高考化學方程式大全

高中化學方程式總結

一、堿金屬

第一部分金屬

1.鈉

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+HO

Na2

4Na+O2=2Na2。NaOH+H2s（足量）=NaHS+H2O

點燃

2Na+C）2NazCh2NaOH+H2s（少量）=NazS+2H2O

點燃

3NaOH+AlCl=Al（OH）I+3NaCl

Cl2+2Na^^2NaCl33

2Na+S=Na2s（爆炸）

NaOH+Al（OH）3=NaAlO2+2H2O

A

2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2tNaOH+NHClNaCl+NHt+HO

△432

2Na+H2^=2NaH2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O

2Na+2NH=2NaNH+H6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3Po3+3H2O

322NaAlOz

4Na+TiCL（熔融）=4NaCl+Ti

2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2A1（OH）3I+Na2CO3

Na2O

3NaAlO2+AlC13+6H2O=4Al（OH）3I

、

Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNaCl'NaClONaBr'Nai

△A

2Na2O+C）22Na2O2

NaCl+H2so4（濃）—NaHSO4+HClt

Na2O+SC）3=Na2SC）4強執(zhí)

H2so4（濃）+2NaCl——Na2SO4+2HCI

Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3

2NaI+C12=2NaCl+I2

Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O

NaBr+H3Po4（濃）=NaH2PO4+HBr

Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O（此反應用于制備Na2O）

Nal+H3Po4（濃）=NaH2Po4+HI

2Na2O+2H2O=4NaOH+Ot（此反應分兩步

22Na2co3、NaHCO3

==

Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O22H2O+O2to高溫

H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應）

Na2CO3+SiO2=Na2SiO3+CO2

2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2co3+O2Na2co3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=

Na2（）2+H2so4（冷、?。?Na2sO4+H2O2

NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2co3+2AlCh+3H2O=2Al（OH）3I+3CO2

NaHt+6NaCl

NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2t3Na2co3+2FeCb+3H2O=2Fe（OH）3I+3COt+6NaCl

NaOH2

3NaHCO3+AlCh=A1（OH）3I+3CO2t

2NaOH+Si+HO=Na，SiC）3+2H2t

△3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe（OH）3I+3CO2t

6NaOH+3s^=2Na2S+Na2so3+3H2O

NaHCOs+HCl=NaCl+CO2t+H20

2NaOH+2Al+2HO=2NaAlO2+3H2t△

22NaHCC）3^azCCh+CCht+H2O

2NaOH（過量）+CO2=Na2cO3+H2O

3Na2co3+2B12+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2

NaOH+CC>2（過量）=NaHCO3t

2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O（常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2t

玻璃）

NaNO3、NaNO2

△

2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O

2NaNO3=2NaNO2+O2t

2NaOH+C12=NaCl+NaClO+H2O

A

HSO(濃)+NaNONaHSO+HNOtK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3I+2KNO3

24343KHCOj

KC1O3+6HC1=KCI+3C12t+3H2OKHCOs+HCl=KCI+CO2t+H2O

△

NaNO2+NHCl=NaCl+N^t+2HO

NaPO、N4aHPO、NaTHPO22KHCOK2CO3+CO2t+HO

34242432

NaPO+HCl=NaHPO+NaClKCIO3

3424△

NaHPO+HCl=NaHPO+NaCl2KC1O=2KC1+3Ot

242432

NaHPO+HC1=HPO+NaClKC1O+6HC1=KC1+3C12t+3HO

243432

Na2s、NaHSKC1O3+5KC1+3H2SO4=3C12t+3K2SO4+3H2O

Na2S4-Cl2=2NaCl+SIKI

3Na2s+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3sI+4H2O2KI+C12=2KCl+l2

3Na2S+A12(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3I+3H2stKH-AgNO3=AgII+KNO3

Na2so4、NaaSOa、Na2s2Ch

KA1(SO4)2

3Na2so3+2HNC)3(稀)=3Na2so4+2NOt+HO

22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOH=K2so4+3Na2so4+2Al(OH)3I

