〕【A】A)ofhavingspentB)tohavespentC)ofbeingspentD)tospend特殊動詞后接不定式或動名詞作賓語1.Iwouldappreciate______itasecret.〔95/6/41〕【A】A)yourkeepingB)youtokeepC)thatyoukeepD)thatyouwillkeep2.Markoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.〔95/6/42〕【D】A)havingbeenfinedB)tobefinedC)tohavebeenfinedD)beingfined3.IfIhadremembered__thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.〔96/1/40〕【A】A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed4.Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.〔97/6/58〕【D】A)havetoldB)betoldC)beingtold D)havingtold第三講倒裝I.考點分析英語句子的一般語序為“主語局部+謂語局部〞。如果在一定條件下，為了到達(dá)某些語法或修辭上的效果，改變句子的一般語序，把謂語放在主語的面前，我們稱之為倒裝〔InvertedOrder〕。倒裝又分為完全倒裝(CompleteInversion)和局部倒裝(PartialInversion)。把謂語局部完全放到主語前稱為完全倒裝，如Herearesomelettersforyou.把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前，稱之為局部倒裝，如NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.縱觀歷屆CET4考題，“倒裝〞是常考的工程。倒裝的考察要點有：1.以某些副詞開頭的句子，如：here,now,then,up,down,out,in,或由副詞there,then,now等引起，謂語動詞為come或go，并且主語不是人稱代詞的句子，應(yīng)該完全倒裝。例：1)Herecomesthebus.2)Theregoesyourlastchance.3)Outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.4)Upwenttherocketcarryingthesatelliteonitstop.2.有時出于修辭上的考慮可以把表語提前放在主語前面，同時主謂完全倒裝。例：1)Verygratefulweareforyouhelp.2)Averyreliablepersonheis,tobesure.3)Veryimportantinthefarmers’lifeistheweatherreport.3.代詞neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必須是否認(rèn)句，這時后面分句不僅用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，而且時態(tài)〔包括助動詞〕必須和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。例：1)Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.2)Wedon’tneedair-conditioning,norcanweaffordit.3)Theorganizationhadbrokennorulesbutneitherhaditactedresponsibility.4)Johnhadbeenworkinghardandsohadhisbrother.4.虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if時，were,had和should要移至主語之前。例：1)HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.2)Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.3)Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,wehadneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.5.句首為否認(rèn)詞和帶有否認(rèn)意義的詞或短語作狀語或賓語時，常用局部倒裝。例：1)Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.2)Notasinglebookhadhereadthatmonth.3)Bynomeanswasheabletohandlethetoughproblem.4)Hardlyhadhearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,hardly/scarcely…when,invain,much/even/stillless,nolonger,nosooner…than,notasingleword,notasoul,notinfrequently,notoften,notonly…but(also),notuntil等。6.only位于句子開頭，如果修飾介詞短語或狀語從句，那么句子應(yīng)倒裝。例：1)Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.2)Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarcanyouwritecorrectly.3)Onlyinafewcountriesdoesthewholeofthepopulationenjoyareasonablestandardofliving.7.so/such…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so放在句首時，需要倒裝。例：1)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.2)Soproudistheyoungmanthatheisreluctanttoacceptothers’opinion.3)Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.8.在比擬和方式副詞從句中，如果主語不是人稱代詞，常可在主語前添加助動詞do/did以代替前面已出現(xiàn)過的動詞。例：1)Ispendmorethandomyfriends.2)Shetraveledagreatdeal,asdidmostofherfriends.9.在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。例：1)Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.2)Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.3)Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.10.句首為manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchextremes,tosuchlengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等狀語時，句子需要局部倒裝。例：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.11.當(dāng)句子沒有賓語且主語較長，?？蓪钫Z提到句子前頭，主謂完全倒裝。例：1)Afterthemcameinthehostandthehostess.2)Tothelistmaybeaddedthefollowingnames.3)Oneverysidestretchedfieldsofgreenwheat.同樣地，也可以把表語和系動詞提到主語前面，表語可以是介詞短語，形容詞，副詞或分詞。例：1)Aroundthelakeare21statefarms.2)Worstofallweretheirlivingstandards.3)Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmenplayingchess.12.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。