初中英語語法大全課件

AcomprehensivecoursewareonmiddleschoolEnglisNounArticlePronounSubjectsandadvertisementsVerbPreparationConnectionSentencetypes目錄CONTENTS01Nounnamesforgeneralcategoriesofpeople,places,orthings,e.g.,"teacher","city","flower"Commonnounsnamesofspecificpeople,places,orthings,e.g.,"BillGates","China","MountEverest"PropnounsTypesofNounsreferringtooneperson,place,orthing,e.g.,"cat","book"referringtomorethanoneperson,place,orthing,e.g.,"cats","books"ThenumberofnounsPluralnounsSingularnounsPossessivenouns:indicatingownershiporsession,formedbyaddinganapostropheandan's'totheformalformofanoun,e.g.,"theteacher'sbook","thestudents'computers"Thepositivecaseofnouns02ArticleSummaryThissectioncoverstherulesandexamplesofdefinearticleusageinEnglishgrammarIndexarticleusageinsingularnounsUsetheindexarticle"a"beforesingularnounsthatbeginwithaconsonantsound,and"an"beforesingularnounsthatbeginwithavowelsoundIndexarticleusageinPluralNounsUsetheindexarticle"some"beforePluralNounsthatarenotcountable,suchas"bread"or"water"Forcountableregularnouns,use"a"or"an"dependingonthenoun'sstartingsoundTheusageofdefinearticlesSummaryThissectionteachestherulesandexamplesofdefinearticleusageinEnglishgrammarDefinearticleusageinsingularnounsUsethedefinearticle"the"beforesingularnounsthathavebeenmentionedoridentifiedbeforeDefinearticleusageinregularnounsUsethedefinearticle"the"beforeregularnounsthathavebeenmentionedoridentifiedbeforeThedefinearticleTheUsageofZeroArticleUsezeroarticlebeforegeneralstatementsthatarenotspecific,suchas"Smokingisbadforhealth."ZeroarticleusageingeneralstatementsThissectionexploresthecaseswherenoarticleisusedinEnglishgrammarSummaryUsezeroarticlebeforeuncountablenounsthatcannotbecounted,suchas"love"or"happiness"Zeroarticleusageinuncountablenouns03PronounUsedasthesubjectofaverbPersonalpronounsIusedastheobjectofaverborpositionYouusedasthesubjectorobjectofaverborpositionHe/SheusedasthesubjectorobjectofaverborpositionItusedasthesubjectofaverbWeusedasthesubjectorobjectofaverborpositionTheyMineusedtoshowsessionYoursusedtoshowsessionHis/HersusedtoshowsessionItusedtoshowsessionHoursusedtoshowsessionThemusedtoshowsessionPositivepronouns01Myselfusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobject02Yourselfusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobject03Himself/Herselfusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobject04Itselfusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobject05Ourselvesusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobject06ThemselvesusedastheobjectofaverbwhenthesubjectisthesameastheobjectReflexivepronounsThisThatTheyThatDemonstrativepronouns01020304usedtopointoutsomethingspecificusedtopointoutsomethingspecificusedtopointoutagroupofsimilarthingsusedtopointoutagroupofsimilarthings

IndefinitepronounsOneusedinplaceofaspecificpersonorthingSomeusedtoindicateagroupofpeopleorthingsAnyusedinnegativeorintermediatesenses04SubjectsandadvertisementsDescribingnounattributesAdjectivesareusedtodescribetheattributesofnouns,suchas"big"describingthesizeof"cat"and"red"describingthecolorof"car".ComparativeandsuperlativeAdjectiveshavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms,usedtodescribeattributesofdifferentdegreesorhighestdegree,suchas"bigger"and"bigger".TheUsageofAdjectivesTheUsageofAdvantageousAdverbsareusedtodescribethebehaviororstateofverbsoradjectives,suchas"quickly"describingthespeedof"run"and"happily"describingtheemotionalstateof"dance".DescribingverbsoradjectivesAdverbsalsohavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms,suchas"morequickly"and"mostquickly".ComparativeandsuperlativeComparativeThecomparativeformofadjectivesandadverbsisusuallyfollowedby"-er"aftertheirprototype,suchas"bigger"and"morequickly".SuperlativeThesuperlativeformofadjectivesandadverbsisusuallyfollowedby"-est"aftertheircomparativeform,suchas"biggest"and"mostquickly".IrregularvariationSomeadjectivesandadverbshaveirregularcomparativeandsuperlativeformsthatrequirespecialmemorization,suchasthecomparativeformof"good"being"better"andthesuperlativeformbeing"best".Thecomparativeandsuperiorformsofobjectionsandadvertisements05VerbThebasicformofverbsisthefoundationforlearningEnglishgrammar,includingpresenttense,pasttense,futuretense,etc.InEnglish,verbsarethecoreofasentence,representingactionsorstates.Thebasicformsofverbsincludetheoriginalform,thirdpersonsingularform,presentparticiple,andpastparticiple.Understandingthesebasicformsisthefoundationformasteringtenseandvoicechanges.ThebasicformofverbsTenseisthefundamentalpropertyofverbs,indicatingthetimewhenanactionoccurs.Thereare12basictensesinEnglish,includingpresenttense,pasttense,futuretense,etc.Eachtensehasaspecificusageandexpressionmeaning,forexample,thepresentcontinuoustenserepresentsanongoingaction,andthepastperfecttenserepresentsanactionthatwascompletedbeforeacertainpointintimeinthepast.Masteringtheusageoftensesisthekeytocorrectlyexpressingtemporalrelationships.ThetenseofverbsVoicerepresentstherelationshipbetweenanactionandthesubject,andisdividedintopassivevoiceandactivevoice.Theactivevoiceindicatestheactiontakenbythesubject,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthatthesubjectistherecipientoftheaction.Inpassivevoice,theformoftheverbchanges,requiringtheuseofauxiliaryverbsbeandpastparticiples.Masteringtheusageofvoicecanhelpusmoreaccuratelyexpresstherelationshipbetweentheexecutorandreceiverofanaction.ThevoiceofverbsModalverbsexpressmeaningssuchaspossibility,necessity,orintention,suchascan,should,must,etc.ModalverbsareaspecialtypeofverbinEnglishusedtoexpressthespeaker'sattitudeorviewpoint.Theyareusuallyusedtogetherwithsubstantiveverbstoformcompoundpredicates.Masteringtheusageofmodalverbscanhelpusexpressouropinionsandattitudesmoreaccurately,andenhancetheexpressivepoweroflanguage.Modalverbs06Preparationusedtoindicateanactionoreventthatoccurswithinaspecifictimeperiod"In"usedtoindicateanactionoreventthatoccursfollowinganotheractionorevent"After"usedtoindicateanactionoreventthatoccursonaspecificdayordate"On"usedtoindicateanactionoreventthatoccursataspecifictime"At"usedtoindicateanactionoreventthatoccurspriortoanotheractionorevent"Before"0201030405Positionsthatreporttime"In"usedtoindicateanactionoreventthattakesplacewithinaspecificplaceorareausedtoindicateanactionoreventthattakesplaceonaspecificsurfaceorobjectusedtoindicateanactionoreventthattakesplaceataspecificlocationorpointusedtoindicateanobjectorpersonthatislocatedbehindanotherobjectorpersonusedtoindicateanobjectorpersonthatislocatednexttoanotherobjectorperson"On""Behind""Beside""At"Positionsthatindicatelocationusedtoindicatethecompanyofanactionoreventbyanotherpersonorthing"With"usedtoindicatethepresenceofsomethingthatisnecessaryforanactionorevent"Without"usedtoindicateinformationorknowledgeaboutatopicorsubject"About"usedtoindicateoptionorresistancetoanidea,proposal,oraction"Again"Theuseofotherpositions07ConnectionCoordinateconnectionsareusedtolinktwoormoreequallyimportantorcoordinateideasSomeexamplesofcoordinatedconnectionsinclude"and,""or,""but,""and"year."Example:"IlikeapplesandIlikeoranges."(Coordinateconnection"and"isusedtolinktwoequallyimportantideas.)TheusageofcoordinatedconnectionsSubordinateconnectionsareusedtointroduceasubordinateideathatprovidesadditionalinformationaboutthemainideaSomeexamplesofsuborderconnectionsinclude"because,""when,""if,"and"uncles."Example:"Iwillgotothemoviesifyouwanttocomewithme."Theuseofadjacentconnections08SentencetypesSummaryAdeclarativesentenceisasentenceusedtostatefactsoropinions,usuallyendingwithaperiod.DetaileddescriptionAdeclarativesentenceisusuallyusedtoexpr