寧波大學外國語學院《661基礎(chǔ)英語》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2004年寧波大學外國語學院312基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2005年寧波大學外國語學院312基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2006年寧波大學外國語學院312基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2007年寧波大學外國語學院608基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2008年寧波大學外國語學院608基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2009年寧波大學外國語學院608基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2010年寧波大學外國語學院608基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2011年寧波大學外國語學院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2012年寧波大學外國語學院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2013年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2014年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2015年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2016年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2017年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2018年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2019年寧波大學外國語學院661基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2004年寧波大學外國語學院312基

礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.EnglishPhonetics(20points)

Instructions:Givethephonetictranscriptionsofthefollowingwordsorwrite

outthewordsaccordingtothegivenphonetictranscriptionsontheAnswer

Sheet.Remembertomarkoutthestressedsyllableofeachofthephonetic

transcriptions.

1.introduction

【答案】/?ntr??d?k?n/

2.distill

【答案】/d??st?l/

3.doctorate

【答案】/?d?kt?r?t/

4.envoy

【答案】/?env??/

5.duration

【答案】/dju?re??n/

6.counselor

【答案】/?ka?ns?l?/

7.embassy

【答案】/?emb?si/

8.ample

【答案】/??mpl/

9.sinologist

【答案】/sa??nɑ?l?d??st/

10.archaeological

【答案】/?ɑ?k???l?d??k?l/

11./pik?tεri?l/

【答案】pictorial

12./pri?si:di?/

【答案】preceding

13./??rei/

【答案】array

14./?r?ut?ri/

【答案】rotary

15./?l?nd?itju:d/

【答案】longitude

16./m?g?netik/

【答案】magnetic

17./?n?tikw?ti/

【答案】antiquity

18./??uvi?nistik/

【答案】chauvinistic

19./k?m?peli?/

【答案】compelling

20./?f?:nis/

【答案】furnace

Ⅱ.ErrorDetectionandCorrection(20points)

Instructions:Thereare20errorsconcerningspelling,diction,punctuationand

grammarinthefollowingpassage.Underlineeachofthemandcorrectitin

thecorrespondingnumberedblankontheAnswerSheet.

Thebasicissueistheproposalthatrepresentationfunctionbymeansofa

dual-modesystem,withaccesstorulesandexemplars.Botharefeasable,but

howtheyexist,orrather,coexist,foranyparticularforeignlanguagelearner

willdependonarangoffactors—contextoflearning,natureofinstruction,

individualdifferencesandsoon.Therule-basedsystemisliketobe

parsimoniouslyandelegantlyorganized,withrulesbeencompactly

structured.Theywilldrawinturnuponlexicalelements(themselveswell

organizedinalexicon)ifnecessary.Sucharule-basedsystemislikelytobe

generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheirapplication,andsopreciseinthe

meaningsthattheycanexpress.Itisalsolikelytoberestructurable,having

newrulesreplacingorsubsumingoldrules,andthenfunctioningefficiently

asanextendingsystem.Suchmodeofrepresentationisalsolikelytobeless

sensitivetofeedbacksincetheprecisionandsystemwhichacountsforrule-

organizationwillmakethefeedbackmoreinformative.Inessencial,then,the

rule-basedsystemprioritizesanalyzabilily.Butofcourse,allthesegainsare

achievedinoneconsiderablecost:theiroperationwillleadaheavy

processingburdenduringgoingonlanguageuse.Rulesneedcomplex

processesofconstructiontounderpintheiroperation,whichtheunitsfrom

whichtheyarecomposedarenecessarilysmall,andrequiredetailattention

duringcomprehensionandassemblyduringproduction.Thisisresource

draining,andlikely,inthecaseofthesecondlanguagelearner,tohave

capacity-stretchingdifficulties.Asresult,thismodeofcommunicationmay

needsupportivecircumstancesforittobefeasible.

