高中英語指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)-第六部分-非謂語動(dòng)詞

第六部分：非謂語動(dòng)詞一、學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)非謂語動(dòng)詞，顧名思義，即動(dòng)詞經(jīng)過變形后（如加ing，ed或to）不再作為句子的謂語部分，而是充當(dāng)其他成分使用的語法現(xiàn)象，它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但仍保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征，如及物動(dòng)詞可有賓語，可帶狀語，甚至還有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三類：動(dòng)名詞，不定式和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），下面就輔以例句逐一講解.（一）動(dòng)名名：I.概念及構(gòu)成：動(dòng)詞加-ing后作為名詞使用，則稱之為動(dòng)名詞。注意：動(dòng)名詞雖在句法中與名詞作用類似，但意義仍有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。動(dòng)名詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作性，而名詞則偏重物質(zhì)性。如：home為房屋，具體實(shí)物；而housing則指安頓人居住這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，故住房問題應(yīng)譯為：housingproblems.又如：Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,______constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying此處應(yīng)選D。因其強(qiáng)調(diào)空中旅行頻繁這一動(dòng)作，而非一次航班flight.II.句法功能：象名詞一樣，動(dòng)名詞通常在句中充當(dāng)主語，表語，賓語及定語。1：動(dòng)名詞作主語表示抽象或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。如：WatchingTVwas,andstillis,amajorpastimeformanypeople.. 看電視對(duì)許多人來說曾是且仍然是一種主要的消遣活動(dòng)。Collectingallsortsofinformationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.對(duì)商人而言收集各類信息相當(dāng)重要。如主語部分過長(zhǎng)，則可用It來作形式主語，將動(dòng)名詞短語后移。例如：Itisnousearguingwithsuchaboneheadedperson.同這樣固執(zhí)己見的人爭(zhēng)論是無用的。注意：（1）通常用動(dòng)名詞作真正主語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：Itisnouse/gooddoingsthItisnotanyuse/gooddoingsthThereisnodoingsth例如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk. 覆水難收。Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen. 不知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。（2）有時(shí)需認(rèn)真辨識(shí)方能看清動(dòng)名詞作主語的情況。如：--WhatdoyouthinkmadeMaryupset?--______hernewbicycle.A.Asshelost B.Lost C.Losing D.Becauseoflosing此處的發(fā)問詞不是why而是what，故選動(dòng)名詞作答句的主語。LosinghernewbicyclemadeMaryupset.2：動(dòng)名詞作表語置于系動(dòng)詞之后。例如：HerjobisteachingforeignersChinese. 她的工作是教外國(guó)人中文。Seeingisbelieving. 眼見為實(shí)。3：動(dòng)名詞作賓語有動(dòng)詞賓語同介詞賓語之分。（1）動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語。詞法與句法密切相關(guān)，應(yīng)當(dāng)記住在下列動(dòng)詞后多用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。建議同學(xué)利用近義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系成對(duì)對(duì)記憶。高中階段常用的動(dòng)詞有：admit/confess/deny,suggest/advise/propose,delay/postpone,excuse/pardon/forgive,permit/allow/forbid,avoid/escape,involve/include,appreciate,consider(考慮),imagine,practise,risk,resist,dislike,fancy,quit,mention等。例如：Peteradvisedsavingunnecessaryexpenses.Shejustcouldn'timaginelivingahardlifelikethat.同時(shí)需要記住的還有一些動(dòng)詞詞組，如：feellike,giveup,putoff,can'thelp(情不自禁),can'tstand/resist,be(well)worthdoing等。（2）動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語。介詞后多加名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：Weleftwithoutsayinganything.Doyouknowwhatpreventedhimfrompursuinghisgoal?值得注意的是介詞to與in。a.to即接動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成todo的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又可作介詞表示方向性。同學(xué)們應(yīng)當(dāng)記住以下的to均為介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞：beused/accustomedto,objectto,devote...to,getdownto,bereducedto,withaviewto,whatdoyousayto,lookforwardto,payattentiontob.in則往往被省略，造成同學(xué)們對(duì)其后的doing無從分析成分。