例：1)Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!2)LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!第四講狀語從句I.考點分析狀語從句可用來表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比擬和讓步等。1．時間狀語從句1)常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞有when,whenever,while,as,before,after等。2〕注意not…until…正常結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、和until置于句首的用法。Hedidn’tgotosleepuntilhehadfinishedhishomework.〔正常結(jié)構(gòu)〕Notuntilhehadfinishedhishomeworkdidhegotosleep.〔倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)〕Itwasnotuntilhehadfinishedhishomeworkthathewenttosleep.〔強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)〕Untilhehadfinishedhishomeworkhedidn’tgotosleep.〔until置于句首〕3〕表示“一……就……〞的連詞：once,assoonas,hardly/scarcely…when,nosooner…than,theminute,themoment,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly4〕其他表示時間的短語還有：everytime,nexttime,theday等。2．地點狀語從句通常由where,wherever引導(dǎo),如：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.3．原因狀語從句1)通常由because,as,since引導(dǎo),三者區(qū)別：because語氣最強(qiáng)，重在交待原因，以why引導(dǎo)的疑問句只能用because來答復(fù)；其前可用only,just等詞強(qiáng)調(diào)；可用在Itis…that…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中。如：Youshouldn'tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.as一詞口氣最弱，表示明顯的原因。如：Asshewasinahurry,sheleftherkeyinthecar.since表示人們的事實，所以常譯成“既然……〞。如：Sinceeveryoneishere,let'sgetstarted.另外，for屬并列連詞，不能位于句首，是對前一分句加以解釋或說明。如：Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheyardiswet.2〕與since相近，seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,giventhat都有“鑒于某個事實、考慮到〞的意思，此外，inthat，notthat…butthat…，onthegroundsthat均可表示原因。4．目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有sothat,inorderthat,(從句中常有情態(tài)助動詞may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could)incase,forfearthat,lest,(從句中常有should,might等助動詞)forthepurposethat等。5．結(jié)果狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有sothat,suchthat,so…that,such…that,tothedegree/extentthat等。6．條件狀語從句分為真實和非真實兩種?！卜钦鎸崡l件狀語從句詳見虛擬語氣局部〕引導(dǎo)詞有if,unless,as/solongas,once,incase,provided/providingthat,suppose,supposingthat,onconditionthat7．方式狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有as,asif,asthough,theway.如：Doitthewayyouweretaught.8．比擬狀語從句詳見比擬局部9．讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有though,although,eventhough,evenif,wh-ever(nomatterhow/what/who…)，while(while位于句首，一般意為“盡管……〞)如：Whilewedon'tagreewecontinuetobefriends.關(guān)于讓步狀語從句的倒裝，詳見倒裝局部第五講名詞性從句I.考點分析名詞性從句包括：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，多由連詞that，wh-疑問詞或由what，whatever等關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，其中同位語從句在四級考試中最常見。關(guān)于名詞性從句中虛擬語氣的情況，詳見虛擬語氣相關(guān)內(nèi)容。1.主語從句1)主語從句在句子中充當(dāng)主語，句子的謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：Whyherefusedtoworkwithyouisstillmystery.Whoevercomesiswelcome.2)主語從句前的that不能省略，僅起連接作用，有時為了保持句子平衡，that從句后置，而由it作形式主語。如：Thathebecamealawyermayhavebeenduetohismother’sinfluence.ItisnottruethathehasmovedtoNewYork.2.賓語從句在句子中充當(dāng)賓語，如：Idon’tknowwherethesoundcamefrom.Don’tbesatisfiedwithwhatyouhaveachieved.3．當(dāng)從句放在系動詞be,look,remain,seem等后即構(gòu)成表語從句。ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.Itseemedthatthenightwouldneverend.4.1)同位語從句是對與之同位的名詞中心詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，能接名詞性從句的常見名詞有:idea,fact,news,belief,hope,evidence,opinion,problem,truth,answer,proposal,theory,decision,discovery,problem,thought,understanding等。Thenewsthathehaspassedtheexaminationisexciting.2)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別在于：定語從句是對先行詞加以修飾、限制，而同位語從句時說明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容；that在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分，為關(guān)系代詞，而在同位語從句中不做任何成分,僅起連詞作用。如：Thefactthatwetalkedaboutisveryimportant.(定語從句)Thefactthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedeverybody.(同位語從句)5.whether與if在名詞性從句中的用法區(qū)別if一般只用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而whether可引導(dǎo)包括賓語從句在內(nèi)的其他名詞從句。