報(bào)關(guān)與國際貨運(yùn)專業(yè)英語Module Four 第六單元

Unit6InternationalFreightForwardingLogisticsServiceⅠ.DefinitionofLogisticsLogisticsisshortfortheflowofresourcesorphysicaldistribution,whichistheprocessofrealizingandfulfillingthetaskoftransferringmaterialsubstances.Chinadefineslogisticsas“Logisticsistheprocessofprovidingrelatedservicesfortheflowofmaterialsandinformation”.AccordingtotheCouncilofLogisticsManagement（CLS）,“Logisticsistheprocessofplanning,implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,effectiveflowandstorageofgoods,servicesandrelatedinformationfrompointoforigintopointofconsumptionforthepurposeofconformingtocustomerrequirement.”Logisticglobalizationistheprocessoforganizingthereasonableflowofmaterialsinternationally,whichisalsothelogisticsintheworld，withthepurposeofconformingtoglobalcustomerrequirementsandneeds.Logisticglobalizationconceptisaconceptwithoutborders,andthetransnationalenterprisesundertakinglogisticglobalizationshouldconsidertheconsumersandtheirrequirementsfromtheperspectiveofglobalization.Specificallyspeaking,inthetrendoflogisticglobalization,logisticsactivitiesinthetransnationalenterprisesmainlyinclude：①choosinglogistics;②gatheringinformation;③systematicmanagementoflogistics.一、物流定義物流是物的流動(dòng)或?qū)嵨锪魍ǖ暮喎Q，是實(shí)現(xiàn)和完成物質(zhì)實(shí)體轉(zhuǎn)移的過程。我國將物流定義為：物流是為物品及其信息流動(dòng)提供相關(guān)服務(wù)的過程。美國物流管理協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)物流作了以下定義：“物流是指以滿足客戶需求為目的，對(duì)貨物、服務(wù)及相關(guān)信息從原產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效的流動(dòng)及儲(chǔ)存進(jìn)行計(jì)劃、實(shí)施、控制的過程。”物流全球化就是以滿足全球消費(fèi)者的需求為目標(biāo)，組織貨物在國際間的合理流動(dòng)，也就是發(fā)生在全球范圍內(nèi)的物流。物流全球化觀念是一種無國界觀念，從事物流全球化的跨國企業(yè)需以全球化的視角考慮消費(fèi)者及其需求。具體而言，在物流全球化的趨勢(shì)下，跨國企業(yè)的物流活動(dòng)主要有：①物流選擇；②信息搜集；③物流系統(tǒng)化的管理。Ⅱ.ClassificationofLogisticsAccordingtothestageandprocessoflogistics,itconsistsoffiveparts：supplylogistics,productionlogistics,distributionlogistics,returnedlogisticsandwastemateriallogistics.Accordingtotheborderandactivityrangeoflogistics,itiscomposedoffourparts：internallogistics,externallogistics,integratedlogisticsandinternationallogistics.二、物流分類根據(jù)物流發(fā)生的階段和過程，可以將物流分為供應(yīng)物流、生產(chǎn)物流、銷售物流、回收物流和廢棄物流。根據(jù)物流的邊界和活動(dòng)范圍還可以將物流分為企業(yè)物流、社會(huì)物流、綜合物流和國際物流。Ⅲ.“SevenElements”ofLogistics1.Objectofflowisthetargetoflogistics,namelythe“object”inlogistics,usuallyreferringtothematerialsubstance.Objectofflowisprovidedwithnaturalattributesandsocialattributes.2.Carrieristheinfrastructureandequipmentthroughwhichtheobjectofflowflows.Thefirstkindofcarrieristheinfrastructureandthesecondkindofcarrieristheequipment.3.Directionofflowistheflowdirectionoftheobjectfrompointofdispatchtopointofdestination.Therearetwokindsoflogisticsdirectionofflow,namelyforwarddirectionandreversedirection.4.Amountandvolumeofflowistheamountperformanceofobjectofflowbycarrierinacertaindirectionofflow.5.Distanceofflowisthedrivingdistanceofobjectofflowbycarrierinacertaindirectionofflow.6.Speedofflowreferstothespacedistanceofobjecttransferringduringtheunittime.7.Effectivenessofflowistheefficiencyandeffectivenessoflogistics.Logisticefficiencyreferstologisticsamountbroughtbytheunitmanpower,capital,timeandotherfactors;logisticeffectivenessisthelogisticsincomeachievedbytheunitmanpower,capital,timeandotherfactors.三、物流的“七要素”1.流體指物流的對(duì)象，即物流中的“物”，一般指物質(zhì)實(shí)體。流體具有自然屬性和社會(huì)屬性。2.載體指流體借以流動(dòng)的設(shè)施和設(shè)備。第一類載體指基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，第二類載體指設(shè)備。3.流向是流體從起點(diǎn)到終點(diǎn)的流動(dòng)方向。物流的流向有兩類，即正向和反向。4.流量即通過載體的流體在一定流向上的數(shù)量表現(xiàn)。