其實(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語的現(xiàn)象。spend/wastetime/money(in)doingsth花時(shí)間／浪費(fèi)時(shí)間／金錢做某事havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth做某事有困難Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth做某事是無意義的4：動(dòng)名詞作定語。與名詞作定語表修飾對(duì)象的用途一樣，動(dòng)名詞也有此作用。如：ashoppingarcade=anarcadeforshoppingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingIII.其他形式：根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要，動(dòng)名詞也可做各種變形。1：動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)變化主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式一般式 完成式 一般式 完成式doing havingdone beingdone havingbeendone注意：否定式的not置于最前部。例如：Iamsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.又如：______tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.A.Exposed B.Havingexpose C.Beingexposed D.Afterbeingexposed答案選C。句中的主語應(yīng)由動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)，且意思是“曝露在陽光下過久對(duì)皮膚衣有傷害”，故選被動(dòng)態(tài)beingdone。2：動(dòng)名詞所有格旨在說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。如：Father'scomingbackiswhatwehaveexpected. 父親的歸來是我們所期盼的。作賓語的動(dòng)名詞短語中，所希有格's可省略。如：5：不定式作定語。放在所修飾的名詞之后，相當(dāng)于一定語從句。（1）被修飾名詞與不定式內(nèi)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。如：Heisnotamantoflinchbeforedifficulties. 他不是個(gè)會(huì)在困難面前退縮的人。=Heisnotamanwhowillflinchbeforedifficulties.注意：被修飾的部分中含有thefirst/thelast（序數(shù)詞）/thebest（最高級(jí)）/theonly/thenext，則多用不定式作定語。如：Shewastheonlywomantowintheprize.（2）被修飾的名詞與不定式內(nèi)的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：Eachofushasaroletoplayinsociety. 我們中的每個(gè)人都要在社會(huì)中扮演角色。=Eachofushasarolewhichweshouldplayinsociety.注意：此句的主語eachofus是不定式內(nèi)動(dòng)詞play的執(zhí)行者，故不定式一定要用主動(dòng)態(tài)。但Thereisnothingtodo/Thereisnothingtobedone.由于沒有明確的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，則兩句均成立。（3）被修飾的名詞與不定式內(nèi)介詞構(gòu)成介賓關(guān)系。如：Therearefivepairsofpantstochoosefrom. 有五條褲子待選。WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidGeorgewasthepersontosenditto.=WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidGeorgewasthepersonwhomIshouldhavesentitto.=WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidGeorgewasthepersontowhomtosendit.（正式語體中也會(huì)將不定式與關(guān)系代詞合用）注意：此時(shí)的中心詞是介詞而非動(dòng)詞賓語，故介詞不可漏。Hereispenforyoutosignwith.(X)Hereispenforyoutosignwith.(/)但如果被修飾的中心詞是time,place,way則可將不定式中的介詞略去。如：Takingaplaneisthefastestwaytotravel.（4）被修飾的名詞與不定式構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。如：Hemadeapromisenottodothatagain.他承諾再也不那么做了。=Hemadeapromisewhichwasnottodothatagain.如動(dòng)詞與不定式搭配，則其名詞形式也多跟不定式作定語修飾，如choice,decision,wish,need,desire,ambition,failure,intention,plan,abilitytodosth.6：不定式作狀語。（1）不定式作目的狀語表示“為了”，等同于inorderto或soasto，如：Althoughheisnotrich,hesetsasidesomemoneytohelpthepoorchildreninthemountainareaseveryyear.盡管他并不富喜裕，但他每年留出些錢去幫助山區(qū)的貧窮孩子。注意：a.此時(shí)不可用fordoing來充當(dāng)目的狀語。Icamehereforseeingyou.(X)Icameheretoseeyou.(/)b.句子的主語應(yīng)與不定式的邏輯主語相一致，避免垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。InordertoimproveEnglish,alotoftapeswerebought.(X)InordertoimproveEnglish,Jennyboughtalotoftapes.(/)（2）不定式作結(jié)果狀語多用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中：too...to（太…以至于不能…），so...asto,such...asto（如此…以至于），onlyto...,enoughto....