1)連詞whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句，表語從句不能用if來替換。Whetherhewillattendthemeetingisuncertain.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcome.2)賓語從句中，whether常與ornot搭配，可以說whetherornot，而不說ifornot。Idon’tcarewhetherornotshewillattendthemeeting.3)whether可用在介詞后，或帶to不定式前，if那么不可。Shedoesn’tknowwhethertogetmarriednoworwait.Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherI’llgobackhome.4〕某些動詞后面(如discuss)只能用whether，不用if。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldgoonclimbing.第六講定語從句I.考點分析一、概述用作定語的從句稱為定語從句。定語從句通常置于它所修飾的名詞和代詞之后，這種名詞和代詞被稱為先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。其中，關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which等，在從句中可作主語、賓語，定語等；關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等詞，在定語從句中只用作狀語。其中，1.who,whom,whose指人，在從句中分別作主語〔在非正式英語中也可作賓語,但可省略〕、賓語和定語；whose也可指物，作定語；that可指人，也可指物，在從句中可作主語，也可作賓語；which指物，在從句中可作主語，也可作賓語。注意：whom,that,which在從句中作賓語時可以省略。請看例句：1〕Themanwhowashereyesterdayisapainter.2)Theman(who)IsawiscalledSmith.3)Iknowtheman(whom)youmean.4)Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.5)I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.6)Aletterthatiswritteninpencilishardtoread.7)Theletter(that)Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.8)Ishethemanthatsellseggs?9)Thatistheboy(that)youarelookingfor.2.When指時間，where指地點，why指原因，在從句中都作狀語。例如：1)Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweekwhentheweathermaybebetter.2)Hehasreachedthepointwhereachangeisneeded.3)Thereisnoreasonwhyyoushouldleave.定語從句可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句兩種。限定性定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞的后面修飾、限定先行詞，它與先行詞之間沒有逗號，去掉后會影響全句意思的完整性。非限定性定語從句用來解釋、說明先行詞或主句所指內(nèi)容，與先行詞之間用逗號隔開。1)IliketochatwithJohn,whoisacleverfellow.2)Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.二、定語從句中的四級考點:1.在以下情形下只能用that，而不能用which。1)序數(shù)詞或最高級形容詞修飾先行詞時：a.ThefirstEnglishnovelthatIreadwastheTaleofTwoCitiesbyCharlesDickens.b.TomisthemostdiligentstudentsthatIhaveeverknown.2)All,everything,nothing,anything,something等不定代詞修飾先行詞時：a.Mr.Greenhadtoldussomethingthatweshoulddointhesummervocation.b.Iheardallthatshetoldtohermother.2.非限定性定語從句中的先行詞在從句中作主語指人、指物或主句所指代的一個意義時，引導(dǎo)詞不能用that，而只能用which或as。而后兩者的區(qū)別是which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可放在句中和句末，卻不能置于句首，as引導(dǎo)的從句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。a.Heoncehelpedawoman,which(as)wasreportedinthenewspaper./Thedog,which(as)isblack,isrunningtowardthestrangeman.b.Asisknown,thedirectorofthecompanyisgoingtocometoourbranchtohaveaninspectionoftheproductionhere.3.which和whom在從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞一般放在二者之前，也可放在從句原來的位置上，在含有介詞的固定詞組中介詞只能放在原來的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。a.PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel./PleasetellmewhomyouborrowtheEnglishnovelfrom.b.Thehouseinwhichhelivedbeforenowbecomesarestaurant./Thehousewhichhelivedinbeforenowbecomesarestaurant.c.Thisisthemagazine(that)youarelookingfor.4.介詞＋which的結(jié)構(gòu)可代替定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞when和where。a.HewasborninGermanywhere(inwhich)hestayedfor12years.b.Shearrivedat12o’clockwhen(atwhich)itwasraininghard.5.but,than也可作關(guān)系代詞。a.Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.b.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.〔很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。but=whodon't〕從歷年四級詞匯語法考點中分析可知，定語從句出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，主要集中在以上所講的定語從句的特殊用法中，因此需重點掌握。此外，在做題和復(fù)習(xí)過程中要活學(xué)活用。第七講主謂一致I.考點分析一、概述主謂一致是指句子成分之間或詞語之間在人稱、性、數(shù)等方面的一致關(guān)系。處理主謂一致一般應(yīng)遵循以下三條原那么：1.語法一致，即在語法形式上取得一致。例如，主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也為單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.b.Juliaandhertwinsisternaturallylookalotalike.2.意義一致，即從意義著眼處理一致關(guān)系。a.Thecrowdwerefightingfortheirlives.(單形名詞主語要求復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞，下劃線局部表示一個整體中的成員)b.Fiveminutesisenough.