5.流程即通過載體的流體在一定流向上行駛路徑的長短。

6.流速即在單位時(shí)間里流體轉(zhuǎn)移的空間距離。

7.流效即物流的效率（Efficiency）和效益（Effectiveness）。物流效率是指單位人力、資本、時(shí)間等要素的投入所帶來的物流量的大小；物流效益是指單位人力、資本、時(shí)間等要素的投入所完成的物流收益的大小。Ⅳ.LogisticsSystemFromtheperspectiveofsystem,logisticsisaprocess,inwhichthe“material”flowsandstores.Meanwhile,itisalsotheprocessoftransferringinformationandiscompletedbyjointcoordinationofseveralfundamentalfunctionsoflogisticssystem,whichconformstothecustomerlogisticsrequirements.Thefundamentalfunctionsoflogisticssystemarefunctionsthatmustberequiredforanylogisticssystem.Logisticssystemiscomposedofmanydifferentfunctionalactivities,suchastransportation,storage,loadingandmoving,packaging,distributionprocessing,deliveryandinformationprocessing.四、物流系統(tǒng)從系統(tǒng)的角度看，物流就是一個(gè)過程，這個(gè)過程就是“物”的流動(dòng)和存儲(chǔ)的過程，同時(shí)也伴隨著信息的傳遞過程。這個(gè)過程由物流系統(tǒng)的若干基本功能相互協(xié)調(diào)共同完成的，并從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了客戶的物流需求。物流系統(tǒng)的基本功能是任何一個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)所必須具備的功能。物流系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成包括運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存、裝卸搬運(yùn)、包裝、流通加工、配送、信息處理。Ⅴ.InternationalLogisticsInternationallogistics,whichisrelativetothedomesticlogistics,isthemovementortransitofcargo（includingmaterial,semi-finishedproductsandproducts）andarticles（includingpost,itemsfordisplayanddonations）betweendifferentnationsandregions.Itbearsrisky,internationalandcomplexitycharacters.Internationallogisticsenterprise,alsocalledinternationallogisticsserviceprovider,referstotheeconomicorganizationthatengagesininternationallogisticsactivities.Itistheenterprisethatspecializesinvariouseconomicactivitiesrelatedtointernationalgoodscirculationandisindependentofthemainproductsfield.It’sanoperationagencythatisqualifiedasalegalperson.Accordingtotheorigin,internationallogisticsenterprisecanbedividedintotransportenterprise,storageenterprise,freightforwardingcompany,thecargoownerenterprise,financialorinformationservicecompanyandsoon.Accordingtothelogisticsbusinessscopeandfunctions,internationallogisticsenterprisecanbedividedintocomprehensivelogisticsenterpriseandfunctionallogisticsenterprise.Theformercanperformmostandevenalllogisticsfunctionswithabundantfunds,largerscaleandexcellentreputationoflogisticsservice.Thelattercanonlyachieveoneorseverallogisticsfunctions.Modernlogisticsserviceattachesgreatimportancetoprovidingadvancedmanagementandtechnologyserviceforthecustomersandpaysmuchattentiontocontrollingoveralllogisticsprocess;theserviceofmodernlogisticsenterpriseisactive,anditactivelyparticipatesinhelpingcustomerdrawuplogisticssolutionsandbusinessstrategiesetc.;regardingthespecificdutiesoffreightforwardingaslogisticschainlink,emphasizingonthecontrolandmanagementofalloperationlinksandoperatingthewholelogisticschaineffectively;adoptingadvancedmanagementandinformationtechnologytoachieveinformationsharing;promotingtheadvancementofintegratedlogistics,integratedfreightmanagementtechnologyandqualityassurancesystem（QAS）;provingnetworkedoperationserviceforcustomersrelyingonsophisticatedoperationnetworkandITnetwork.五、國際物流國際物流（internationallogistics）是相對(duì)于國內(nèi)物流而言的，一般是指貨物（包括原材料、半成品、制成品）及物品（包括郵品、展品、捐贈(zèng)物資等）在不同國家和地區(qū)之間的流動(dòng)和轉(zhuǎn)移，具有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性、國際性、復(fù)雜性的特點(diǎn)。國際物流企業(yè)（logisticsenterprise），也稱國際物流服務(wù)供應(yīng)商、國際物流服務(wù)商，是指從事國際物流活動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織。它獨(dú)立于主產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域之外，是專門從事與國際物品流通有關(guān)的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的企業(yè)，具有法人資格的經(jīng)營單位。按起源分類，可分為運(yùn)輸企業(yè)、倉儲(chǔ)企業(yè)、貨運(yùn)代理公司、貨主企業(yè)、財(cái)務(wù)或信息服務(wù)公司等；按照物流業(yè)務(wù)范圍和功能分類，可分為綜合性物流企業(yè)和功能型物流企業(yè)，前者能夠完成多項(xiàng)甚至所有的物流功能，該企業(yè)資金雄厚、規(guī)模較大、并且具有良好的物流服務(wù)信譽(yù)，后者僅僅完成某一項(xiàng)或某幾項(xiàng)物流功能。

