建筑安全設計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)TerroristAttackPreventionthroughEnvironmentalDesign:FourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignfortheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesAbstract:Fromtheendofthe20thcentury,terrorismhasbecomethemostgeneralthreatwhichalmosteverycountry’soverseasdiplomaticpremiseshaveencountered.TheattacksaimedatChineseembassiesandconsulateshavebeenmorefrequentlyinthepastfewyears.Mostofthemarefeaturedbynegativesocialinfluence,lowforseeability,lowcostandhighelusiveness,etc.Theessentialtasksofthediplomaticarchitecture,includingsafeguardingassetsandshapingpositivenationalimages,constituteaseriesofcontradictionsinthedesignprocess;andthebuildingformsneedtobesimultaneouslylookingfriendlyandsafeenough.Basedontheconclusionofformsandcharactersoftheterroristattacks,thispaperattemptstoapproachtheadaptivesecuritysolutionsfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesinfourlevels:thepsychologylevel,thevisionlevel,thebehaviorlevel,andthepostattacklevel.KeyWords:EnvironmentalDesign,OverseasDiplomaticPremises,Security,Adaptive,TerroristAttack1 FromSimpletoComprehensive:TheTransitionoftheSecurityDesignInpast10years,thetraditionalsecuritythreatderivedfromthecoldwargraduallygiveswaytohigh-frequencyterroristattacks.Comparedwiththeprofessionalsafeguardmethodsinthecoldwar,suchasinfiltrationandintelligencework,thefeaturesoftheterroristattack,suchashighelusiveness,changefulltargets,low-costtraining,lowforseeability,blurredclues,bigciviliancasualtiesandnegativesocialinfluence,maketherelevantsecuritydesignbemuchmoredifficult.(Table1)Therangeofthesecuritydesignthushasbeenextendedfromtheprincipalareatothewholesiteandeventheneighborhoods.Thedefinitionofthesecuritydesignindiplomaticpremisesprojectshasbeenchangedfromtheadditionaltasktoamoreintegratedpartofthewholedesignprocess.(Figure1)Figure1:ThePrincipalRangesoftheSecurityDesignunderTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)Table1:TheComparisonbetweenTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)TraditionalThreatsTerroristAttacksYearsfromWWⅡtotheendofthe20thcenturyfromtheendofthe20thcenturytonowTheOriginofthethreatthecoldwaranddifferentpoliticalcampsextremeorganizationsThePurplesofthethreatintelligencestealingextremelyreligious,political,ideologicalpurplesTheTargetsoftheAttackimportantsections,coreproperties,importantallproperties,staffs,neighborhoodsstaffsandvisitorsTheMeansoftheAttacksurveillance,wiretap,infiltrate,shooting,etc.carbomb,suicidebomb,homemadeweapons,throwingstones,shooting,trespassing,etc.ThePrincipalAreasoftheaccesscontrolsystemoftheboundaryandthetheentiresiteincludingadjacentstreetsandprincipalareasneighborhoodsSecurityDesignTheInfluenceonthelimitedinfluenceonthearchitectureformprofoundinfluenceonthearchitectureformArchitectureFormNote:Theviolencecausedbydemonstrations,whichisnotlistedinthetable,isatraditionalthreatforoverseasdiplomaticpremises;anditismuchmoreforeseeablecomparedwiththeotherattacks.WiththeprotectionofViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations,ViennaConventionsonConsularRelations,andtheprecautionarymeasuresfromthelocalgovernment,thepotentialthreatofthedemonstrationactivitiescanbeundercontrol.2SecurityandImage:TheComplexityandContradictionsoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesThespecialidentitydefinestheevidentdifferencebetweentheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesandtheotherbuildingtypes.Thesecuritydesignofthoseoverseaspropertiesthusisfeaturedbycomplexityandcontradiction,whicharemorestrengthenedunderthebackgroundofthegrowthofworld-widespreadterrorism.Overseasdiplomaticfacilitiesaresupposedtohavefriendlyimagesandhighersecuritystandard.Thosetwotasksaskthearchitecttocombinetwoseriesofincompatiblearchitecturallanguages.(Figure2)Figure2:TheDifferentImagesDerivedfromImageOrientedandSecurityOrientedApproaches(Source:Author)Ontheonehand,overseasdiplomaticpremisesarethemostefficientequipmentofpromotingacountry’snationalimage.ComparedwiththenormalmassMedias,architectureisanintuitive,facetoface,tangibleinterfacetodeliverthelocalpeopleanopen,friendly,andgentleimageofthecountry,whichisquiteimportantforthediplomaticwork.Duringthepastseveraldecades,manyarchitectshaveattemptedtodeliverthepositivenationalimagebydifferentarchitecturallanguages.Forexample,insomecases,modernismmeansopenness;formalismmeanscommemorative;andpost-modernismmeansthehistoricalandculturalfriendlydesign.Ontheotherhand,locatedinthehostcountry,thesiteofthediplomaticarchitecturehasspecialpoliticalmeanings.TheViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelationsdeclarestoprotectallpropertiesoftheguestcountry(buildings,facilities,andstaffs,etc)frombeingvisitedwithoutauthorization.Theboundaryofthesitethusbecomesaspecialicon.Undertheshadowoftheterrorism,securitydesignisplayingasignificantroleinnewprojects;andinsomecontroversialprojects,theimportanceofthefriendlyimagecompletelygiveswaytothestrictsecuritymeasures.Givinguptheeffortofdeliveringpositiveimages,andtransformingthesitetobeamoderncastleareknownasold-fashionsolutions;anditwillfinallylostthemeaningofdiplomaticinthemostfundamentallevel.Today,allthepropertiesneedtobedignified,elegant,decent,andsafe.Inthenewera,animportantquestionfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesishowtoaneffectivetechnologytoapproachthebalancebetweengoodimageandstrictsecuritystandard.3 TheAdaptiveStrategies:FourLevelsoftheSecurityDesignBasedonthecharactersofterroristattacksandthecomplexityandcontradictionoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremises,thispaperdevelopsaseriesofadaptivedesignstrategies,whichattempttosatisfytherequirementsofbothimageandsecuritythrougheffectiveenvironmentalandarchitecturaldesignapproaches.Allthecasesandarchitecturallanguagesintroducedinthispaperdonotonlyleadtothesecuritypurples,andtheyalsomanifesttheevidentaestheticquality.Thesestrategiesaimathelpingthearchitecttofindtheadaptivebuildingforms,whichhavethecapacitytobeinterpretedinmultipleways,tohidethesecuritymeasuresbehindafriendlyimageinfourlevels:psychologicalcontrol,visualcontrol,behaviorcontrol,andlosscontrol.Thefourlevels,whichreflectthearchitecturalinterventionsonboundary,buildingenvelope,outdoorspace,andconnections,constituteanintegratedandflexiblesecuritysystem.