(復(fù)數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語動詞，下劃線局部表示一個數(shù)目)3.鄰近原那么，即指謂語動詞的形式與鄰近的名詞一致。a.Amanofabilitiesareneeded.〔動詞are不與主語aman一致，而與其鄰近的復(fù)形名詞abilities形式上一致。二、主謂一致注意要點：1.當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、時間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往可根據(jù)意義一致的原那么，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體，謂語動詞采取單數(shù)形式。a.Thedollarsisnotenough.b.Threemonthspassesinnotimeatallontheranch.如果明顯地指一個個個體，那么要根據(jù)語法一致地原那么，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Therearetwosliverdollarsineachofthestockings.2.如果名詞詞組中心詞是all,most,half,thelast,therest,theremainder等詞組時，其主謂關(guān)系一般遵循意義一致的原那么：如所指為復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如所指為單數(shù)意義，那么謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。a.Thelastofthewineisgone.b.Thelastoftherollsaregone.3.如果主語是由“l(fā)otsof,loadsof,scadsof等＋名詞〞構(gòu)成時，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于其后的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.There'sloadsofmilkonthefarm.b.There'reloadsofbigredapplesontheground.4.如果主語是由“aportionof,aseriesof,akindof等＋名詞〞構(gòu)成時謂語動詞一般要根據(jù)語法一致的原那么用單數(shù)形式。a.Aseriousofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.但在“these/thosekind/typeof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞〞之后，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Thesekindoftestsaregood.所指為單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。5.以數(shù)詞為名詞詞組中心詞構(gòu)成主語時，用法不一。有時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式：a.Fortyfromninety-fiveleavesfifty-five.b.Seventeentimestwohundredandeighteenmakesthreethousand,sevenhundredandsix.有時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：a.Sixsevensareforty-two.b.Fiveandfivemaketen.如果名詞的中心詞組是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)＋of詞組〞，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)取決于of-詞組中名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.b.Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.如果名詞詞組中心是數(shù)詞，其后跟有或等介詞詞組構(gòu)成主語時，一般根據(jù)語法一致的原那么，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。a.Oneoutoftwentystudentsisdroppedfromthecourseeachterm.但在非正式文體中，也可根據(jù)就近原那么或意義一致的原那么，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Oneintenwerepresent.6.如果主語是由“manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞〞構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍采取單數(shù)形式。a.Manyacomradehassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.7.如果主語由“the＋形容詞〔或分詞〕〞結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原那么決定謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式：如果指一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。a.Theblindaretaughttradesinspecialschools.b.Thedepartedwasagoodfriendofhis.c.Thegoodinhimoverweighsbad.8.如果主語由“either(neither)+of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞〔或代詞〕〞結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，一般根據(jù)語法一致的原那么，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。a.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?b.Neitherofthemwantstocome.在非正式文體中，也可根據(jù)意義一致的就近原那么，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。a.Idon'tthinkeitherofthemareathome.第八講幾種重要的時態(tài)I.考點分析時態(tài)雖然不再是四級考試的重點，但考察歷屆真題，我們?nèi)匀话l(fā)現(xiàn)完成時態(tài)常出現(xiàn)在考題中。完成時態(tài)中的考查點通常有現(xiàn)在完成時〔have+done〕、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(have+beendoing)、過去完成時(had+done)、過去完成進(jìn)行時〔had+beendoing〕和將來完成時(will/shall+havedone)等，其中將來完成時和過去完成時出現(xiàn)的頻率相當(dāng)高，幾乎到達(dá)每次一題。A關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作，常與already,yet,recently,lately或頻度副詞often,never,ever,seldom,twice等連用，例如：WehavebeentotheGreatWallmanytimes.Hehasn’ttranslatedthenovelyet.2.表示一個從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，常與for+一段時間,since,inrecentyears,sofar等詞或詞組連用；例如：HehaslivedinBeijingfor20years.Theessenceofmusichasnotchangedsincethebeginningoftime.3.Itis(hasbeen)…since這一結(jié)構(gòu)也常用于現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：Ithasbeen(也可用is)alongtimesincetheylastmeteachother.4.