美國歷史文化概況(英文版)UNIT 1 Colonization and Independence精

Unit1

ColonizationandIndependence

CONTENTS

TeachingAims

TextA12TextB3SupplementingReading41TEACHINGAIMSAfterstudyingthisunit,youare

requiredto:1.HaveageneralideaofColonizationandIndependence.2.Understand

thehistory

of

ColonizationandIndependence.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.

TextABritish*Colonization(1607-1776)TEXTAPreview

十七世紀(jì)初，移民的大潮流，開始從歐洲流到北美。在三個(gè)多世紀(jì)里，從最初為數(shù)僅幾百名的英格蘭移民遷徙，逐漸變?yōu)楦砂偃f人勢(shì)如潮水的大遷移。他們?cè)诟鞣N強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)機(jī)的推動(dòng)下，終于在這片一度荒蕪的大陸上，建立了新的文明。

TEXTANotes1. Puritans:ThePuritanswereagroupofpeoplewhogrewdiscontentintheChurchofEnglandandworkedtowardsreligious,moralandsocietalreforms.TheycontendedthattheChurchofEnglandhadbecomeaproductofpoliticalstrugglesandman-madedoctrines.ThePuritansbelievedthattheBiblewasGod'struelaw,andthatitprovidedaplanforliving.TheestablishedchurchofthedaydescribedaccesstoGodasmonasticandpossibleonlywithintheconfinesof"churchauthority".

PuritansstrippedawaythetraditionaltrappingsandformalitiesofChristianitywhichhadbeenslowlybuildingthroughouttheprevious1500years.Theirswasanattemptto"purify"thechurchandtheirownlives.TEXTANotes2.PilgrimFathers:PilgrimFathersisanamecommonlyappliedtoearlysettlersofthePlymouthColonyinpresent-dayPlymouth,Massachusetts,UnitedStates.TheirleadershipcamefromareligiouscongregationofPuritanswhohadfledavolatilepoliticalenvironmentintheEnglandfortherelativecalmandtoleranceofHollandintheNetherlands.Concernedwithlosingtheirculturalidentity,thegrouplaterarrangedwithEnglishinvestorstoestablishanewcolonyinNorthAmerica.TEXTANotes3. Manhattan:ManhattanisoneofthefiveboroughsofNewYorkCity.Theword"Manhattan"hasbeentranslatedas"islandofmanyhills"fromtheLenapelanguage.ManhattanconsistsofManhattanIslandandseveralsmalladjacentislands.Itisthesmallest,yetmosturbanizedofthefiveboroughs.Manhattanisamajorcommercial,financial,andculturalcenterofboththeUnitedStatesandtheworld.Manymajorradio,television,andtelecommunicationscompaniesintheUnitedStatesarebasedhere,aswellasmanynews,magazine,book,andothermediapublishers.Manhattanhasmanyfamouslandmarks,touristattractions,museums,anduniversities.

ItisalsohometotheheadquartersoftheUnitedNations.ManhattanhasthelargestcentralbusinessdistrictintheUnitedStates,isthesiteofboththeNewYorkStockExchangeandNASDAQ,andisthehometothelargestnumberofcorporateheadquartersinthecountry.ItisthecenterofNewYorkCityandtheNewYorkmetropolitanregion,hostingtheseatofcitygovernmentandalargeportionofthearea'semployment,business,andentertainmentactivities.Asaresult,residentsofNewYorkCity'sotherboroughssuchasBrooklynandQueensoftenrefertoatriptoManhattanas"goingtothecity".4. Catholics:ThethreeprimarydivisionsofChristianityareRomanCatholicism,theOrthodoxchurch,andProtestantism.TheCatholicChurch,alsoknownastheRomanCatholicChurch,istheworld'slargestChristianchurch,withmorethanabillionmembers.TheChurch'sleaderisthePopewhoholdssupremeauthorityinconcertwiththeCollegeofBishopsofwhichheisthehead.TheChurchdefinesitsmissionasspreadingthegospelofJesusChrist,administeringthesacramentsandexercisingcharity.Itoperatessocialprogramsandinstitutionsthroughouttheworldincludingschools,universities,hospitals,missions,sheltersandcharities.