如：Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet. 他搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。Wouldyoubesokindastohelpmeout? 你能好心幫個(gè)忙嗎？（3）不定式作評(píng)注性狀語，置于句首，對(duì)整句話而非一個(gè)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行評(píng)注。Tobehonest/frank,Tobeexact,Totellthetruth,Tobeginwith,Tomakethematterworse,Tocutthelongstoryshort，等。7：不定式作形容詞補(bǔ)足語，置于形容詞之后，補(bǔ)充說明形容詞。如：I'mgladtomeetyou.很高興見到你。如上文所提到過的，有時(shí)該句型可轉(zhuǎn)化成Itisadj.ofsbtodo...，如：Heisclevertosayso.=Itiscleverofhimtosayso.注意：（1）不定式補(bǔ)充說明形容詞時(shí)，多用主動(dòng)態(tài)表被動(dòng)意。如：Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer. 這題很難回答。(/)Thequestionisdifficulttobeanswered.(X)Heishardtotalkto. 很難跟他搭上話。（2）Weareonlytoopleasedtoacceptyourinvitation.此句中的to引導(dǎo)的不定式并非結(jié)果狀語，故不能譯為too...to，“太…以至于不能”，而是不定式補(bǔ)充說明形容詞pleased，表示我們只是太高興能收到你的邀請(qǐng)了。II.其他形式：不定式也有各種時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的變化。根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要，取適當(dāng)形臣式。1：時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式一般式 進(jìn)行式 完成時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般式 完成式todo tobedoing tohavedone tohavebeendoing tobedone tohavebeendone否定式的not或never置于最前面，例如：Whenhismotherreturned,hepretendedtobereadingtheEnglishnovel.Thirty-sixpeoplewasreportedtohavebeenkilled.注意：以下結(jié)構(gòu)含虛擬意：was/weretohavedone本算做而未做的；hoped/expected/meant/wouldliketohavedone=hadhoped/mean/expectedtodo2：不定式的省略a.不定式省略通常保留符號(hào)to，如：--Willyougowithme?--I'mgladto.Idon'twanttogotherebutIhaveto.b.如果不定式里的動(dòng)詞是be或have，常保留be或have(been)e.g.：--Hehasn'tfinishedyet.--Well,heoughttohave.c.由and或or并列的不定式后半段常省toTellthemtostaythereandwaittillIcomeback. 告訴他們呆在那兒等我回來。d.強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比關(guān)系則應(yīng)保留toTotryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall. 嘗試后失敗總比不嘗試好。（三）分詞I.概念與構(gòu)成與形容詞和副詞類似，分詞在句中往往起修飾作用，充當(dāng)定語，狀語或補(bǔ)語成分。具體分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。下表列出了可能存在的變形?，F(xiàn)在分詞 過去分詞主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式一般式 完成式 一般式 完成式doing havingdone beingdone havingbeendone doneII.句法功能1：分詞作為句子的表語成分：強(qiáng)調(diào)主語所處的狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過去分詞表被動(dòng)。如：Thenewsisfrustrating. 消息是令人沮喪的。Theaudienceremainseated. 觀眾們坐著不動(dòng)。注意：此時(shí)的系動(dòng)詞加過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。試比較：Thepenisbroken. 筆是斷的。Thepenwasbrokenbymybrother. 那支筆被我弟弟折斷了。2：分詞作定語。如形容詞一樣修飾一個(gè)名詞，這是分詞的主要用途之一。單個(gè)分詞多置于被修飾詞前，而分詞短語則習(xí)慣作后置定語。如：thefollowingday接下來的一天themanstandingbythewindow站在窗邊的男人分詞作定語時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞作定定語時(shí)的不同。現(xiàn)在分詞是真正的修飾語，可轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句，如：anentertainingperformance=aperformancethatentertains；但動(dòng)名詞僅能說明被修飾名詞的用途awalkingstick≠astickwhich/thatwalks，而是astickforwalking.在構(gòu)詞時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)，過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是被執(zhí)行的。如：freezingweather“凍死人的天氣”；但frozenfood“被冷凍起來的食品”。如難以判斷建議轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句來看主被動(dòng)。如：theflowerwhichsmellssweet=theflowersmellingsweet（系動(dòng)詞smell表示“聞起來”時(shí)，應(yīng)用主動(dòng)態(tài)）。注意：遷移現(xiàn)象。aworriedlook,afrightenedvoice,apuzzledfeeling,anexcitedmanner.本是修飾人的分詞，遷移至其表情，聲音，感覺上。