【答案與解析】

Thebasicissueistheproposalthatrepresentation(21)functionbymeansofa

dual-modesystem,withaccesstorulesandexemplars.Bothare(22)feasable,

buthowtheyexist,orrather,coexist,foranyparticularforeignlanguage

learnerwilldependona(23)rangoffactors(24)—contextoflearning,nature

ofinstruction,individualdifferencesandsoon.Therule-basedsystemis

(25)liketobeparsimoniouslyandelegantlyorganized,withrulesbeen

compactlystructured.Theywilldrawin(26)turnuponlexicalelements

(themselveswellorganizedinalexicon)ifnecessary.Sucharule-based

systemislikelytobe(27)generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheir

(28)application(29),andsopreciseinthemeaningsthattheycanexpress.It

isalsolikelytoberestructurable,havingnewrulesreplacingorsubsuming

oldrules,andthen(30)functioningefficientlyasanextendingsystem.Such

modeofrepresentationisalsolikelytobelesssensitiveto(31)feedback

(32)sincetheprecisionandsystemwhich(33)acountsforrule-organization

willmakethefeedbackmoreinformative.In(34)essencial,then,therule-

basedsystemprioritizes(35)analyzabilily.Butofcourse,allthesegainsare

achieved(36)inoneconsiderablecost:theiroperationwillleadaheavy

processingburdenduring(37)goingonlanguageuse.Rulesneedcomplex

processesofconstructiontounderpintheiroperation,whichtheunits

(38)fromwhichtheyarecomposedarenecessarilysmall,andrequiredetail

attentionduringcomprehensionandassembly(39)duringproduction.Thisis

resourcedraining,andlikely,inthecaseofthesecondlanguagelearner,to

havecapacity-stretchingdifficulties.(40)Asresult,thismodeof

communicationmayneedsupportivecircumstancesforittobefeasible.

21.function→functions

（representation為單數(shù)形式，此處因為是and后的完整句子所以function作

動詞，應(yīng)加s。）

22.feasable→feasible

（feasible意為“可行的，可能的”，并沒有feasable這個單詞，此處是拼寫

錯誤。）

23.rang→range

（arangeof意為“一系列；一些”沒有arangof這種搭配。）

24.—→:

（此題是有關(guān)標點符號的問題，破折號和冒號二者都可以表示總分，但

表示的總說和分說的關(guān)系不同。若分說部分是對總說的分項說明或列舉

時，則用冒號；若分說部分是對總說的解釋，則應(yīng)用破折號。此處為分

項列舉，故應(yīng)使用冒號。）

25.like→likely

（根據(jù)意思此處應(yīng)為belikelyto，并且后文使用了好幾個belikelyto，like

也不能直接接在is和to之間，所以此處應(yīng)改為likely。）

26.turn→turns

（inturns意為輪流，是多人間的輪流，所以此處錯誤。）

27.generating→generative

（此處因為以system為主語，所以無法使用generating，有根據(jù)后面的

creative和precise可知此處應(yīng)該也是形容system的形容詞，故改為

generative。）

28.application→applications

（前面使用的是their由此可知此處的應(yīng)用應(yīng)該為復數(shù)形式，所以此題選

applications。）

29.去掉“,”

（此處的逗號應(yīng)去掉，在這個句子“Sucharule-basedsystemislikelytobe

generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheirapplication,andsopreciseinthe