2Na2so3+O2=2Na2so42KAI(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2=K2SO4+3BaSO4I+2A1(OH)

NaSO+HSO=NaSO+S+SO+HO3I

223242422

Na9SO3+SO+HO=2NaHSOKAl(SO)2+2Ba(OH)2=KAlO2+2BaSOI

△22344

2NaHSO3Na2sO3+SO2t+H2OKSCN

Na2SiO33KSCN+FeCl=Fe(SCN)+3KC1

33

Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3I+2NaCl

C6H5ONaKH

C6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6HsOH+NaHCCh

KH+H2O=KOH+H2t

2.鉀

K

△3.鋰

K+O2=^=KO2Li

△

)。

2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2tLi+C2=Li?

K2O、K2O2

2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2t

LiO

K2O+H2O=2KOH2

LiO+CO2=LiCO3

K2O+CO2=K2CO322

2K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O2Li2O+H2O=2LiOH

LiOH

2K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2

KOH2LiOH+CO2=Li2co3I+H20

LiOH+CO=LiHCO

2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2O23

Li2CO3

KOH+CO2=KHCO3

K2cO3Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2t+H2O

LiHCO3

K2co3+2HCl=2KCl+CO21+H2O

LiHCO3+HCI=LiCI+COt+HO

K2cO3+CaCL=CaCO3I+2KC△2

2LiHCO3Li2cO3+CO2t+H2O

二、常見金屬

1.鎂點燃

Mg+Cb二MgCh

Mg點燃

點燃2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C

2Mg+O2=2MgO

Mg+S=MgS

Mg+2H2O=2Mg(OH)2I+H2t

Mg+Br2=MgBr2

A12O3、A1(OH)3

3Mg+N2=Mg3N2AI2O3+3H2sO4=A12(SO4)3+3H2O(AI2O3是兩性氧化

物)

Mg+2HCl=MgCL+H2t

A12O+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+HO

Mg+HSO=MgSO+Ht32

2442△

2A1(OH)3=A12O3+3H2O

2Mg+TiCL)(熔融)=Ti+2MgCl2

A1(OH)3+3HC1=AICI3+3H2O

Mg+2RbCl(熔融)=MgCl2+2Rb

2A1(OH)3+3HSO4=A12(SO4)3+6HO

MgOMgO+2HCl=22

Al(OH)3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O

MgC12+H2OMgO+H2O=

鋁鹽

Mg(OH)2IMg(OH)2

AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH)3I+3NaClA1C13+3NH3H2O=

Mg(OH)+2HCl=MgCl+2HO

222A1(OH)3I+3NH4cl2AlCb+3Na2co3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3I

MgCO

3+3COt+6NaCl

MgCO+2HCl=2MgCl+COt+HO2

AlCl3+3NaHCO3=A1(OH)3I+3CO2t

3222

A

MgCO+2HOMg(C)H)|+COtAlC13+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH)3I