現(xiàn)代物流服務(wù)注重向客戶提供一種先進(jìn)的管理技術(shù)服務(wù)，著重對(duì)物流整體進(jìn)行控制；主動(dòng)參與和幫助客戶制訂物流解決方案、經(jīng)營策略等，服務(wù)是主動(dòng)的；把貨運(yùn)代理的具體工作當(dāng)做物流鏈的環(huán)節(jié)并著重各環(huán)節(jié)運(yùn)作的控制、管理以及整個(gè)物流鏈的有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；采用先進(jìn)的管理與信息技術(shù)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)信息共享；推銷綜合物流先進(jìn)性及一體化貨運(yùn)管理技術(shù)和質(zhì)量保證體系；依托完善的運(yùn)作網(wǎng)絡(luò)和IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為客戶提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的運(yùn)作服務(wù)。Ⅵ.LogisticOperationsTherearefiveareasoflogisticalwork：orderprocessing,inventory,transportation,warehousing,materialshandlingandpackagingandfacilitynetwork.Forasupplychaintorealizethemaximumstrategicbenefitoflogistics,thefullrangeoffunctionalworkmustbeintegrated.Theinterrelationoffunctionsisthechallengingforthesuccessfulimplementationofintegratedlogisticalmanagement.Itistocombineworkrelatedtothesefunctionalareasthatcreatesthenecessarycapabilitiestorealizelogisticalvalue.1.OrderprocessingInmostsupplychains,customerrequirementsaretransmittedintheformoforders.Theprocessingoftheseordersinvolvesmanagingallaspectsofcustomerrequirementsfrominitialorderreceipt,delivery,toinvoicingandcollection.2.InventoryTheobjectiveininventorystrategyistoachievedesiredcustomerservicewiththeminimuminventorycommitment.Logisticalstrategiesshouldbedesignedtomaintainthefinancialinvestmentininventoryaslowaspossible.Asoundinventorystrategyisbasedoncombinationoffiveaspectsofselectivedeployment：corecustomersegmentation,productprofitability,transportationintegration,time-basedperformanceandcompetitiveperformance.3.TransportationTransportationistheoperationalareaoflogisticsthatgeographicallymovesandpositionsinventory.Thedemandsoftransportationcanbesatisfiedbythefollowingthreefundamentalways：Privatetransportationfacilities;signingcontractswithprofessionaltransportationcompanies;employingdifferentcarriersaccordingtodifferenttransportationservicesrequiredpershipment.Fromtheperspectivesoflogisticalsystem,threebasicfactorstoassesstransportationperformancearecost,speed,andconsistency.Indesigningalogisticalsystem,adelicatebalancemustbemaintainedbetweentransportationcostandservicequality.Findingandmanagingthedesiredtransportationmixacrossthesupplychainisaprimaryresponsibilityoflogistics.4.Warehousing,materialshandlingandpackagingInventorytypicallyneedstobewarehousedatselectedtimesduringthelogisticsprocess.Transportationvehiclesareusedfortheefficientloadingandunloadingofmaterialshandling.Finally,theindividualproductsaremostefficientlyhandledwhenpackagedtogetherintoshippingcartonsorotherunitloads.Wheneffectivelyintegratedintoanenterprise’slogisticaloperations,warehousing,materialshandlingandpackaging,productsflowmorerapidlyandmoreeasilythroughoutthelogisticalsystem.5.FacilitynetworkInbusinessoperations,thenumber,size,andgeographicalrelationshipoffacilitiesusedtoperformlogisticaloperationsdirectlyimpactcustomerservicecapabilitiesandcost.Networkdesignisaprimaryresponsibilityoflogisticalmanagementsinceafirm’sfacility