meaningsthattheycanexpress.”中and后面的句子與前面的beingcreative

所在句子為并列關(guān)系，而此處這個逗號可能使人誤以為此處的and與

such所在主句相連，所以應(yīng)去除此處的逗號。）

30.functioning→functions

（此處and應(yīng)連接兩個并列句，所以后句應(yīng)改為完整的句子，故function

做動詞。）

31.feedback→feedbacks

（feedback為可數(shù)名詞，在此處既沒有冠詞也沒有復數(shù)，是不能單獨拿出

來的，應(yīng)該使用復數(shù)形式。）

32.since→because

（since講原因的時候一般在句首引導從句，所以此處使用because更

好。）

33.acounts→accounts

（acount為名詞，在此處意思和用法都不搭，此處應(yīng)使用accountfor意

為“對……負責”。）

34.essencial→essence

（essencial沒有這個詞，而且此處使用固定搭配inessence。）

35.analyzabilily→analyzability

（analyzabilily的拼寫錯誤，應(yīng)為analyzability。）

36.in→at

（此處考查固定搭配atthecost意為“以……為代價”。）

37.goingon→going-on

（goingon做形容詞時中間要加連字符。）

38.from→of

（此處考查固定搭配，becomposedof意為“由……組成”。）

39.during→in

（during更強調(diào)于時間上的跨度，inproduction才是說“在生產(chǎn)中”。）

40.Asresult→Asaresult

（此處考查固定搭配，asaresult意為“因此”。）

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

Instructions:Fillineachoftheblanksinthefollowingpassagewithaproper

wordorphrasewhichbestcompletesthesentence.

WhenIreturnedtoCambridgein1948theprojectofScienceandCivilization

inChinabeganinearnest,withthehelpofmyfirstcollaboratorWangQing-

Ning.AlthoughIwasstillSirWilliamDunnReaderinBiochemistry,and

41._____hadagoodmanylecturestogivetotheadvancedstudents,we

made42._____progress,andthefirstvolumeoftheseriescameoutin1954.

43._____backatitnow,Ifeelthatinataskofthissortitisveryimportant

44._____toknowtoomuch,butyettobeinpossessionofaboundless

enthusiasmfortheChinesepeopleandtheirachievementsovertheages.

Now45._____fifteenvolumeshavebeenpublished,andthewhole46.

_____isexpectedtoconsistofatleasttwenty-five,sowehavecomealong

waysincewe47._____.

Andgraduallywhatacaveofglitteringtreasureswasopenedup!Myfriends

amongtheoldergenerationofsinologistshadthoughtthatweshouldfind

nothing—buthow48._____theywere.Oneafteranother,extraordinary

inventionsanddiscoveriesclearlyappearedinChineseliterature,

archeologicalevidenceorpictorialwitness,often,indeedgenerally,long

precedingtheparalleloradopted,inventionsanddiscoveriesof49._____.

Whetheritwasthearrayofbinomialcoefficients,orthestandardmethodin

interconversionofrotaryandlongitudinalmotion,orthefirstofall

clockworkescapements,ortheplowshareofmalleablecastiron,orthe

beginningsofgeobotanyandsoilscience,orthefindingofsmallpox

inoculation—whereveronelookedtherewas“first”after“50._____”.

FrancisBaconhadselectedthreeinventions,paperandprinting,gunpowder,

andthemagneticcompass,whichhaddonemore,hethought,thanany

religiousconviction,51._____anyastrologicalinfluence,oranyconqueror’s

achievements,totransformcompletelythemodemworldandmarkit52.

_____fromantiquityandtheMiddleAges.Heregardedtheoriginsofthese

inventionsas“obscureandinglorious”andhedied53._____everknowing

thatallofthemwereChinese.Wehavedoneour54._____toputthisrecord

straight.

ChauvinisticWesterners,ofcourse,alwaystrytominimizethe55._____of

EuropetoChinain56._____andtheMiddleAges,butoftenthe

circumstantialevidenceiscompelling.57._____thefirstblastfurnacesfor

castironnowknowntobeScandinavianofthelateeighteenthcenturyAD,

areofcloselysimilarformtothoseofthepreviouscenturyin58._____

whileaslateastheseventeenthcenturyallthemagneticcompassesof

surveyorsandastronomerspointedsouth,notthenorth,just59._____the

compassesofChinahadalwaysdone.Inmanycases,however,wecannotas

yetdetectthecapillarychannelsthroughwhichknowledgewasconveyed

fromEasttoWest.Neverthelesswehavealwaysadaptedtheveryreasonable

assumptionthatthelongerthetimeelapsingbetweentheappearanceofa

discoveryorinventioninonepartoftheworld,anditsappearancelateronin

someotherpartoftheworldfaraway,60._____likelyisitthatthenew

tilingwasindependentlyinventedordiscovered.