3222A12(SO4)3+3NaS+6HO=2A1(OH)I+3H2st

△223

AI4C3+12H2O=4A1(OH)3I+3CH4t

MgCO3^=CO2t+MgO

Mg(HCO3)23.鐵

Mg(HCO3)2+2HCl=MgCl24-2CO2t+2H2OFe

△點燃

2Mg(HCO3)2^=Mg(OH)2I+CO2t+H2O2Fe+3C12==2FeCI3

點燃

MgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2=Mg(OH)2I3Fe+2Ch-Fe3()4

△

=

+BaSO4IMgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH)2IFe+S---FeS

+Na2so4I2Fe+3B「2=2FeBi*3

MgjNz△

=

Mg3N2+8H2O=3Mg(OH)2+2NH3?H20Fe+l2^^Fel2

△

2.鋁Fe+S^=FeS

jiH

Al3Fe+4HzO(g)=Fe,3O4+4H2

點燃

A1+3O2=2A12O3Fe+2HCl=FeCl+H2t

△2

2A1+3S^=A12S3Fe+CuCh=FeCL+Cu

△

2A1+3C12=^=2AIC13Fe+SnC14=FeCL+SnC12

高溫

4AH-3MnO==2AlO+3Mn

223Fe+H2S=FeS+H2t

高溫

11

ZAl+CrzO?=AbO3+2Cr2Fe+6H2so4(濃)=Fe2(SC>4)3+3SO2t+6H2O

高溫

2A1+Fe2()3—ALOa+ZFe(鋁熱反應)Fe+H2so4(稀)=FeSO4+H2tFe+6HNCh=

△

2Al+3FeO=A12O3+3Fe

Fe(NO3)3+3NO2t+3H2OFe+4HNO3=

2A1+6HC1=2A1CL+3H2T

Fe(NO)+NOt+2氏08Fe+30HNC)3=

2A1+3H2so4=Ab(SC)4)3+3H2T33

△8Fe(NO)3+3NOt+15HO

2A1+6H2SOK濃)^=AL(SC)4)3+3SO2T+6H2O322

10Fe+36HNO=IOFe(N0)+3Nt+I8H2O

A1+4HNC>3(稀)=A1(NO3)3+NOT+2H2。(Al、Fe在冷、3332

濃的H2so4、HNO3中鈍化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2。=8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O

2NaAlO+3HT

22Fe+(CH3co0)2Cu=Cu+(CH3co0)2Fe

FeO2FeCh+H2sO3+H2O=H2so4+2FeCL+2HCl

△

3FeO+2AP^=AEO3+3Fe2FeCh+Zn—2FeCL+ZnC12

△

6FeO+O2^=2Fe3O42FeCb+H2s=2FeCL+2HCl+SI

FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2t+2H2O2FeCl3+2KI=2FeC12+2KCl+I2

Fe2O3FeCl3+3NH3?H2O=Fe(OH)3I+3NH4cl

高溫

Fe)C)3+2Al—AbO?+2Fe2FeCh+3Na2co3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3I+3COt+6NaCl

△2

FeiOs+SCO2Fe+3cO2FeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH)3I+3CO2t2FeCl34-SO2+2H2O=

Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉)2FeCL+H2so4+2HC1

FeO+6HCl=2FeCl+3HOBaCL+H2sO4=BaSO4I+2HC1FeCh+3KSCN=

2332Fe(SCN)+3KCl

FeO3

34

FeS

△

Fe3()4+4H2=3Fe+4H2O

FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2ST

△

Fe3O4+8HCl(濃)^=Fe02+2FeC13+4H2OFeS+H2so4=FeSO4+H2Sf

Fe(OH)2'Fe(OH)34FeS2+llO2=2Fe2O2+8SO2

4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3H2FeO4

△

4H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3+3O2t

2Fe(OH)3^=Fe2O3+3H2O4NaFeO+10HO=4Fe(OH)+30t+8NaOH

24232

FeCI2FeCb+CL=

22Fe(OH)3+3NaCIO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCI+5H2O

2FeCLFeCL+Mg=Fe2Os+3NSL2O2=2Na2FeO4+N@2。

Fe+MgCLFeCh其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2so4

2FeCL+Fe=3FeCb(較難反應)Fe3c+22HNO3=

2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuC12(用于雕刻印刷電路板)3Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+l1H2O

1.鎰

三、其他金屬

CH4+4CUO=4CU+CO2+2H2O

KMnO43CuO+2NH△3Cu+N+3H0

△322

2KMnO4^=K2MnO4+MnO2+O2tCuO+2HCl=CuCl+HO

22

2KMnO4+16HC1=2KCl+2MnCl2+5C12t+8H2OCuO+HSO=CuSO+HO

2442

2KMnO4+5HO2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnC12+5Of+8H2OCu(OH)+2HCl=CuCl+2HO