(Figure3)Figure3:TheFourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremises(Source:Author)PsychologicalControl:DeterrenceInspeakingofthedesignofpsychologicalcontrolinoverseasdiplomaticpremises,theprincipaltaskistodetertheterroristfromplanningandimplementingtheattack.Thesolutionsmainlyfocusondifferentformsoftheboundary,suchaswallandfencingsystemwithfunctionsofvisuallimitation,boundarylandscape,well-markedaccesscontrolsystem,highintensityilluminationsystem,andentranceguardrooms,etc.,toexertsufficientpsychologicalpressureontheterroriststolowertheeffectivenessoftheiractions.Meanwhile,suitablemeasurescanalsoenhancethesenseofsafetyintheneighborhoods.AnevidentcaseistheGermanEmbassyinAustria(Vienna).Theboundaryisconstitutedbyametalfencingsystemwiththecurvedformonthetoptopreventclimbing.Withshrubsandtreesintheinner-sideofthefence,thefencingsystemnotonlymaintainsatransparentandgreeninterface,butalsokeepsagoodviewforthestaffsinthesitetomonitortheadjacentstreets.(Figure4)(Figure5)AnothercaseistheBritishEmbassy,whichistheneighboroftheGermanEmbassy.Asahistoricalbuilding,thefa?adeisthefirstphysicalboundaryoftheproject,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreetswithoutanybufferspace.Asasecondaryboundarysystem,aseriesofreinforceconcreteblocksandflowerpotsisintroducedinthemiddleofthestreets.Themechanicalcarstopsystemisalsoplacedfortrafficcontrol.Theguardroomislocatedjustbesidetheconcreteblocks,anditsformisobviousenoughtobeeasilynoticedfromthestreet;andthankstotheunidirectionalglass,peopleoutsidecannotobservetheactivitiesinsidetheguardrooms.Alltheseelementsconstituteaflexiblebufferareafortheembassybuilding;andthissolutionisgoingtoexertbigpressureonthepotentialcriminals.Byextendingtherangeoftheembassytothepublicurbanspace,theoriginalfa?adeofthebuildingiswellpreservedtoshowacompletehistoricalcontext,andthepositiveculturalattitude.(Figure6)(Figure7)Hence,psychologicalcontrolmanifeststhefollowingcharacters:IntroducereinforcedtransparentfencingsystemtokeepthegoodhorizonfromtheinsidetotheoutsideIntroducetheindependentandmoveablecarstopsystemtokeepthedecentbuildingfa?adeAccesscontrolsystemintegratedwiththelandscapeelementsHighidentityandwelldefinedboundaryformsHighintensityilluminationsystemattheentrancearea

Figure4:thefencingsystemoftheGermanEmbassyinAustriaFigure5:theentranceandguardroomoftheGermanEmbassyinFigure6:thevehiclesandvisitorscontrolsystemoutsidetheBritishFigure7:theconcreteflowerbedinfrontoftheBritishEmbassyVisualControl:ObscuringVisualcontrolaimsatobscuringanddisturbingthevisualjudgmentofthecriminalsviaeffectivearchitecturaloperations.Throughthespeciallanguageofthebuildingenvelope,thebuildingacquiresthequalitythatpreventspeopleoutsidefromgraspingtheinformationinside,suchasfunctiondistribution,structureform,andthelocationoftheimportantsections,throughreadingthefacade.Solutionsbasedonthisstrategynotonlyprovidethestaffsthegoodviewtomonitorthesiteandtheneighbors,butalsoreducetheaccuracyoftheterrorists’observation.ThearchitectureoftheChineseEmbassyintheUnitedStates(WashingtonDC)ischaracterizedbythreeoctagonalforms,themainpublicspacewhichisnottheessentialpropertyoftheembassy.Infact,theessentialfunctionsareintegratedintoanextremelylow-profileform,whichconstitutesthebackgroundofthethreehalls.Theunifiedandarrayedwindowsreflectnorelationwiththedivisionoftheofficesection;andthereisevennowindowonthefa?adedirectlyfacingthestreetinaveryshortdistance.Throughthissolution,theessentialfunctionhasmuchloweridentitythanthesubordinationpart,whichnormallygatherslessstaffsandproperties;anditwouldmaketheunprofessionalcriminalswastemoretimeforchoosingthetarget.(Figure8)(Figure9)TheDutchEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)representsanotherapproach.Theessentialfunctionsoftheembassyareentirelyintegratedintoahugecube,whichacquiresstrongidentityinthecircumstance.Atransparentandcontinuousgallery,whichcutintothebuildingenvelopefromthegroundtothetop,playstheroleofbothverticalconnectionandventilationtunnel.Withoutanyexceptions,theentirefa?adeoftheofficeroomsisconstitutedbythetranslucentcurtainwalltokeepprivacy.Meanwhile,thetransparentcurvespiralelementonthefa?adechangesthetraditionalideaoffloors,andpreventsthecriminalsfromconjecturingtheinnerfunctions.ItalsodeliversthespecificideologyoftheDutchculture,suchastransparent,openness,humorous,andfriendlytothemodernart,etc.(Figure10)(Figure11)Visualcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:IndependentbuildingenvelopewhichhaslittlerelationswiththeinnerfunctionsReducetheidentityoftheimportantpartofthestructureSimplifythefunctionofthehigheridentitypart,whilereducetheidentityoftheessentialfunctionsIntroducethesunshadecomponents,icons,anddecorationstoconstitutemultipledefenses.

Figure8:TheentranceoftheChineseEmbassyintheUS(Source:Author)Figure9:ThewallsoftheChineseEmbassy,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreet(Source:Author)Figure10:TheDutchEmbassyinBerlin(Source:ChangQi)Figure11:ThespatialconceptoftheDutchEmbassy3.3BehaviorControl:RestrictingThemaintaskofbehaviorcontrolistoarrangetheauthority,path,andbehavioralpatternofvisitors.Thesolutionismainlyfocusedontheoutdoorspacebetweenthebuildingenvelopeandtheboundaryofthesite,andaimsatcontrollingthespeedandrouteofvisitors,andstrictlydefiningtheaccessibilityofdifferentzones.Theroadsystemandlandscapeelementsarenotonlythepositiveelementsfordiplomaticevents,butalsotheequipmentofreducingattackeffect,confusingcriminals,andincreasingthecostoftheterrorists’action.TheBritishEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)isaninterventioninthehistoricalquarter,andthevolumedirectlytouchestheadjacentbuildingsandstreetwithoutanyspaceinbetween.Aseriesofwellorganizedcourtyardsconstitutesthebasicspatialstructure,whichimpliesahierarchicalaccesscontrolsystem.Inthissystem,therearethreeprincipalcourtyardswithdifferentforms,functionsandauthorities.Thefirstcourtyardwhichconnectsthestreetinfrontofthemainentrancewithanentrancechecksystemisdesignedforcarsandvisitorstohaveashortstay.Thesecondcourtyard,acuneiformauditoriumspace,connectsthefirstcourtyardwithaguardroomasthesecondcheckpoint,andleadsthevisitorstothethirdcourtyardwithbroadsteps.Thethirdcourtyard,awintergardenwithabeautifulglassroof,connectsthereceptionandmeetingrooms,andalsoplaystheroleoftheentrancehalltotheofficezone.Thiscourtyardsystemshapesalinearexhibitionspacewithdifferentthemesandartatmosphereineachpart,andprovidestheplatformforforeignaffairsactivities.Thisprojectasatypicalexamplerealizesanextremelylongvisitingpathintheverylimitedsite,andacquiressufficientdefenseindepthtoobserveandcontrolthevisitors.(Figure12)(Figure13)ThewinningsolutionofthenewAmericanEmbassyprojectinUK(London)abandonsthetraditionalboundarysystem,andcreatesabalancebetweenlandscapeandsecurity.ThebuildingaimsatimplyingaspecialfriendlinessbetweenAmericanandBritishcultureswithanopenlandscapesystem.Comparedwithtraditionalsolutions,theprojectwitnessesahighersecuritystandard.Thelandscapeelementsareendowedwithculturalfunctions,whiletheyarealsothedesignedtocontroltheactivitiesofstaffsandvisitors.Forexample,thewaterpoolinfrontofthebuildingcreatesanelegantenvironment,andalsopreventsvisitorsandvehiclesfromgettingclosetothefa?ade.ThesimilardesignisalsointroducedintheAmericanEmbassyinBeijing.Ontheothersideofthebuildingisahugegrassslope,whichFigure12:ThethreecourtyardsoftheBritishEmbassyextendsfromthetopofthepodiumtothegroundfloorofthemainbuildingwithacontinuousangularsurface.Thisdesignintegratesthecubicformofthemainbuildingintoanartificialterrain,andcreatesthegentleratmosphere,whichisalwaysneededinthediplomaticactivities.Thestructureofthegrassyslope,whichnotonlydefinestheboundaryofthesite,butalsoofferstheidealheightforobservingtheneighborhoods,canbetransformedintoadefensiveposition,ifnecessary.Itisimportanttounderstandthatthesecuritymeasurementsinnewlyconstructedprojectsgraduallygiveuptheideaoffortress,andaseriesofsophisticateddesigntechniques,whichintegratesthesecurityconsiderationintothelandscape,opensupanewhorizonfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremises.(Figure14)(Figure15)Behaviorcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:1)Introducethecurvedroadsparalleledwiththefa?adeofthebuildingtoreducethevehiclespeedandavoidthepathdirectlytothebuilding2)Usestrictzoningtocontroltheauthorityofdifferentsections,andpublicspacesequencetoprolongtherouteofvisitors3)Integratedlandscapesystemwhichhasthefunctionofcontrollingthebehaviorpatternofvehiclesandvisitors4)Eliminatetheunnecessaryobstructionstokeepgoodhorizonfromthebuildingtothecircumstance3.4LossControl:Chain-effectDamagePreventionTheessentialpurposeofdamagecontrolistoeliminatethepossibilityoftheseconddamageandchain-effectcollapseaftertheattack.Throughthetargeteddesignofthebuildingforms,thelossintheterroristattacksthuscanbepartlyreduced,andthestaffsmayhavemoretimetowaitfortherescue.Therelevantsolutionsmainlyfocusontheconnectionsbetweensinglebuildings