（3）對(duì)于不及物動(dòng)詞，則現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。如：thechangingsociety“不斷變化巾的社會(huì)”；anescapedprisoner“一個(gè)已逃獄的犯人”。加上前面已分析的不定式，三者做定語修飾同一名詞時(shí)差異主要在于時(shí)間上。試比較theproblemtobesettled（不定式：有待被解決的問題）；theproblembeingsettled（現(xiàn)在分詞：正在被解決的問題）；theproblemsettled（過去分詞：已經(jīng)被解決的問題）。注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成態(tài)havingdone和完成被動(dòng)態(tài)havingbeendone一般不作定語修飾名詞，直接用過去分詞即可表達(dá)出該意。如：一個(gè)改變?nèi)绱酥蟮娜耍篴manhavingchangedsomuch(X)amanchangedsomuch(/)修飾語中的動(dòng)作如發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前或有明顯時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，不能分詞短語修飾名詞，只能用定語從句。如：TheybuiltamonumenttothesoldiersdyinginWorldWarII.(X)TheybuiltamonumenttothesoldierswhodiedinWorldWarII.(/)又如：thetsunamihappeningintheIndianOceanin2005(X)thetsunamiwhichhappenedintheIndianOceanin2005(/)3：分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語：補(bǔ)充說明賓語的狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在分表主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行中；過去分詞表被動(dòng)完成。如：Ifoundtheroombrokeninto.（對(duì)于賓語“房間”而言，應(yīng)是被闖人）Ifoundhimworkinghardonhisbook.（對(duì)于“他”而言，是主動(dòng)在寫書，故用現(xiàn)在分詞working)注意兩類動(dòng)詞：如see,hear,watch,notice,observe等。其后可跟分詞或不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)，意思各不相同。以see為例：seesbdo（不定式做賓補(bǔ)）看見整個(gè)過程，如：Isawthegirlwalkacrossthestreet.seesbdoing/seesthbeingdone（現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)）看見動(dòng)作面中，如：Isawthetruckbeingunloaded. 我看到卡車正在被卸貨。seesthdone（過去分詞做賓補(bǔ)）看見動(dòng)作以被完成，如：Isawthedoorlocked.有些感官動(dòng)詞如smell,catch,listento,lookat,因其意思的限定，后多跟現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)。如：Can'tyousmellsomethingburning? 你難道沒聞到有東西燒起來了嗎？（2）使役動(dòng)詞。使役動(dòng)詞set后一般用現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)，如：Whatyousaidsethimlaughing.make后則有兩種情況：makesbdo（不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)）表主動(dòng)；makesthdone讓某事被做。同樣有兩種賓補(bǔ)的還有keep和leave。keep/leavesbdoing（主動(dòng)）；keep/leavesthdone（被動(dòng)）。最為復(fù)雜的賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)屬get和have，各有三種。getsbtodo讓某人一次性做某事getsbdoing讓某人不停做某事getsthdone讓某事被做havesbdo讓某人一次性做某事如：Theteacherhadhimfetchsomechalk.havesbdoing讓某人不停地做某事如：Let'shavethefireburningallnightlong.havesthdone讓某事被做如：Hehadhisfootinjuredintherace.*有時(shí)會(huì)見到havesb'sdoingsth，如：Iwon'thaveyou(r)tellingmewhattodo.此時(shí)have為及物動(dòng)詞譯為“容忍”，并非“使”，“讓”的意思。還有，havesthtodo，如：Iwanttohaveabooktoread.中的have也不是使役動(dòng)詞，而是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞“有”，不定式toread是定語修飾abook，“我想要本可以讀的書.”4：分詞做狀語。可以與各類狀語從句切換。在選擇現(xiàn)在或過去分詞做狀語，應(yīng)認(rèn)真研判句子的主語。對(duì)主語而言，如動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；如是被執(zhí)行，則用過去分詞。（1）時(shí)間狀語。WhenIlookedthroughtheessay,Inoticedafewmistakes.=Lookingthroughtheessay,Inoticedafewmistakes.有時(shí)可在分詞前加一些連詞如when,while,until,assoonas等以明確時(shí)間性。如：Whenheated,gasexpands.但after,before,on（一…就…），since往往被看作是介詞，后面只跟動(dòng)名詞doing或beingdone，不跟過去分詞。Afterbeingexamined,thenewmodelcarwasputintouse.(/)Afterexamined,thenewmodelcarwasputintouse.(X)如想體現(xiàn)分詞動(dòng)詞與主句動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系，還可靈活借用現(xiàn)在分詞的不同形式，如beingdone“正在被…”；havingdone“已經(jīng)完成”；havingbeendone“已經(jīng)被…”等。如:：Beingrepaired,theroadisblocked. 維修期間此路不通。Havingsufferedfromhearttroubleforyears,hedecidedtoturntoanewhospital.