22222

2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2so4=2MnSC)4+K2so4+5KNO3+Cu(OH)+HSO=CuSO+2HO

22442

2H2P△

CU(OH)2^=CUO+H2O

MnO2CuCl+HS=CuSI+2HC1

22

△

CuCh+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2I+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuSI

MnO2+4HCl(^)^=MnC12+C12t+2H2O

+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2I+Na2SO4

2.銅

CuSO4+Ba(OH)2=Cu(OH)2I+BaSO4I

Cu

△

2CU+O^=2CUO-

2△3.鈣

2Cu+S^=Cu2sCa

Cu+Cl2CuCl2

CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2Pb(NO3)2+H2S=PbSI+2HNO3

高溫

CaO+SiO?—CaSiOs(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbSI+CH3COOH

2Ca(OH)+2C12=CaC12+Ca(ClO)2+2HO

226.鋅

Ca(OH)2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OZn

△

Zn+S=ZnS

CaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2t(用HNO3和

濃。不能制備、、等還原性氣

H2s4H2S>HIHBrSChZn+2HCl=ZnCl+H2t

體)2

CaCO+SiOCaSiO+C0tZn+H2so4=ZnSC)4+H2t

3232

CaF+HSO(濃)=CaSO+2HFtZn+2NaOH=NaZnO+H2t

224422

Ca(PO)+3HSO(濃)=3CaS0+2HPOZn+2FeC13=ZFeCb+ZnCL

34224434

Ca(PO)+2HSO(濃)=2CaS0+Ca(HPO)As2O3+6Zn+12HC1=2ASH3t+6ZnCL+3H2O

342244242ZnO

Ca3(PC)4)2+4H3Po4=3Ca(H2Po4)2(重鈣)

ZnO+2HCl=ZnC12+H2O

)

CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2tZnO+2NaOH=NazZnCh+H2。

Zn(OH)2Zn(OH)+2HCl=

4.領2

Ba

ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOH=

Ba(OH)2+CO=BaCOI+H0

232Na2ZnO2+2H2O

Ba(OH)2+2CO2(過量)=Ba(HCO3)2Zn(OH)2+4NH??HO=Zn(NH3)4(OH)+4H^O

△22

Zn(OH)2^=ZnO+HO

Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4I+2H2O2

3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PC>4)23+6H2O7.鉞

Be

BaC12+H2SO4=BaSO4I+2HC1

BaCL+Na2so4=BaSChI+2NaClBe+2HCl=BaC12+H2t

Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2t

BaCO3+2HCl=BaCh+COzt+H2O

BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH)2I+2H2O

BaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO3)2+CO2t+H20

Be(OH)2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2O

BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSChI+H2O2)

Be(OH)+2NaOH=NaBO+2HO

5.鉛2222

、8.汞

PbPbO2

Pb+2HCl=PbCh+H2tHg

△3Hg+8HNCh(稀)=3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2t+4HO

PbO2+4HCl(濃)^=PbC12+C12f+2氏02

Hg+4HNC>3(濃)=Hg(NO3)2+2NCht+2H

鉛鹽2

一、鹵族元素

第二部分鹵族元素'氮族元素

1.氟

CL+2Na金虹2Na。

F2

F+H2=2HF2F2+2HO

223C12+2P^^-2PC13

=4HF+OHF

2A

CI2+PCI3PC15

4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O

3cl2+2Fe-點悠-2FeCb

2.氯

Cl2+Cu-^-CuCh

C12

C12+2FeCl=2FeCl

CL+H2=2HC1(光照或點燃)23

2C12+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2

C12+2KI=2KC1+I2HCIO

5C1+1+6HO=2HIO+10HC1HC1O=HC1+O2t

2223

Cb+Na2s=2NaCl+SI3.謨

Cb+H2s=2HQ+SIBr2

△

Br2+H2=^=2HBr

C12+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCI

B「2+Fe=FeB「3

Cb+H2so3+H2O=H2so4+2HC1CI2+H2O

Bn+2FeB12=2FeBr3

=HC1+HC1OC12+H2O2=2HC1+O2

Br2+NaI=NaBr+l2

Cb+2Na0H=NaCl+NaCI0+H20

Br2+HI=HBr+I2

2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2=CaC12+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O