.Forthelayoutofheembassy/consulateprojects,itisbettertodecentralizeimportantpropertiesintodetachedparts,whichcanworkasawholewhentheyarelinkedwithconnectivevolumes.Iftheattackshappeninonepart,thedecentralizedlayoutofimportantfunctionscankeeptheotherpartsstillworking.Sometimes,theclusterofsmallanddecentralizedvolumescanalsohaveafriendlierimage.ThecontextoftheChineseEmbassyinNetherlands(Haag)isshapedbyaseriesofsmalldetachedhouses.Themainbuildingoftheembassyissplitintotwovolumes,whichareconnectedbyanentrancehall,asunkengarden,andaflycorridoronthefourthfloor.Alltheconnectivevolumesarecoveredbytransparentglass,whichisalwaysarightandpopularmaterialtoshowopenness.Infact,itiswisetochoosetheconnectiveparttobetheopenspace,becausethesepartsnormallyhavelessstaffsandpropertiesconcentrated.Comparedwiththeglassvolumes,thetwoprincipalvolumescoveredbyredbrickskeepthemorphologicalcontinuitywiththecontext.Theconnectivevolumesinbetweencanbeseenasexpendablestructurestoreducethepossibilityofchain-effectcollapsewhenahugedamagehappensinonesideofthebuilding.(Figure16)(Figure17)TheAmericanEmbassyinChina(Beijing)appliesthesimilarsolution.Theconsulatesection,officesection,andapartmentsarealldesignedtobedetachedvolumeswithconnectionsbetweeneachother.Comparedwiththeotherparts,theconsulatesectionandtheapartmentbuildingwithcompletelycurtainwallscreatestrongeridentity,andbecomethedominantvolumesthatshapetheimageofopenness.Meanwhile,thosetwopartsalsoprotecttheessentialfunctionshidinginaseriesofhorizontalextendingvolumeswithhardandstrongenvelopes.Thankstothedecentralizedlayout,itisquitedifficulttomakeacatastrophicdamagetotheembassythroughanormalterroristattack.(Figure18)(Figure19)Losscontrolischaracterizedbythefollowingfactors:1)Decentralizedvolumes2)Connectindependentvolumeswithsecondarystructures3)Takethelower-riskfunctionsastheexpendablestructuretoavoidthechain-effectcollapse.4)Separateandhidetheessentialfunctionsintomultipleparts4Conclusions:TheIntegrationofSecurityandCultureThroughthediscussion,itisimportanttounderstandtheworld-widenewchallengesthattheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesencountercallsforaseriesofnewdesignapproaches.Traditionally,diplomaticbuildingsareinclinedtoshowfriendlyandopenposturesinclose-relationshipcountries,andchooseconservativeformsinbad-relationshipcountries.However,withthedevelopmentofglobalization,therelationshipbetweeneachtwocountriesissimultaneouslyshapedbycooperationandchallenges.Theevidenthostilecampshavealreadybeendisappeared,andterrorismbecomesthemostintractablethreatoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesforalmostallcountries.Thesolutionswhichcompletelyshowopennessorclosenessareold-fashionstories,anditcannotsatisfytheidentityoftoday’sdiplomaticbuildings.Innewprojects,architectsareaskedtofindmoresophisticatedandeffectivesolutionstobalancethecontradictionbetweenpositiveimageandstrictsecuritystandard.Basedonthisbackground,thispaperattemptstodevelopadiscussionforthistopicinforrespects.