受心臟病之苦多年，他決定去另一家醫(yī)院看看。Havingbeenshownaroundtheschool,weleft.在被帶著參觀過了校園之后，我們離開了。（2）原因狀語。如：Asshewasfrightenedoflosingherjob,shekeptitasecret.=Frightenedoflosingherjob,shekeptitasecret.又如：Madeofwood,thechairislight.因?yàn)槭悄绢^做的，這個(gè)椅子很輕。注意：此時(shí)用過去分詞即可，不必用beingdone或havingbeendone強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間性。（3）條件狀語。如：Ifyouaregivenanotherchance,you'lldoitbetter.=Givenanotherchance,you'lldoitbetter. 再給一次機(jī)會(huì)，你會(huì)做得更好。也可根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要在分詞前加once,unless等連詞。如：Unlessinvitedtospeak,youshouldkeepsilent. 除非被邀請(qǐng)發(fā)言，否則請(qǐng)保持沉默.（4）讓步狀語。前面多有evenif,although,whether等詞加以說明。如：Althoughtiredout,theydidn'tstoptohavearest. 雖然以筋疲力盡，他們沒有停下休息。（5）方式狀語。表伴隨狀態(tài)，一般與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：Hecookedthedinnerinthekitchen,singingcheerfullytohimself.他快樂地唱著歌兒，在廚房堅(jiān)做著晚飯。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents. 老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍著。有時(shí)同學(xué)們會(huì)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)：Withwintercoming,treesarebeginningtosheds. 冬天來了，樹開始落葉了。Helaythere,withhisleftlegbroken. 他躺在那兒，左腿斷了。此時(shí)分詞的主語并非句子的主語，而是獨(dú)立存在，如第一句里的winter，第二句中的hisleftleg.這種分詞有獨(dú)立主語的現(xiàn)象被稱為“獨(dú)立主格”。除了作方式狀語外，也可作原因，條件等其他狀語。如：Motherbeingill,Ihadtostayhome. 因?yàn)槟赣H病了，我不得不留在家。Time/Weatherpermitting,we'llgoonatripthisspring.如果時(shí)間/天氣允許的話，我們今年春天要旅行一次。注意：有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，只用現(xiàn)在分詞，就不必考慮動(dòng)作與主語的主被動(dòng)關(guān)系了。如：Judgingfrom/by...(據(jù)...判斷)，Generally/Strictlyspeaking（總的/嚴(yán)格來說），Considering（鑒于），Regarding（關(guān)于），Talkingof/Speakingof（說起...）非謂語動(dòng)詞屬高中語法中的難點(diǎn)，理論易懂，但需通過大量的練習(xí)方能熟練掌握和運(yùn)用。近年來重大考試中非謂語動(dòng)詞的考察呈現(xiàn)出以下三個(gè)趨：（一）利用復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來制造障往礙。如：ThescientificresearchthattheCurieshaddevotedtheirlife______(cause)theirdeath.此處應(yīng)填caused，實(shí)為句子謂語，但.不少考生會(huì)將devoteone'slifetodoingsth作為考點(diǎn)。（二）結(jié)合詞的固定用法考察。如：Ifeelitisyourhusbandwhois______(blame)forthespoiltchild.應(yīng)填toblame，sbistoblameforsth主動(dòng)態(tài)表被動(dòng)意，是固定搭配。（三）結(jié)合句型考察。如：______(know)morewordsandexpressions,andyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.既非Knowing也不是Havingknown，而填動(dòng)詞原形Know，因?yàn)槎禾?hào)后有連詞and，此句為一并列句。因其復(fù)雜與靈活，同學(xué)們更應(yīng)當(dāng)耐心細(xì)心地學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動(dòng)詞這一語法章節(jié)。二、典型試題分析l.Theprizeofthegameshowis$30,000andanallexpenses______vacationtoChina.（2005全國(guó)高考）A.payingB.paidC.tobepaidD.beingpaid答案選B．此處是過去分詞短語allexpensespaid作定語修飾vacation，游戲的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為三萬美金和一次費(fèi)用（已由節(jié)目組）全部支付的中國(guó)行旅游。2.Icouldn'tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise______.(2005全國(guó)高考)A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon答案選A．withallthatnoisegoingon是分詞短語表伴隨狀態(tài)。又因其是獨(dú)立主格，分詞的主語是noise，主動(dòng)進(jìn)行下去，故選現(xiàn)在分詞goingon.3.Doletyourmotherknowallthotruth.Sheappears______everything.(2001上海高考)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold答案選D．系動(dòng)動(dòng)詞appear后的不定式里用完成被動(dòng)態(tài)方可體現(xiàn)出母親似乎“已被”告知了所有的事，所以你才必須說出真相?？疾焱瑢W(xué)對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞不同形態(tài)的掌握。4.Though______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.