3CL+6KoH（熱、濃）=5KC1+KCK）3+3H2OBr2+H2O=HBr+HBrO

HC1Br2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2O=

6HC1+2A1=2A1CL+3H2tHSO+2HBr

2HCl+Fe=FeCL+H，t24

△

Br2+H2S=S\+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CCh+H2O=

2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO7

4HC1（濃）+MnO2^=MnC12+Cb+2H2Ot

△

:=HBrHBr+NaOH=

4HCl（g）+O2^2C12+2H2O

16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnC12+5C12+8H2O

NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2=

14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O

2HC1+Br2

HC1+NH=NHC1（白煙）

344.碘

2HCl+Fe0=FeC12+3HO

212

A

6HCl+Fe2O3=2FeC13+3H2OI2+H2--2HI

、人△

8HCl（^）+Fe3O4^=FeC12+2FeC13+4H2O

L+FeFehI2+2NaOH

HCl+Na3Po4=Na2HPO44-NaCl

=NaI+NaIO+H2O

HCl+NaHPO=NaH2Po4+NaCl

24HI

2Hl△H+1

HCl+NaH2PO4=H3Po4+NaCl

22

HCl+Na2cO3=NaHC03+NaCl

2HI+C12=2HC1+I2

HCI+NaHC03=NaCl+H2O+CO2

HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O

二、氮族元素

1.氮

催化劑

6NO+4NH3==5N2+6H2O

N2

催化劑

N2+3H2y-?2NH3NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液

局溫、局壓鑒別澳蒸氣和

NO2）

4NO2+H2s=4NO+SO3+H2O

N2+O2出一2N0

NO2+SO2=SO3+NO

點燃

3NO2+HO=2HNO+NO

N2+3Mg=^=Mg3N2N2+6Na=2Na3N23

NO'NO2'N2O5N2O5+H2O=2HNO3

HNO3

2NO+O2=2NO2

3HNCh+Ag3Po4=H3PO4+3AgNCh

NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收

尾氣中的NO和N02）

A1+4HNC>3（?。?A1（NO3）3+NOt+2H2O

3As2s3+28HNCH+4H2O=6H3ASO4+9H2so4+28NOt2NH+SO+HO=（NH）SO3

△32△242

?

4HNCh（濃）+C^=C02t+4NO2t+2H2ONH3H2O=^=NH3t+H2O

+

2HN0+CaC0=Ca（N0）+H0+C0tNH3+H2O^^NH3?H2O^^NH4+OH

333222

6HNO+Fe=Fe（NO）+3N0t+3HONH4HCO3'（NH4）2CO3

33322

4HN0+Fe=Fe（NO）+N0t+2HONH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2

3332

30HNO+8Fe=8Fe（NO）+3NOt+15HO（NH4）2CO3=2NH3t+H2O+CO2t

33322

36HNO+10Fe=10Fe（NO）+3Nt+18HONH4C1

33322

30HNO+8Fe=8Fe（NO）+3NHNO+9HONH4C1=NH3+HC1

333432△

FeO+4HNO=Fe（NO）+N0t+2HO2NH4Cl+Ca（OH）2=^CaC12+NH3t+H）0

33322△

3HS+2HN0（?。?SI+2NO+4HONH4CH-NaOH=^=NaCl+NH3t+H20

232

4HN0=4N0+O+2HO（見光或受熱分解）NH4Cl+NaOH=NaCl+NH3?H2O

3222

NH4NO3

（白煙）（用和濃

NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3HNChH2so4NH4NO3+NaOH==NaNO3+NH3?H2O

不能制備H2S>HI、HBr、S02）△,

NH4NO