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

colonization[k?l?nai'ze??n]n.殖民地化Finally,whataretheconsequencestotheGreekexperienceofthisphenomenonofthisoutburstofcolonization?最后,殖民興盛的現(xiàn)象,給希臘歷史帶來了哪些啟發(fā)2.finance[fai'n?ns]vt．供資金給;籌措資金So,that'swhyIthinkfinancewillbeaninterestingfieldforthoseofyouwhochoosetogointoit.這也是為什么我覺得對(duì)于你們這些,立志從事那個(gè)行業(yè)的人來說,金融是個(gè)很有意思的領(lǐng)域。

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

3.succeed[s?k‘si:d]vi.繼任;繼承Ithinkit'stellingthatthiskindofcreationisafailure;itcannotsucceedintheconfinesofthisnovel.我想這告訴我們這種創(chuàng)作是失敗的;,它在這本小說的界限內(nèi)無法成功。

religious[ri‘lid??s]a.宗教性的,宗教上的,虔誠的He'scoveringhisheadinatraditionalreligiousfashion,soinordertoenterthisholyplacehecovershishead.他以一種傳統(tǒng)的宗教方式包裹他的頭，為了進(jìn)入那個(gè)神圣的地方而包裹頭。

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

5.

dispute[dis‘pju:t]n.爭(zhēng)論,爭(zhēng)執(zhí)Idon'tthinkIhaveaclearlydefinedpositionwhichmakesmedifferentfromsomepartiestothedispute,whetherit'spoliticalorculturalorreligious.

但我不認(rèn)為自己有一個(gè)特定的立場(chǎng),將我和其他人區(qū)分開來，無論是從政治上，文化上還是宗教上。

6.distress[dis'tres]n.悲痛,悲傷,痛苦;不幸,危難Thegoverningofadistresscallisactuallyanextremelydelicatehigh-wireactforanyyoungorganismfromanevolutionarypointofview.事實(shí)上，發(fā)出求救信號(hào),是極其危險(xiǎn)的行為,從進(jìn)化的角度看,對(duì)任何一個(gè)年輕的生物體。

7.

merchant['m?:t??nt]n.商人,店主Youcan'tcall--weknowOdysseushimselfisabasileus--himamerchant.Pirate,sure,butmerchant,no.

我們都知道奧德修斯是君主,我們不能,叫他商人,海盜沒問題,但商人絕對(duì)不行

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

8.charter['t?ɑ:t?]n.特許狀,執(zhí)照,憲章TheFirstBankoftheUnitedStateswascreatedin1791andtheyhadatwenty-yearcharterwhichexpiredin1811.

美國第一銀行于1791年,建立并且它們有20年的許可證,到1811年到期。

9.establish[is't?bli?]vt.建立,設(shè)立TheydidmanagetoestablishakingdominthelandthatwasknowninantiquityasCanaanaroundtheyear1000.

約公元前1000年時(shí)他們確實(shí)在那片叫迦南的土地上,立了一個(gè)自己的王國10.settlement['setlm?nt]n.殖民,定居,殖民地Now,recruitingistremendouslyimportantbecauseyouneedtohaveacertainnumberofsettlerstomakethesettlementviable.

招募是極其重要的,因?yàn)槟阈枰幸欢〝?shù)量的移民,來維持居住地的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

11.immigrate[‘imigreit]vt.使移居入境WhendidtheGreeksimmigratetoaustralia?希臘人是什么時(shí)候移居到澳大利亞的?。12.intensify[in'tensifai]vt.加強(qiáng)Nowisthetimetointensifythestruggleonallfronts.現(xiàn)在是在各條戰(zhàn)線上加強(qiáng)斗爭(zhēng)的時(shí)候了。13.persecute['p?:sikju:t]vt.迫害,虐待,困擾Iftheypersecutedme,theywillalsopersecuteyou.如果人們迫害了我，也要迫害你們；

TEXTAAssignment

FinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextB

TextBTheroadtoIndependence(1763-1783)TEXTBPreview英法為爭(zhēng)奪海上霸權(quán)和掠奪殖民地而進(jìn)行的七年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以英國勝利告終。英國在北美接管了加拿大，控制了密西西比河以東的新法蘭西，對(duì)北美殖民地全面加強(qiáng)控制，宣告阿巴拉契亞山脈以西為王室產(chǎn)業(yè)，禁止殖民地人民染指；并征收稅款，嚴(yán)厲緝私，限制經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了殖民地各階層人民的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。從1619年弗吉尼亞建立議會(huì)起，各殖民地相繼成立議會(huì)，與英國相抗衡，1765年9個(gè)殖民地舉行抗議印花稅大會(huì)，掀起反抗怒潮，走向獨(dú)立的道路。TEXTB ReadingComprehension

Toachievethisfavorablebalanceoftrade,theEnglishpassedregulatorylawsexclusivelybenefitingtheBritisheconomy.()()…andthecolonieswerebyandlargeallowedtodevelopfreelywithlittleinterferencefromEngland.()()Itrequiredthatallnewspapers,pamphlets,legaldocuments,commercialbills,advertisements,andotherpapersissuedinthecoloniesbearastamp.()()Itwasvehementlydenouncedinthecoloniesbythoseitmostaffected…()()Ⅰ.Replacetheitalicizedwordswithsimple,everydaywordsorexpressions.TEXTB ReadingComprehension