(Table2)Theeffortofdiscoveringtheuniqueformstoapproachsafeandbeautifulwouldbecomeasignificantsource,inwhichthecreativeideaofthediplomaticarchitecturesprings.References[1]Alessi,Alberto.BuildingIdentity?.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:17-20[2]Tong,Cui,BalanceReconstruction:EmbassyasanArchitecturalType.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:100-103[3]Tian,Zhimin.Zhang,Xiangbai.Du,Xiuli.ConceptualDesignofImportantBuildingstoMitigateTerroristExplosionAttacks，ChinaCivilEngineeringJournal,2007,40（1）,34-41[4]Zhang,Lan.TheEmbassyandDiplomaticOfficers,WorldKnowledgePress,1998通過環(huán)境設計預防恐怖襲擊:四層外交建筑自適應安全設計的海外外交的前提文摘:從20世紀的結束,恐怖主義已成為最通用的威脅,幾乎每個國家的海外外交場所遇到。針對中國使領館的攻擊更經(jīng)常在過去的幾年里。它們中的大多數(shù)都是負面的社會影響、低耗能、低成本和高飄忽不定,等外交架構的基本任務,包括維護資產(chǎn)和塑造積極的國家形象,構成一系列的矛盾在設計過程中,需要同時和建筑形式友好足夠安全?；诮Y論恐怖襲擊的形式和特點,本文嘗試方法自適應海外外交場所的安全解決方案四個級別:心理學層面,視覺上水平、行為水平,和攻擊后的水平。關鍵詞:環(huán)境設計、海外外交的前提,安全,自適應,恐怖襲擊1從簡單到綜合:安全設計的過渡在過去的10年里,傳統(tǒng)的安全威脅來自冷戰(zhàn)逐漸讓位于高頻恐怖襲擊。與專業(yè)的維護方法相比在冷戰(zhàn)時期,如滲透和情報工作,恐怖襲擊的特性,如高飄忽不定,多變的目標,低成本的培訓,低耗能,模糊的線索,大平民傷亡和負面的社會影響,使相關的安全設計是更加困難的。(表1)因此安全設計的范圍已經(jīng)從主要區(qū)域擴展到整個網(wǎng)站,甚至社區(qū)。外交場所的安全設計項目的定義已經(jīng)改變了從額外的任務更加集成的整個設計過程的一部分。(圖1)2安全形象:海外外交的復雜性和矛盾的前提特殊身份定義之間的明顯區(qū)別海外外交前提和其他建筑類型。這些海外的安全設計屬性因此,復雜性和矛盾,更加強的背景下的發(fā)展全球恐怖主義的蔓延。海外外交設施應該友好的圖像和更高的安全標準。這兩個任務要求架構師將兩個系列的不兼容的建筑語言。(圖2)一方面,海外外交的前提是最有效的設備促進一個國家的國家形象。與普通大眾媒體相比,架構是一個直觀的,面對面,實實在在的接口提供當?shù)厝嗣耖_放、友好、溫和的國家形象,為外交工作是相當重要的。在過去的幾十年中,許多建筑師試圖提供積極的國家形象,不同的建筑語言。例如,在某些情況下,現(xiàn)代主義意味著開放;形式主義意味著紀念;后現(xiàn)代主義意味著歷史和文化友好的設計。另一方面,位于東道國的外交體系結構具有特殊的政治意義。維也納外交關系公約聲明保護客人國家的所有屬性(建筑物、設施、人員等)擅自訪問。網(wǎng)站的邊界從而成為一個特殊的圖標。在恐怖主義的陰影下,安全設計是在新項目中扮演重要角色,在一些有爭議的項目,友好形象的重要性完全中止了嚴格的安全措施。提供正面形象的努力,放棄和改變網(wǎng)站是一個現(xiàn)代的城堡被稱為舊的解決方案;它將最終失去外交在最基本的層面上的意義。今天,所有屬性需要端莊,優(yōu)雅、得體,和安全。在新時代,海外外交的前提的一個重要問題是如何的有效技術方法良好形象之間的平衡和嚴格的安全標準。3自適應策略:四層的安全設計基于字符的恐怖襲擊和海外外交的復雜性和矛盾前提,本文開發(fā)的一系列適應性設計策略,而為了滿足這些需求的形象和安全通過有效的環(huán)境和建筑設計方法。所有病例和建筑語言介紹了不僅導致安全紫色,他們也體現(xiàn)了明顯的審美品質(zhì)。這些策略旨在幫助架構師發(fā)現(xiàn)自適應建筑形式,它有能力以多種方式解釋,隱藏在四層的友好形象背后的安全措施:心理控制,視覺控制、行為控制、和損失控制。四層,反映了建筑干預邊界,建立信封,戶外空間,和連接,構成一個集成和靈活的保障體系。(圖3)3.1心理控制:威懾在談到心理控制的設計在海外外交的前提,主要任務是阻止恐怖分子的計劃和實施攻擊。解決方案主要集中在不同形式的邊界,如墻和柵欄系統(tǒng)功能的視覺限制,邊界景觀,顯眼的訪問控制系統(tǒng),高強度照明系統(tǒng),門禁的房間,等等,對恐怖分子施加足夠的心理壓力降低他們的行為的有效性。與此同時,合適的措施也可以加強安全社區(qū)的感覺。一個明顯的例子是德國大使館在奧地利(維也納)。邊界是由一個金屬圍欄系統(tǒng)頂部彎曲形式防止攀爬。灌木和樹木的內(nèi)層柵欄,柵欄系統(tǒng)不僅保持透明和綠色的接口,但也保持著良好的觀點在現(xiàn)場監(jiān)控人員相鄰的街道。(圖4)(圖5)另一個例子是英國大使館,這是德國大使館的鄰居。歷史建筑,立面是第一個項目的物理邊界,這是直接面對街上沒有任何緩沖空間。二次邊界系統(tǒng),介紹了一系列加強混凝土塊和花盆中間的街道。機械停車系統(tǒng)也為交通控制。警衛(wèi)室坐落在混凝土塊,和它的形式是很容易注意到從街上還不夠明顯;感謝單向玻璃,不能遵守活動以外的人在警衛(wèi)室。所有這些元素構成一個靈活的使館建筑緩沖區(qū);這個解決方案是對潛在的罪犯施加巨大的壓力。通過擴展的范圍使館公共城市空間,建筑保存完好的原始外觀展示一個完整的歷史背景,和積極的文化態(tài)度。(圖6)(圖7)因此,心理控制體現(xiàn)以下特點:1)介紹了透明的擊劍系統(tǒng)保持良好的視野從內(nèi)部到外部2)介紹了獨立和可移動的汽車停止系統(tǒng)保持良好的建筑立面3)訪問控制系統(tǒng)集成了景觀元素4)高身份和良好定義的邊界形式5)高強度照明系統(tǒng)在入口處區(qū)域3.2視覺控制:模糊視覺控制旨在掩蓋和令人不安的視覺判斷罪犯通過有效的建筑業(yè)務。通過特殊的語言的信封,建筑獲得的質(zhì)量,防止以外的人掌握內(nèi)部信息,如函數(shù)分布,結構形式,和重要部分的位置,通過閱讀表面。解決方案基于這一策略不僅提供員工良好的視圖監(jiān)控站點和鄰居,而且可以減少恐怖分子觀察的準確性。中國駐美國大使館的架構(華盛頓特區(qū))的特點是三個八角形的形式,不是的主要公共空間的基本屬性大使館。事實上,基本功能都集成到一個極其低調(diào)的形式,構成的背景三個大廳。統(tǒng)一和排