2024屆高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測試專題一閱讀理解第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題-定位信息找答案

專題一閱讀理解[研高考·辨考向]年份卷名體裁題目類型細(xì)節(jié)理解題推斷判斷題主旨大意題詞句猜測題2023新高考Ⅰ卷應(yīng)用文；記敘文；議論文；說明文7521全國乙卷應(yīng)用文；記敘文；說明文；議論文6621全國甲卷應(yīng)用文；夾敘夾議文；說明文；說明文94112022新高考Ⅰ卷應(yīng)用文；夾敘夾議文；說明文；說明文8511全國乙卷應(yīng)用文；應(yīng)用文；說明文；說明文10311全國甲卷應(yīng)用文；說明文；記敘文；夾敘夾議文92312021新高考Ⅰ卷應(yīng)用文；記敘文；說明文；議論文7521全國乙卷應(yīng)用文；說明文；記敘文；說明文7521全國甲卷應(yīng)用文；說明文；記敘文；說明文6711命題專家談高考1.語篇特點(diǎn)。(1)原汁原味：高考語篇一般選自各大主流英文報(bào)刊和媒體網(wǎng)站，新材料盡量原汁原味；(2)詞匯量大：高考語篇詞匯量豐富，含有大量的派生詞、詞形轉(zhuǎn)換詞、熟詞生義詞以及英語短語和習(xí)語；(3)長難句多：高考語篇含有大量的長難句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。2．主題語境。包含了《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中的全部主題語境(人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然)，其中涉及“人與社會(huì)”這一主題語境的最多。3．核心素養(yǎng)。從語言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力四個(gè)方面對學(xué)生的英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)進(jìn)行綜合考查。4．設(shè)題特點(diǎn)。包括細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題和詞句猜測題，其中以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主[抓規(guī)律·找依據(jù)]第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題——定位信息找答案一、題型特點(diǎn)需了解(一)明命題，懂考查方式和考查角度[命題解讀]1．命題人員會(huì)要求學(xué)生根據(jù)不同的要求閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋找所需的細(xì)節(jié)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右，是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。[考查特點(diǎn)]1．把握細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見的考查方式。(1)特殊疑問句形式：以when，where，what，which，who，howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；(2)填空題形式：通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；(3)就文中數(shù)字、排序等進(jìn)行提問。2．掌握細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查角度。(1)高頻考點(diǎn)：直接信息題、間接信息題。(2)低頻考點(diǎn)：數(shù)字計(jì)算題、正誤判斷題、細(xì)節(jié)排序題。(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題捷徑采用尋讀法，解題分三步：(1)先讀題干，抓住關(guān)鍵詞。(2)帶著問題快速閱讀文章，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子。(3)仔細(xì)對比選項(xiàng)和原文信息，繼而找出答案。(三)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換①指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換，如把loseone'sjob換成beoutofwork。②有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance。③改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換信息歸納用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)(四)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無中生有符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭，甚至完全相反正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤二、方法技巧要知曉題型一直接信息題在解答直接信息題時(shí)，可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問題找答案”的方法，通過定位找題眼[典例](2023·全國甲卷)Bo.lanBo.lanhasbeenmakingwavesinBangkok'sculinaryscenesinceitopenedin2009.Servinghard-to-findThaidishesinanelegantatmosphere，therestaurantistruetoThaicuisine'sroots，yetstillmanagestoaddaspecialtwist.Thisplaceisgoodforacandle-litdinneroraworkmeetingwithcolleagueswhoappreciatefinefood.Forthoseextremelyhungry，there'salargesetmenu.22．Whichrestaurantoffersalargesetmenu?A．Gaggan.B．Bo.lanC．IssayaSiameseClub.D．Nahm.[解析]本題是直接信息題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵信息alargesetmenu可查找到Bo.lan部分。根據(jù)Bo.lan部分中的最后一句“Forthoseextremelyhungry，there'salargesetmenu.”可知，對于非常餓的顧客，Bo.lan會(huì)提供大份套餐。故選B。[答案]B技法點(diǎn)撥：題型二間接信息題為了更好地考查學(xué)生的語言知識(shí)和思維品質(zhì)，命題人往往會(huì)對具體細(xì)節(jié)信息加以掩飾，這就需要學(xué)生綜合多處信息進(jìn)行理解。常見的考查方式有以下3種形式換詞類使用同義詞或近義詞(甚至反義詞)對關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換，例如用ask對文中的require進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換，用lessdifferent對文中的moreincommon進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換等[典例](2021·全國乙卷)Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks，myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干擾)inhisopenoffice，hesaid，“That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet－soIcanfocus.”Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall，coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局)．ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.32.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A．Ithelpshimconcentrate.B．Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C．Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D．Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.[解析]本題問的是為什么采訪者傾向于選擇共享辦公區(qū)域，根據(jù)題干中的coworkingspace可定位至本段第二句中的“That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”，對比選項(xiàng)可知答案。本題中命題人將原文中的focus替換成了近義詞concentrate。[答案]A技法點(diǎn)撥：計(jì)算類此類試題要求對具體細(xì)節(jié)信息(尤其是時(shí)間、數(shù)量等數(shù)字信息)進(jìn)行加工，但此類試題重點(diǎn)不在于計(jì)算，而在于考查對具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的處理能力，因此試題涉及的計(jì)算相對簡單[典例](2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷)BikeRental&GuidedToursWelcometoAmsterdam，welcometoMacBike.Youseemuchmorefromtheseatofabike!Cyclingisthemosteconomical，sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity，withitsbeautifulcanals，parks，squaresandcountlesslights.YoucanalsobikealonglovelylandscapesoutsideofAmsterdam.WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2，500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations，wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety，includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車)，bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋)，bikeswithchildseats，andchildren'sbikes.PricesHandBrake，ThreeGearsFootBrake，NoGears1hour7.505.003hours11.007.501day(24hours)14.759.75Eachadditionalday8.006.00GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill，theSkinnyBridge，theRijksmuseum，HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour，startingat1：00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays？A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.[解析]本題是計(jì)算題。根據(jù)題干中的abikewithhandbrakeandthreegears可查找到Price部分中的“HandBrake，ThreeGears”一列；再根據(jù)題干中的twodays可查找到1day(24hours)一行。它們的交匯處顯示的是14.75。又根據(jù)Eachadditionalday一行與“HandBrake，ThreeGears”一列的交匯處的8.00可知，如果要租一輛帶手動(dòng)剎車和三個(gè)擋位的自行車兩天，你就需要支付(14.75＋8.00＝)22.75。故選C項(xiàng)。[答案]C技法點(diǎn)撥：概括類為了增加細(xì)節(jié)理解題的難度，命題人有時(shí)候會(huì)采用較為概括的方式來進(jìn)行命題，即一道試題中涉及一段或者幾段的某些內(nèi)容，需要進(jìn)行概括和歸納后才能得出答案。此類試題雖然各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息都能在文章中找到，但需要具備一定的概括和歸納能力才能正確作答[典例](2021·全國乙卷)Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional，stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.·Rungrado1stofMayStadium，Pyongyang，D.P.R.Korea.Capacity：150，000.Opened：May1，1989.·MichiganStadium，AnnArbor，Michigan，U.S.Capacity：107，601.Opened：October1，1927.·BeaverStadium，StateCollege，Pennsylvania，U.S.Capacity：106，572.Opened：September17，1960.·OhioStadium，Columbus，Ohio，U.S.Capacity：104，944.Opened：October7，1922.·KyleField，CollegeStation，Texas，U.S.Capacity：102，512.Opened：September24，1927.22．Ofthefollowingstadiums，whichistheoldest?A．MichiganStadium.B．BeaverStadium.C．OhioStadium.D．KyleField.[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)概括能力。題干問的是哪個(gè)體育場最古老，應(yīng)定位至文章最后一部分對各個(gè)體育場的介紹。根據(jù)該部分內(nèi)容可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的體育場分別于1927年、1960年、1922年、1927年開放。