【答案與解析】

41.he

（although后面有兩個分句，第一句說的是我，主句里面又說的是我們，

所以第二個分句應(yīng)該說有關(guān)他的事情，所以填he。）

42.great

（前面分句說了我和他的各種不方便之處，盡管如此我們最終還是出版

了這本書，所以說是取得了很大的進展。）

43.Looking

（根據(jù)句意，此處主要講述作者在多年后回顧當時的情景，使用look

back。）

44.not

（后面的toomuch一般跟的都是否定的內(nèi)容，并且后句還有butyet的轉(zhuǎn)

折，所以此處填not更為合理。）

45.after

（已經(jīng)有15卷出版了，那就是說在這15卷出版之后。）

46.set

（總共想要出版25卷，這樣為一套書，所以用set。）

47.started

（此處since后面要跟時間點，作者一直在感慨自從開始寫這些書之后的

成就，所以此處應(yīng)該是“在我們開始之后”。）

48.surprised

（前句說了其他人是多么的不相信，然后用一個but進行轉(zhuǎn)折，可見他們

是很震驚。）

49.theWest

（根據(jù)后面所說的內(nèi)容，中國的發(fā)明總是比西方的早，所以此處填西

方，theWest。）

50.first

（此處指前文提到的這些發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)明中國要比西方早。）

51.or

（三項相并列，后一分句用的or，此處應(yīng)該與之保持一致。）

52.away

（那些發(fā)明標志著它與中世紀相不同，awayfromit。）

53.without

（根據(jù)句意培根到死都不知道這些東西是中國的，所以此處填

without。）

54.best

（根據(jù)句意我們盡了最大努力去改正這些記錄，盡最大努力，tryour

best。）

55.inferiority

（前后文說到雖然西方好多發(fā)明都是在中國之后，但是西方的沙文主義

是不會承認自已遜于中國的。inferiorto意為“遜于”。）

56.antiquity

（文章第3段第一句話中有過antiquity與theMiddleAges的搭配，所以應(yīng)

填antiquity。）

57.Forinstance

（前文說到間接證據(jù)是令人信服的，后面就提到了許多例子，所以此處

應(yīng)該使用表示例子的短語。）

58.China

（又是描述的西方和中國發(fā)明的差異，中國的不知道比他們早了多少

年，所以此處填中國。）

59.as

（根據(jù)句意正如中國的指南針一直那樣做的，正如，justas。）

60.themore

（此處考查常用句型themore...themore，意思為“越……越……”）

Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension(40points)

Instructions:Therearetwopassagesinthissection.Thetypesofthe

questionsvarygreatly.Soreadtheinstructionscarefullybeforeyoucope

withthequestions.RemembertowriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

TheFutureoftheGrizzlyBear

A.Grizzlybears(UrsusArctos)aredistributedaroundtheNorthern

Hemisphere,buttheirmajorhabitatisNorthAmerica.Thereareonlyabout

58,000left,morethanhalfinAlaska.Thereweremorethantwicethat

numberlivingintherestofthecontinenttwocenturiesago,butby1975

thesehadbeenreducedtofewerthan1,000,andlistedasathreatened

species.However,numbersinsomeareasappeartohavestabilizedandmay

bereboundingslightly,bringingthetotaltoabout1,100.

B.Apartfromnotbeingkilled,thebears’mainrequirementsarelotsofroom

andlotsoffood.Theirdietisveryvariedandtheydevouralmostanysource

ofnutrition,astheyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearlyhalfayear

whilehibernatinginaden.Sotheyarenotfussyeaters.Salmon,whichthey

catchwithgreatskillinroaringrivers,isafavorite,butgrizzliesalsoeatelk

andotherdeer,hornetlarva,rootsandbulbs,gophers,horsesandhorse

fodder,andevendamsduguponbeaches.

C.Overthewinter,alargegrizzlycanlose150pounds,whichneedstobe

replaced.Sizeandbodyfataffecthowmanycubsafemaleproduces.For

males,gettingbigmeanscompetingmoresuccessfullyformates.Observers

havecalculatedthatagrizzlycaneat2,500mothsanhour,and48,000aday.

Amonthofsuchsteadyfeastingcouldfulfillnearlyhalfabear’senergy

requirementsforayear.