“Thisisthefirst(second)timethat…〞句型中，從句常用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。例如：IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongKong?ThisisthesecondtimethatIhavebrokenacupthisweek?5.可用于if,unless,when,as,until等引導(dǎo)的條件和時間狀語從句中，表示將來完成的動作。例如：Comeherewhenyouhavefinishedyourwork.B關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時由have(has)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去，通常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如forhours,sincethismorning….例如：TheyhavebeenwatchingTVfortwohours.Hehasbeenworkingonthisessaysincethismorning.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的第二種〔即表示動作延續(xù)〕的用法相似，并常?？梢曰Q。它們的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時比現(xiàn)在完成時更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性，前者可以說是后者的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。C關(guān)于過去完成時1.由had+過去分詞構(gòu)成，表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動作，常與由by,before，until等介詞或連詞引起的表示到過去某一時間為止的時間狀語連用。例如：ThegirlhadlearnedalotofEnglishwordsbeforeshewenttoschool.Bytheendoflastmonth,wehadfinishedhalfofthework.2.這一時態(tài)也常用于賓語或定語從句中。例如：Hefoundthebookthathehadlost.Shethoughtshehadlockedthedoor.3.用在表示與過去情況相反的虛擬句的從句中，例如：Ifhehadstudiedhardlastterm,hewouldhavepassedtheexamination.IwishIhadgonetothepartylastnight.D關(guān)于過去完成進(jìn)行時由hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示過去某時以前一直在進(jìn)行的一個動作，例如：Ithadbeenrainingfortwoday.Thefieldswereallunderwater.Atlasttheygotthetelegramtheyhadbeenexpecting.E關(guān)于將來完成時由shall(will)+have+過去分詞構(gòu)成，表示將來某個時間之前會發(fā)生或可能完成的事情，常與by,before,when等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的表示將來的時間短語或從句連用。例如：Whenwegettherethey’llprobablyhaveleft.BytheendofthiscenturyChinawillhavebecomeoneofthestrongestandwealthiestcountryintheworld.第九講被動語態(tài)I.考點分析一、被動語態(tài)的形式被動語態(tài)是非常重要的考點。并且我們發(fā)現(xiàn)與被動語態(tài)有關(guān)的考題每次都有2到3題。首先我們要了解被動語態(tài)的根本形式。一般現(xiàn)在時bedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時bebeingdone一般過去時was/weredone過去進(jìn)行時was/werebeingdone現(xiàn)在完成時have/hasbeendone過去完成時haddone一般將來時willbedone將來過去時would/shouldbedone將來完成時willhavebeendone過去將來完成時would/shouldhavebeendonegoingto結(jié)構(gòu)goingtobedonebetobetobedone情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+bedone不定式tobedonetohavebeendone二、被動語態(tài)在以下情況下可以使用：1.只有及物動詞或不及物動詞+前置詞才能用被動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)；單獨的不及物動詞不能使用。Agreatbattlewasfought.Thebabieswerelookedafterbythenurse.2.當(dāng)不知到動作的發(fā)出者，或不容易指出動作的發(fā)出者時，可用被動語態(tài)。Thewindowisbroken.Thechemicalworksisequippedwithsophisticatedmachines.Theaudienceisrequestedtokeepsilence.3.當(dāng)我們對動作的接受者比動作的發(fā)出者更感興趣時，可用被動語態(tài)。Thefive-yearplanhasbeendrawnup.ComradeLiwaselectedchairman.4.由于某種特殊的原因(如說話技巧、說話者的感情等)，成心回避行為的發(fā)出者時，可用被動語態(tài)。Anysuggestionswillbeheartilyappreciated.ItisbelievedthatthereareaboutfourmillionworkersunemployedtheU.S.Aeachyear.5.當(dāng)談及疾病時，可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。Hisleftlungisaffected.Sheisconfinedtotheroombyillness.Tomwasseizedwithsuddenchestpain.6.當(dāng)由于工作或其它原因過度疲勞時，可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。Hewascompletelyexhaustedafteralongwalk.Iwasalmostfaggedout.Shewasknockedupafterthelongsteepclimb.7.由于興奮或沖動時，可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。Janewasdelightedtohearthenewsofyoursuccess.Iamverypleasedtoseeyouhere.Shewasenchantedwiththeflowersyousenther.8.當(dāng)由于受阻或某種原因延遲或耽誤時，可用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。Wehavebeenheldupbyfog.Themountainroadswereobstructedbyfallsofrock.Thetrainwasdelayed2hours.Theharbourwasblockedbyice.9.當(dāng)涉及個人習(xí)慣時，可用被動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。Heisquiteusedtohardwork.ThisisnotthekindoftreatmentIamaccustomedto.Heisaddictedtosmoking.10．當(dāng)涉及煩惱時，可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)Hewasannoyedtolearnthatthetrainwouldbedelayed.Sheiseasilyupsetemotionall