(2002上海高考)A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin答案選C．此句不僅牽涉到分詞做讓步狀語的用法，更重要的是它亦考察同學(xué)對(duì)動(dòng)詞lack的掌握。必須清楚知道lack為及物動(dòng)詞，sblacksth的結(jié)構(gòu)，才能作出正確的選擇。5.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto______.(2003上海高考)A.thethiefhavingcaught B.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaught D.thethieftobecaught答案選C．leadto（導(dǎo)致）中的to為介詞，故后接動(dòng)名詞短語，又因小偷是被抓，故用thethief('s)beingcaught，所有格's被省去。6.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust______alookatthesportsstars.(2005上海高考)A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have答案選C．此句較長(zhǎng)，考察同學(xué)對(duì)意群的識(shí)別。只有讀通讀懂了全句，才能明白此處的justtohavealook是目的狀語表示“僅為了看一眼體育明星”。7.______someofthisjuice--perhapsyou'lllikeit.(2000北京春考)A.TryingB.TryC.TotryD.Havetried答案選B．這是兩句獨(dú)立的句子。前部分為祈使句，讓你嘗一下這種果汁，所以用動(dòng)詞原形try即可。8.Mr.Smith______ofthe______speech,startedtoreadanovel.A.tired;boringB.tiring;bored C.tired;boredD.tiring;boring答案為A．前一分詞形容人厭倦了那次演講betiredof；而后一形容詞修飾speech，“令人厭煩的，乏味的”--boring。該類型題是非謂語中最為基本和常見的練習(xí)。9.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan______.(2003上海高考）A.keptB.tobekeptC.keepingD.beingkept答案選A．該句是省略句，完整結(jié)構(gòu)為Friendshipiseasiermadethanitiskept.為與made構(gòu)成并列，故選kept.類似的句子還有Wellbegunishalfdone.好的開始成功的一半。10.I'msurethatLaura'slatestplay,______staged,willproveagreatsuccess.(2005上海春考)A.sinceB.unlessC.onceD.until答案是C．分詞前加連詞的現(xiàn)象是常見的，亦可轉(zhuǎn)化成一狀語從句：如此處oncestaged相當(dāng)于onceitisstaged，“一旦它（勞拉的最新戲劇）被搬上舞臺(tái)，必定是巨大的成功”。根據(jù)意思，選C。三、自測(cè)練習(xí)I.MultipleChoice:l.Communicatingismorethan______.A.speakingandlistening B.tospeakandlistenC.tospeakandtolisten D.speakingandlisten2.Albertissaid______abroad,butIdon'tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying3.Yourhairwants______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cut B.tocut C.cutting D.beingcut4.Thepatientwaswarned______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnot B.nottoeat C.eatingnot D.noteating5.Charlesoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A.havingbeenfined B.tohavebeenfinedC.tobefined D.beingfined6.Pauldoesn'thavetobemade______.Healwaysworkshardhimself.A.learn B.tolearn C.learned D.learning7.After______forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.A.beinginterviewed B.interviewed C.interviewing D.havinginterviewed8.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,______itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.nottomaking9.Weagreed______herebutsofarhehasn'tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet10.--Thelightintheofficeison.--Oh,Iforget______.A.turningitoff B.turnitoffC.toturnitoff D.havingturneditoff11.TheoverseasChinesewatchedournationalflag______withtearsintheireyes.A.raisingB.beingraisedC.risenD.beingrisen12.TheofficialadvisedtheNATO______air-strikingYugoslavia.A.givingupB.giveupC.togiveupD.togiveupto13.WhenIhurriedtotheairport,theplanewasstarting______.A.takingoffB.tohavetakenC.takenoffD.totakeoff14.Hislanguagewon'tbear_____.A.torepeatB.repeatC.repeatingD.repeated15.Ican'tstand______waiting.A.tobekeptB.tokeepC.keepingD.beingkept16.