D.Althoughhuntingdecimatedthegrizzlypopulationinthepast,sharpcurbs

havebeenputonbothcommercialandsporthuntinginNorthAmerica’s

wildernessareas.Abiggerproblemforthegrizzliesistherestrictionoftheir

habitatsbyroadbuilding,bothhighwaysandloggingroadsinforests.A

femalegrizzlywillroaminanarea50to300squaremiles,whileamale

grizzlycanforageinterritoryofupto1,000squaremiles.Thebearswill

seldomcrossahighway,nomatterhowunfrequented,andsolocal

governmentshaveerectedspecial“wildlifeoverpasses”toencouragethemto

continuetheirnormalwanderings.

E.Grizzliesperformausefulserviceforthewell-beingoftheecological

environment,accordingtoscientists.Astheydigintheground,theirclaws

turnoverthesoil,releasingscarcenitrogenandallowingwildseedstolodge.

Vegetationsuchasglacierliliesgrowbetterandproducesmoreseedsin

swathsdugbybears.Thebears,too,caneatandspreadseedsfromasmany

as70,000berriesaday.InthecoastalforestsofthewestcoastsoftheU.S.

andCanada,wheretheriversarerichinsalmon,itisgrizzlieswhichmake

possiblethegrowthofwhatecologistscall“salmontrees”.Asthefishfight

theirwayupstream,transportingtonsofnutrientsharvestfromtheoceans,

grizzliescarrythatbountyacrosstheforestfloorintheformofurine,feces

andleft-overfishcarcasses.Thesenutrients,togetherwiththenitrogenthat

thegrizzliesscratchupfromthesoil,enablethe“salmontrees”togrow60

percentfaster.Overthecenturies,grizzlieshavethushelpedtoproducethe

temperaterainforestswithgiantconifers,abletoproducemorebio-massper

acrethantropicalrainforests.

F.Tosolvetheproblemofshrinkinggrizzlypopulations,wildlifemanagers

arebeginningtolookbeyondthetraditionalbordersofthenationalparks.

TheYellowstonetoYukon(Y2Y)ConservationInitiativeisajointeffortby

morethan200U.S.andCanadianorganizations.Itaimstoconnectallthe

wildareasalongtheRockyMountainschain.Indeed,somescientiststhink

thatthelong-termsurvivalofisolatedgrizzlypopulationsmaywelldepend

onthecreationofsuchlinkagezones,narrowstripsofbear-friendlyhabitats

thatwouldrestoreconnectionsbetweentheseendangeredanimals,inNorth

America.

Questions61-64

Instructions:ThispassagehassixparagraphsA-F.Whichparagraphcontains

thegiveninformationineachquestion.WritetheappropriateletterA-Fthat

matcheseachofthegivenquestionsonyourAnswerSheet.Therearemore

paragraphsthansummaries,soyouwillnotincludethemall.

61.U.S.A.andCanadianeffortsmayensurethesurvivalofthegrizzlies.

62.Thepresentsituationofthegrizzlypopulation.

63.Thegrizzliesareanimportantcomponentoftheecosystem.

64.Grizzlieseatawiderangeoffoods.

【答案與解析】

61.F從文章F段中的“TheYellowstonetoYukon(Y2Y)Conservation

Initiativeisajointeffortbymorethan200U.S.andCanadian

organizations.”得出答案。

62.A根據(jù)A段內(nèi)容，主要講了灰熊現(xiàn)存數(shù)目，以及曾經(jīng)的數(shù)目。

63.E根據(jù)E段中“Grizzliesperformausefulserviceforthewell-beingofthe

ecologicalenvironment,accordingtoscientists.”可得出答案。

64.BB段最后“grizzliesalsoeatelkandotherdeer,hornetlarva,rootsand

bulbs,gophers,horsesandhorsefodder,andevendamsdugupon

beaches.”顯示出了灰熊吃的食物種類非常多。

Questions65-69

Instructions:Choosethebestoptiontocompleteeachofthefollowing

statements.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

65.Mostgrizzlieslivein_____.