[答案]C技法點(diǎn)撥：A(2023·潮州高三二模)OnlineBookShopThebookslistedherearereasonablycheapandalsoafterdiscounttheyareevencheaper.OnceUponaTimeItisacollectionofshortstorieswrittenbyayoungandimaginativemind.Thestoriescovertheexperiences，livedandimagined，ofanine-year-old.Thisisanidealreturngiftforallyourchild'sfriendsonhisbirthday.Youcanalsogiftthisbooktoinspireayoungfriendorchild.Price：$6.5WordPowerMadeEasyWordPowerMadeEasyisacomprehensivevocabulary—buildingsystemcreatedbylegendarygrammarianNormanLewisthatprovidesasimple，step-by-stepmethodtoincreaseyourknowledgeandmasteryoftheEnglishlanguage.Price：$7.2GeneralKnowledge2015ThisGeneralKnowledge2015coversallthesectionslikeHistory，Geography，Economy，GeneralSciencewithTheory，F(xiàn)igures，GraphicsandTables.Itcanbeusedforpreparationofcompetitiveexams.Hereinthissectionyoucanbuythisbookonlineinadiscountedrateandavailatyourdoorstep，easiestpaymentoptionsareavailablehere.Price：$8.4LifeIsWhatYouMakeItLifeIsWhatYouMakeItisastoryofyounggirlAnkitaSharmawhoissmartandlivesherlifeasshelikes.AnkitawasborninamiddleclassfamilyinatimewhenDoordarshanwastheonlysourceofentertainmentandwritingloveletterswasageneraltrend，everyyouthdreamsoflivingacollegelife.Price：$6.8【語篇解讀】本文是一則廣告。文章介紹在線網(wǎng)上書店里的書。這里列出的書相當(dāng)便宜，而且折扣價(jià)后還會(huì)更便宜。1．WhatdoweknowaboutOnceUponaTime?A．Itdescribesanine-year-old'sreallifeexperiences.B．Itcanserveasanidealpresentchosenforchildren.C．Ithasinspiredmanychildrentowriteshortstories.D．Itwaswrittenbytheyoungwriterattheageofnine.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)OnceUponaTime“Thisisanidealreturngiftforallyourchild'sfriendsonhisbirthday.(這是你孩子所有朋友生日時(shí)的理想回贈(zèng)禮物。)”可知，它可以作為孩子們的理想禮物。答案：B2．Accordingtothetext，whichbookcanhelppeopleprepareforcompetitiveexams?A．OnceUponaTimeB．WordPowerMadeEasyC．GeneralKnowledge2015D．LifeIsWhatYouMakeIt解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)GeneralKnowledage2015中“Itcanbeusedforpreparationofcompetitiveexams.(它可以用于準(zhǔn)備競爭性考試。)”可知，GeneralKnowledge2015可以幫助人們準(zhǔn)備競爭性考試。答案：C3．Whatdothefourbookshaveincommon?A．Theysharethesametheme.B．Theyareofawritingstyle.C．Theywinpopularitywithgirls.D．Theyaresoldatlowprices.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一句“Thebookslistedherearereasonablycheapandalsoafterdiscounttheyareevencheaper.(這里列出的書相當(dāng)便宜，而且折扣價(jià)后還會(huì)更便宜。)”可知，這四本書的共同點(diǎn)是“它們以低價(jià)出售”。答案：DB(2023·深圳高三第二次調(diào)研)YourGardenEscapeEveninthebigcityyoucanfindoases(綠洲)ofcalmandbeauty.Fromaroyalpalacetoaclassicalgarden，werecommendgreatgreenspacestoescapethehustleandbustleofLondon.HornimanGardensHornimanGardenscover16acreswithbreathtakingviewsofLondon.VisitorscanenjoytheSoundGarden，MeadowField，andevenaPrehistoricGarden，whichfeaturesadisplayof“l(fā)ivingfossils”．Thegardensareverypopularwithfamilies，anddogscanbeletofftheirleadsintheMeadowField.ChiswickGardenAsaclassicalgardenlandscapeinLondon，itwasherethattheEnglishLandscapeMovementwasbornwithWilliamKent'sdesigns.Enjoyfreshbread，seasonalfood，andnaturalwinesintheaward-winningcafe，whileadmiringthebeautyofthenaturalisticlandscape，spottedwithimpressiveartandstatues.BuckinghamPalaceGardenThe39-acregardenboastsmorethan350typesofwildflowers，over200treesandathree-acrelake.ThegardenalsoprovidesahabitatfornativebirdsrarelyseeninLondon.AtourofthegardencanbecompletedbyhavingacreamteainthecafeoverlookingthePalace'sfamousgrasslandandlake.KewGardenTheRoyalBotanicGardenatKewisoneoftheworld'smostfamousgardensandaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.Haveawalkthroughthevastgarden，spotlocalwildlifeatthelake，orgetyourhandsdirtybytryingagardeninglesson.BesuretovisittheTemperateHouse，whichcontainssomeoftherarestandmostthreatenedplants.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要向讀者介紹了倫敦一些著名的公園景點(diǎn)。4．WhatcanvisitorsdoinbothHornimanGardensandChiswickGarden?A．Studylivingfossils.B．Tastedeliciousfood.C．Enjoyimpressiveart.D．Appreciatefineviews.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的“HornimanGardenscover16acreswit