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_____.A.togoawayB.beinggoingawayC.tohavegoneawayD.goingaway17.Youcan'teatanythingbefore______on.A.beingoperatedB.tooperateC.operatingD.operate18.Carlhadsomedifficulty______theman'saccent.A.tounderstanding B.tounderstandingC.inunderstanding D.onunderstanding19.Nothingwillmakehim______hisplan.A.changingB.changeC.tochangeD.tobechanging20.Hewilldoanythingexcept______youmoney.A.tolendB.lendC.lendingD.tohavelent21.ThefirstthingwedidinLondonwas______toLondonTowerBridge.A.togoB.goingC.goD.tohavegone22.Simonwassurprised______thatLewisknewverylittleaboutthesubject.A.findingB.findC.havingfoundD.tofind23.Itpainedthemother______hersonsuffering.A.watchingB.watchC.towatchD.watched24.Iwanttogofishing,butmysistersuggested______boating.A.togoB.goingC.goD.went25.Iwouldprefer______athomeratherthan______outinsuchhotweather.A.tostay...go B.tostay...goingC.stay...togo D.stay...go26.I'dlovethem______afurtherdiscussiononthetopic.A.have B.having C.tohaveD.had27.It'snotverygoodforyou______toomuch.A.smokingB.smokeC.tosmokeD.smoked28.Thewindowswereneveropenedexcept______theroomforafewminutesinthemorning.A.air B.toair C.airingD.aired29.Deliadidnothingbut______inbedthewholemorning.A.toreadB.readingC.readedD.read30.Wouldyoubesokindas______meyourlaptop?A.leadingB.tolendC.lentD.lend31.Lesterdrovebackinahurryonly______hisfatherdyinginhospital.A.tofindB.findingC.havingfoundD.found32.IthinkI'llhavetogiveup______computer______fortheexamination.A.toplay...toprepare B.play...preparingC.playing...toprepareD.playing...preparing33.Doyouthink______isallowedinthecanal?A.toswimB.swimC.aswimD.swimming34.Is______necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.this B.that C.it D.he35.Hesearchedthetopofthehillandstopped______onabigrockbythesideofthepaths.A.tohaverested B.torest C.restingD.rest36.Speakingwithoutthinkingis______withoutaim.A.toshootB.shoot C.tobeshotD.shooting37.Thebirdwasluckythatitjustmiss______.A.beingcaughtB.tobecaughtC.catchingD.caught38.Hestarted______Englishattheageoffive.A.knowingB.toknowC.know D.beingknown39.Closingthefactorymeans______moreworkersoutofwork.A.toput B.put C.putting D.beingput40.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.A.notto B.nottodoC.notdoit D.donotto41.Thecountryisknown______richinnaturalresources.A.tobeingB.forbeing C.tobeD.being42.Iwonderwhyhedidn'tdoitas______.A.toldhimB.hetoldC.tellingtoD.toldto43."Areyouafilmstar?""______".A.Yes,IwasB.IusedtobeC.IusedtoD.I'musedto44.Thecaptainwasthelast______thesinkingship.A.havingleftB.tohaveleftC.toleave D.leaving45.I'dratherreadthanwatchtelevision,theprogramsseem______allthetime.A.tobegettingworseBgettingworse C.togetworseD.tohavegotworse46.May______likecoffeemorethananythingelse,butnowheseemstohavechangedhertaste.A.usedtoB.usedC.wasusefultoD.wasusedto47.Theprize______himforhisgreatcontributions.A.washonoringB.washonoredC.wastobehonoredD.wastohonor48.Ifyoukeep______youchildsomething'swrongwithhim,soonerorlaterhe'llbelieveit.A.totellB.tobetellingC.tellingD.beingtold49.TheaimofthelisteningcomprehensionsectionoftheEnglishTestis______astudent'sabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.A.testingB.test C.totestD.tobetested50.Itwouldbebetter______toDonaldaboutthebadnewsinsteadofphoning.A.writeB.towriteC.writing D.tohavewritten51.It'snouse______Annenottoworry.A.youtellB.yourtellingC.havingtold D.foryourtohavetold52.Lilyclaimed______atthatparty.A.tohavebeenbadlytreated B.tobetreatedbadlyC.havingbadlytreated D.beingtreatedbadly53.Whiletheweatherisfine,youmustgetdown______thehouse.A.torepaintB.repaintingC.torepaintingD.onrepainting54.Hisprofessorhadhim______hispapermanytimesbeforeallowinghimtohandin.A.rewritingB.torewriteC.rewrittenD.rewrite55.Iremember______tohelpusifwegotintotrouble.A.hertoofferB.heronceofferingC.onceofferingD.heronceoffered56.ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut______thepoliceforhelp.A.toturnto B.turnedto C.turntoD.turningto57.Iamaccustomed______Westernfood.A.tohaveeatenB.toeatingC.toturntoD.tobeeating58.Thestudentinthecornerconfessedto______alietohisteacher.A.beingtoldB.havingbeentoldC.betoldD.havingtold59.Lisaregretted______tothepartylastweek.A.notgoing B.nothavingbeengoingC.nottobego D.nottobegoing60.Ineverdreamedof______formetobesentabroadverysoon.A.therebeachance B.theretobeachanceC.therebeingachance D.beingachance61.Havingnomoney,but______toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.A.notwantinganyone B.nottowantanyoneC.wantednoone D.towantnoone62._____metalsareconductors,silver______thebestconductorofall.A.Almost;beingB.Almostall;beingC.All;isD.Almostall;tobe63.______caughtthelastbus,Ihadtowalkhome.A.HavingB.HavingnotC.NottohaveD.Nothaving64.HefoundIrene______atthepiano.A.seatingB.seatedC.isseatingD.tobeseated65.Herosefromthetable,______himselfthatthey______himtostay.A.telling;decided B.telling;expectedC.told;expect D.thinking;hoped66.Whatallofusneedis_______.A.tofeelneededandadmired B.feelingneededandadmiredC.tofeelbeingneededandadmired D.tofeelneedingandadmiring67.Hewasdisappointedtofindhissuggestions______.A.beenturneddownB.turneddownC.tobeturneddownD.toturndown68.______ontheportrait,Motherwasdeepinthought.A.FixedhereyesB.HereyesarefixedC.HereyesfixingD.Withhereyesfixed69.______fromthemoon,ourearth,withwater______seventypercentofitssurface,appearstobea"blueball".A.Seen;coveredB.Seeing;coveringC.Seen;coveringD.Tosee;tocover70.______byhungerandtiredness,thefishermendidnotgettothecoastuntilmidnight.A.WearoutB.WoreoutC.WornoutD.Wearingout7l.WestoppedforafewdaysattheBrowns',______todosoifwecould.A.promiseB.topromiseC.promisedD.havingpromised72.Hespokequietly:"Youarethoughtless,andwillgetyourself______."A.totalkB.talkedaboutC.talkingaboutD.tobetalked73.Mymotherwouldbestandingatthetopofthestairs,______downatmewithalookthatsuggestedI______theonlyimportantthingshehadonhermind.A.smiling;beB.smile;wasC.smiling;wasD.tosmile;shouldbe74.Theyallwentintothehouse,______me______aterriblefool.A.toleave;feelB.leaving;feelingC.left;feelingD.leaving;tofeel75.Haveyoueverstopped______howyourlife______iftheworldranoutofoil?A.tothink;wouldchange B.thinking;wouldchangeC.tothink;willchange D.thinking;shouldchange76.Hedecidedtoputbrokenglassontopofhiswall______boysclimbingoverit.A.astostopB.tokeepC.preventingD.toprevent77.Thefrontdoorofthehouse______,sowehadtoenterthroughthebackdoor.A.beingpainted B.havingjustbeenpaintedC.tobepainted D.wasbeingpainted78.______left,itdoesn'tseemlikelythatIwillbeabletofinishtheworkbeforethedeadline.A.Havingsoshorttime B.HavingsuchashorttimeC.Withsoshorttime D.Withsuchashorttime79.When______,thepowerstationwillsupplypowertonine-tenthsofthecity'shomes.A.iscompletedB.beingcompletedC.havingcompletedD.completed80.Thegirlwasshockedattheterriblescene,asif______intoanightmare.A.walking B.walked C.hadwalked D.towalkII.Fillintheblankswiththeverbsintheirproperforms:1.__________(be)strictwithstudentsistoberesponsibletothem