A.theNorthernHemisphere

B.UrsusArctos

C.Alaska

D.NorthAmerica

66.Tohelpsolvetheproblemofencroachmentongrizzlies’habitats,_____.

A.curbshavebeenputonhunting

B.“wildlifeoverpasses”havebeenerected

C.roadsarenolongerbuiltinforests

D.highwaysaremorefrequented

67.Grizzlieseatwhatevernutritiontheycanfindbecause______.

A.theyarenotfuzzyeatersandtheyliketoeateverything

B.theyparticularlylikesalmonbuttheycanalsotakeotherfoods

C.theyonlyneedtoeatsteadilyforamonth

D.theyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearlyhalfayear

68.Grizzliesassistthegrowthofvegetationby_______.

A.spreadingseeds

B.catchingsalmon

C.eatingmoths

D.breakingthetalltrees

69.Thefunctionofthelinkagezonesisto_______.

A.promoteCanada-U.S.A.cooperation

B.expandtheareaofYellowstoneNationalPark

C.restoreconnectionsbetweengrizzlyhabitats

D.expandthehorizonsofwildlifemanagers

【答案與解析】

65.D根據(jù)文章第1段第一句話“Grizzlybears(UrsusArctos)aredistributed

aroundtheNorthernHemisphere,buttheirmajorhabitatisNorth

America.”可知灰熊主要棲息地是北美。此題選D。

66.B根據(jù)第4段最后一句話“Thebearswillseldomcrossahighway,no

matterhowunfrequented,andsolocalgovernmentshaveerectedspecial

‘wildlifeoverpasses’toencouragethemtocontinuetheirnormal

wanderings.”可知政府建立“wildlifeoverpasses”來解決灰熊棲息地的問

題，故此題選B。A選項所說內(nèi)容是解決灰熊數(shù)目減少的方法之一，不

符合題意。C，D是對第4段的錯誤理解，故不選。

67.D根據(jù)第2段第二句話“Theirdietisveryvariedandtheydevouralmost

anysourceofnutrition,astheyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearly

halfayearwhilehibernatinginaden.”可知此題選D。

68.A第5段中間部分“Thebears,too,caneatandspreadseedsfromasmany

as70,000berriesaday.”可知灰熊會幫助種子的傳播，所以A正確。BC選

項為灰熊會做的事情但是與幫助植物發(fā)展無關(guān)。D選項未提及，不選。

69.C根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Indeed,somescientiststhinkthatthelong-

termsurvivalofisolatedgrizzlypopulationsmaywelldependonthecreation

ofsuchlinkagezones,narrowstripsofbear-friendlyhabitatsthatwould

restoreconnectionsbetweentheseendangeredanimals,inNorthAmerica.”可

知此題選C。

Questions70-73

Instructions:Completeeachofthefollowingstatementsusingawordor

phrasefromtheboxbelow.Therearemorewordsandphrasesgiven,soyou

willnotusethemall.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

70.By1975,thegrizzlyhadbecome______.

71.Sizeandbodyfatcandeterminethenumberof______.

72.Treesfertilizedbyfishremainsarecalled______.

73.Y2Ywillfollowthe______.

【答案與解析】

70.fewerthan1,000

（根據(jù)文章第1段第三句話“butby1975thesehadbeenreducedtofewer

than1,000”可知此題答案。）

71.cubs

（從第3段第二句話“Sizeandbodyfataffecthowmanycubsafemale

produces.”可知體型和身體脂肪會影響雌性產(chǎn)下多少只幼崽。）

72.salmontrees

（從文章第五段“itisgrizzlieswhichmakepossiblethegrowthofwhat

ecologistscall‘salmontrees’.”可知這種樹叫做“salmontrees”。）

73.RockyMountains

（根據(jù)最后1段第三句話“Itaimstoconnectallthewildareasalongthe

RockyMountainschain.”可知這個保護區(qū)是沿著落基山脈的。）

AWebWorldLanguage?

