Chap02像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考

ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思索

Chapter2TheEconomistasaScientist

作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Theeconomicwayofthinking...經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思索方法…Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.客觀地分析與思索。Makesuseofthescientificmethod.利用科學(xué)的方法。TheScientificMethodUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.

Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!科學(xué)方法利用籠統(tǒng)的模型協(xié)助解釋復(fù)雜的真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

構(gòu)成實(shí)際，搜集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證實(shí)際。察看,實(shí)際，更多的察看EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworldTwoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier經(jīng)濟(jì)模型經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化真實(shí)世界，使我們更好地了解這個(gè)世界。兩個(gè)最根本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：循環(huán)流向圖消費(fèi)能夠性邊境TheCircular-FlowModel

經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.循環(huán)流向圖——一個(gè)直觀地闡明一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)買賣行為的簡(jiǎn)一方式。TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproduction經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖企業(yè)家庭消費(fèi)要素市場(chǎng)物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)支出收入工資、租金和利潤(rùn)收入銷售商品和效力購(gòu)買商品和效力勞動(dòng)、土地和資本消費(fèi)投入TheCircular-FlowDiagram

經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖FactorsofProduction消費(fèi)要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用于消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù)的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、勞動(dòng)和資本TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.消費(fèi)能夠性邊境消費(fèi)能夠性邊境——表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在可得到的消費(fèi)要素與消費(fèi)技術(shù)既定時(shí)所能消費(fèi)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

消費(fèi)能夠性邊境QuantityofComputersProducedQuantityofCarsProduced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量消費(fèi)能夠性邊境ConceptsIllustratedbytheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunityCostEconomicGrowth消費(fèi)能夠性邊境闡明的概念效率權(quán)衡取舍時(shí)機(jī)本錢經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.HowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarketsMacroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.Howthemarkets,asawhole,interactatthenationallevel.

微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研討對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌?chǎng)上相互買賣。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研討經(jīng)濟(jì)總表達(dá)象。從總體上看，各種市場(chǎng)在國(guó)家程度上如何相互影響。

TwoRolesofEconomists

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色Whentheyaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.當(dāng)他們努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。Whentheyaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.當(dāng)他們想要改動(dòng)世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問(wèn)。PositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatdescribetheworldasitis. CalleddescriptiveanalysisNormativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.Calledprescriptiveanalysis實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析實(shí)證表述是企圖描畫(huà)世界是什么的觀念。被稱為描畫(huà)性分析。規(guī)范表述是企圖描畫(huà)世界應(yīng)該如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的觀念。被稱為命令性分析。??PositiveorNormativeStatements?

實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.提高最低工資程度會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技藝工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive實(shí)證性????PositiveorNormativeStatements?

實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.提高最低工資程度得到的利益比由此帶來(lái)的略微的就業(yè)減少呵斥的損失大Positive規(guī)范性EconomistsinWashington... ...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家... ...在以下三個(gè)政府部門(mén)的政策制定過(guò)程中充任顧問(wèn)：立法行政司法EconomistsinWashingtonSomegovernmentagenciesthatcollecteconomicdataandmakeeconomicpolicy:DepartmentofCommerceBureauofLaborStatisticsCongressionalBudgetOfficeFederalReserveBoard華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一些搜集經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府部門(mén):商務(wù)部勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室聯(lián)邦貯藏委員會(huì)小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來(lái)研討他們的學(xué)科。為了了解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)展適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡(jiǎn)單的模型。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖和消費(fèi)能夠性邊境。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研討市場(chǎng)中的家庭和企