TheBritishparliamentretaliatedbyclosingthePortofBostonandbypassingotherlawsknownasIntolerableActsin1774.()AftertheincidentoftheBostonTeaParty,relationsbetweenEnglandandthecoloniescontinuedtodeteriorate.()…whichrequestedGeorgeIII,theirking,toprotecttherightsofthecoloniesandtoredresstheunfairtreatment.()ThismadeitlegalfortheBritishGovernmenttosendtroopstosuppresstherebellioninthecolonies.()TEXTBNotes1.Mercantilism:Mercantilismisaneconomictheory,thoughttobeaformofeconomicnationalism.Thetheoryassumesthatwealthandmonetaryassetsareidentical.Mercantilismsuggeststhattherulinggovernmentshouldplayaprotectionistroleintheeconomybyencouragingexportsanddiscouragingimports,notablythroughtheuseoftariffsandsubsidies.ThetheorydominatedWesternEuropeaneconomicpoliciesfromthe16thtothelate-18thcentury.TEXTBNotes2.NavigationActs:TheEnglishNavigationActswereaseriesoflawswhichrestrictedtheuseofforeignshippingfortradebetweenEnglandanditscolonies,whichstartedin1651.TheintroductionofthelegislationcausedBritain'sshippingindustrytodevelopinisolation.However,ithadtheadvantagetoEnglishshippersofseverelylimitingtheabilityofDutchshipstoparticipateinthecarryingtradetoEngland.TheNavigationActsrequiredallimportseithertobesoldinEnglandorboughtfromEnglandnomatterwhatpricecouldbeobtainedelsewhere.TheNavigationActs,whileenrichingBritain,causedresentmentinthecoloniesandcontributedtotheAmericanRevolution.

TEXTBNotes3.EastIndiaCompany:EastIndiaCompanywasahistoricalEnglishcompany,foundedin1600.ItwasformedinitiallyforpursuingtradewiththeEastIndies,butthatendeduptradingmainlywiththeIndiansubcontinentandChina.TheEastIndiaCompanytradedmainlyincotton,silk,indigodye,saltpeter,tea,andopium.However,italsocametorulelargeswathesofIndia,exercisingmilitarypowerandassumingadministrativefunctions,totheexclusion,gradually,ofitscommercialpursuits.TheCompanylongheldaprivilegedpositioninrelationtotheEnglish,andlatertheBritish,government.Asaresult,itwasfrequentlygrantedspecialrightsandprivileges,includingtrademonopoliesandexemptions.Thesecausedresentmentamongitscompetitors,whosawunfairadvantageintheCompany'sposition.Despitethisresentment,theCompanyremainedapowerfulforceforover200yearsoverIndia.TEXTBNotes4.IntolerableActs:TheIntolerableActsisthenameusedtodescribeaseriesoffivelawspassedbytheBritishParliamentin1774relatingtoBritain'scoloniesinNorthAmerica.FouroftheactswereissuedindirectresponsetotheBostonTeaPartyofDecember1773.TheseactswereintendedtopunishBostonforthisillegaldestructionofprivateproperty,restoreBritishauthorityinMassachusetts,andotherwisereformcolonialgovernmentinAmerica.

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

1.diverge[dai'v?:d?]vi.分歧,岔開Nowtheirfortuneswilldivergemuchmore.現(xiàn)在他們的命運(yùn)將分道揚(yáng)鑣。2.stipulate['stipjuleit]vi.規(guī)定,保證Contractstipulatepartialshipmentunalloyedamendl/caccordingly.合由規(guī)定不可分批裝船，請(qǐng)修改信用證。3.byandlarge大體上,基本上,總的說來Employersbyandlargeaeresistanttomediation.從總體上來說，雇主是抵制調(diào)解的。

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

4.

ally[?'lai]n.盟友,同盟國Eventhemaintradeunionfederation,anallyoftheANC,isedgy.甚至主要的工會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)，ANC的一個(gè)聯(lián)盟，也在惴惴不安。5.assert[?'s?:t]vt.主張,硬說,斷言,堅(jiān)持ItsstatesmenusedtoassertthatGermanyhadnoindependentforeignpolicy,onlyaEuropeanpolicy.它的政治家過去常常聲稱，德國沒有獨(dú)立的外交政策，只有一套代表歐洲的政策。6.generate['d?en?reit]vt.發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生;引起,導(dǎo)致Itisasthoughyoubuildasix-lanehighway,initiallywithouttraffic.Butyouwillbeabletogeneratetraffic.這就好像你建造了一條六車道的高速公路，最初沒有交通流量，但你將能夠產(chǎn)生交通流量。

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

7.revenue['revinju:]n．收入，國家的稅收Beingthecompany'smainsourceofrevenue,criticssay,itishardlyamodelofopennessandtransparency.批評(píng)者說，作為公司的主要收入來源，它很難被視為一個(gè)公開和透明度的模型。8.innovation[in?u'vei??n]n.