ATheconceptofacommonlanguagetoeasecommunicationworldwideis

notanewone,butrecentlyithasbeengivenfreshurgencybythespreadof

theInternet.Currently,Internetusersarestilldividedintolanguage

compartments,i.e.,EnglishspeakersreadEnglishmessages,Frenchspeakers

readFrenchmessages,andsoon.Translationofinformationfromone

languageintoanothertakesjustaslongasitalwaysdid.Butnowanideafor

solvingthisproblembyutilizingtheuniquefeaturesoftheWesternand

Chinesewrittenlanguageshasbeenproposed.

BMostWesternwrittenlanguagesarebasedonphoneticalphabets,whereas

Chinesewritingisbasedonpictograms.TheRomanalphabet,forinstance,

has26lettersrepresenting26differentsounds,wherewrittenChinesehas

thousandsofpictograms,eachrepresentingadifferentword.Oneadvantage

oftheChinesemethodisthatthepictogramrepresentsthemeaning,notthe

sound.Thismakesthewrittenlanguagemoreflexiblethanthespoken

language,andabletorepresentmanymoreconcepts.However,thislarge

numberofdifferentsymbolsmakeslearningthescriptamammothtask,and

itisdifficulttousewithkeyboards.Phoneticalphabets,ontheotherhand,

havefewsymbols,makingthemeasytolearn,andtheyaresuitedto

keyboardtransmission.Themaindrawbackisthatonlyaspeakerofthe

languagecanreadwritinginthatlanguage,whereasthepictorialapproach

allowsanylanguagetobewrittenandreadwithauniversalsetofsymbols.

CHowever,thetwoideasmaybeabletobecombinedinsuchawayasto

providethebenefitsofbothwiththedisadvantagesofneither.Thelarge

numberofdifferentsymbolsofthepictographicsystemcanbereducedby

creatingasmallsetofbasicsemanticunitswhichcanbecombinedtomake

words,inthesamewaythatthesoundsofallwordsinalanguagecanbe

representedbyasmallnumberofsimplesoundunitscalledletters.

DItmaybepossibletorepresentallmeaningsbytheappropriatechoiceof

basicsemanticconceptunitswhichcouldbecalledsembols(semantic

symbols),thedecompositionofwordsinalanguageintounitsofmeaning

ratherthansound.Analphabetofbasicmeaningunitscouldbecreated.This

semanticalphabetwouldbeusedtowriteallwordsofanylanguageina

commonmannereasyforcomputerprogramsto“understand”.Theideacan

betakenfurther:Alanguagecanbecreatedbasedonwordscomposedfrom

suchsemanticunitsinnewways.Newwordscanevolveasrequired,by

creativecompositionfromthebasicunits.Anyhumanlanguagewouldbe

understandableifwrittenbythismethod.

EFirstofall,200orsobasicsemanticunitswouldbechosen.Inorderto

makethelanguagepronounceableaswellaswritable,eachsemanticunit

wouldbeassignedaphoneme,orunitofsound,suchas“ba”.Eachphoneme

wouldbeassociatedwithoneandonlyonemeaning.Itwouldthenbe

assignedaparticularsembol.Wordscouldthenbeassembledintosentences.

Forexample,thefollowingbasicphonemes:tu(utility),su(surface),bu

(above),gra(ground),couldbeusedtoformthewordtusubugra(utility

surfaceaboveground)meaningtable.Thissystemwouldworkwithcurrent

printingandcomputertechnologyasitusestheRomanalphabet.

FThebasicsembol-setwouldthenbeassembledinsidethecomputerinsuch

awayastoallowprogramstounderstandthewordsrepresentedbythe

sembol-set.Thecomputercanbegivenaccesstoatranslationdictionary,

whichwillallowittotranslatewordsin,say,Englishintosembology.The

computercanthenreachalevelofunderstandingwhereitcanexpanditsown

knowledgebytranslatingandthenunderstandinganytext,suchasbooks,

newspaperarticles,etc.

GThetrulyrevolutionarypotentialforthisnewlanguageliesinthefactthat

computersusingitwillbeabletorepresentandcommunicateknowledge

arrivedatbythisprocesstooneanother,formingacommonexpanding

database.Suchasystemwouldendupbeinghighlyintelligent.Byrecording

probabilitiesofassociationofdifferentconceptsandevents,itcouldperhaps

predictandsuggestnewlinesofresearch,newhithertounknown

associations,etc.Itcouldalsoprovideareferencedatabaseofhuman

knowledge,inaformamenabletovariousmethodsofautomatedprocessing.

Questions74-80

Instructions:ThispassagehassevenparagraphsA-G.Inwhichparagraphcan

youfindthefollowinginformation?Anyletteroftheparagraphcanbeused

morethanonce.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

74.TheChinesewrittenlanguageismoreflexibleandrepresentative.

75.Theprinciplesofsymbolicandpictographicwritingcanbecombined

advantageously.

76.Computersmaytakeoverthedevelopmentprocessofthenewlanguage.

77.ThelanguagebarrierstillexistsforusersoftheWeb.

78.Itispossibletorepresentthewordsofallthelanguagesincomputer

form.

79.Thealphabetofthenewlanguagewillnotbebasedonphonetics.

80.Thetechnologyoftranslationfromonelanguagetoanotherhasnotyet

improvedmuch.

【答案與解析】

74.B文章B段的中部“Thismakesthewrittenlanguagemoreflexiblethan

thespokenlanguage,andabletorepresentmanymoreconcepts.”可知中文的

書寫更加靈活，能代表更多的概念。

75.C根據(jù)C段第一句話“However,thetwoideasmaybeabletobe

combinedinsuchawayastoprovidethebenefitsofbothwiththe

disadvantagesofneither.”以及C段的內(nèi)容可知這兩種語言的優(yōu)點可以相結(jié)

合。

76.F從第6段最后一句“Thecomputercanthenreachalevelof

understandingwhereitcanexpanditsownknowledgebytranslatingandthen

understandinganytext,suchasbooks,newspaperarticles,etc.”可知電腦可

以達到一個理解的水平，它可以通過翻譯擴大自己的知識，然后理解任

何文本，如書籍，報紙文章等。由此說明電腦自己就可以接管這種新語

言的發(fā)展。

77.A由A段第二句話“Currently,Internetusersarestilldividedinto

languagecompartments”可知網(wǎng)絡(luò)上語言的障礙還存在。

78.D根據(jù)D段第一句話“Itmaybepossibletorepresentallmeaningsbythe

appropriatechoiceofbasicsemanticconceptunits”以及后面的讓電腦運行

這種系統(tǒng)可知此句話出自D段。

79.B從B段的倒數(shù)第三句話“However,thislargenumberofdifferent

symbolsmakeslearningthescriptamammothtask,anditisdifficulttouse

withkeyboards.”可知象形文字過于復雜不能用在新的語言中。故此句源

于B段。

80.A根據(jù)A段倒數(shù)第二句話“Translationofinformationfromonelanguage

intoanothertakesjustaslongasitalwaysdid.”可知語言之間的相互翻譯還

沒有什么進展。

V.Writing(50points)

Instructions:Confuciussaid,“Iexaminemyselfthreetimesaday.”But

modempeopleseemtobesooccupiedwiththeirworkthattheyhavenotime

forself-reflection.Aphilosopheroncewarnedthat“Anunexaminedlifeis

notworthliving.”Writeanarticleofsome500wordsonthistopiceitherin

favorofthewarningornotinfavorofit.Remembertowriteyourarticleon

theAnswerSheet.

【參考譯文】

AnUnexaminedLifeIsNotWorthLiving

Itotallyagreewiththiswarning.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelieve

Happinessisconnectedwithself-reflection.Happinessdoesnotdropfrom

thesky;it’stobecreatedbyourownhands.JustasSocrates,agreat

philosopherandideologistsaid“Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving”.If

wedonotexamineoureverydaylife,weshallneverknowthetruemeaning

ofhappiness.Allthingsintheirbeingaregoodforsomething,astemporary

universitystudents,wemustcreateabrightfutureforourselvesandby

ourselves.Mostimportantlyweshouldmakeourlivesmeaningfuland

contributetoourcountry.Self-