中英語言差異與翻譯

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├────┼────┤│法治│人治│├────┼────┤│剛性│柔性│├────┼────┤│顯性│隱性│├────┼────┤│形攝│神攝│├────┼────┤│語法型│語用型│├────┼────┤│樹型│竹型│├────┼────┤│形合│意合│├────┼────┤│空間架│時間架│├────┼────┤│科學(xué)性│人文性│├────┼────┤│焦點視│散點視│├────┼────┤│主語突出│主題突出│├────┼────┤│立體性│平面性│├────┼────┤│聚焦型│流散型│├────┼────┤│動詞優(yōu)勢│名詞優(yōu)勢│├────┼────┤│名詞優(yōu)勢│動詞優(yōu)勢│└────┴────┘1OverviewofLanguagedifferencesfromdifferentperspectives1.fromthedevelopmentChinese:vs.Englishself-sufficientvs.opennessStabilityvs.dramaticchangeabilityBriefintroductionstothehistoryofthetwolanguages22.FromthegrammarsCovertvs.overtThemarksofwordspeech(prefix.suffix,articles,todo,marksofinflections)Flexibilityvs.rigidityIhavetwobooksIsawhimyesterdayMyhouse我的家、我家3Fromthestructuresself-willedvs.legalized賈寶玉（你死了，我去做和尚）Semanticalvs.Structural(formatic，sevendrills)那一陣風(fēng)起處，星月光輝之下，大吼了一聲，忽地跳出一只吊睛白額虎來。4Tree-typeSentencevs.Bamboo-typeSentence積字成句，積句成章——劉勰Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.由于距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農(nóng)村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.（回譯）51twasonaSundayevening,whenhewaslyingintheorchardlisteningtoablackbirdandcomposingalovepoem,thatheheardthegateswingto,andsawthegirlcomingrunningamongthetrees,withthered-cheeked,stolidJoeinswiftpursuit.

一個星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果園里一面中聽畫眉的惆啾，一面在寫一首愛情詩，忽然聽得大門呼地關(guān)上，接著見那姑娘從樹叢里奔來，后面飛快地跟著那呆頭呆腦的紅臉喬。6Verb–dominantvs.Noun-dominant?Staticvs.Dynamic晴雯先接出來，笑說道：“好，好，要我研了那些墨，早起高興，只寫了三個字，丟下筆就走了，哄的我們等了一日?？靵砼c我寫完這些墨才罷！”Qing-wengreetedhimwithasmile,exclaiming,“Afineoneyouare!Onthespurofthemomentyoubademegrindinkforyouthismorning.Butyouthrewdownyourbrushandwentawayafterhavingwrittenmerelythreecharacters.You’vekeptmewaitingforyouthewholeday.Youaretouseupthisinknow.Bequick!”7)Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.你一定很不善于學(xué)習(xí)，要不然就是教你的人很不會教(8)Hestooduptosaygoodbyetous.他站起來向我們道別.(9)MrZhuaskedhertoanswerthequestion.朱老師請她回答問題。8FromthevoicePassiveVS.ActiveThehousewassoldfinally.Theproblemissettled.Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.今晚有人在此講了不該說的話。9Fromexpressionimagevs.abstractThecruelcomeandgolikecitiesandthronesandpowers,leavingtheirruinsbehindthem.Theyhadnopermanence.(GGreence)兇殘之徒，一個個像達官顯貴、君主王公、政客寡頭一般，來去匆匆，更迭頻繁，哪一個身后不是一堆黃土，誰都沒有做到萬古長命。10SubjectivevsobjectiveImpersonalVspersonalAfreshideaoccurredtohim.他想到了一個新主意。Ahomeletterreachedmydesk.我桌子上放了一封家信。11topic–commentvs.SV–dominant結(jié)婚的事，我還沒有考慮過。今天晚上，很好的月亮。蘇州這個地方，就是園林多。這件事你不用操心。Youdon’tneedtoworryaboutthis.哭是沒有用的。Itisnousecrying.12警察抓住了小偷。(Thepolicecaughtathief三個小偷都抓住了。(Allthethreethieveswerecaught.)虎是一種動物。(Atigerisananimal.)昨晚抓住了三個小偷。(Threethieveswerecaughtlastnight.)公共汽車上抓住了三個小偷。(Threethieveswerecaughtonthebus.一把菜刀鬧革命。(Hebeganhisrevolutionarycareerwithachoppingknife.)這么快蓋好了一座房子。(Thehousewasbuiltatanadmirablespeed.)處處都有熱心人。(Therearealwayswarm-heartedpeopleeverywhere.)這件事請保密。(Pleasekeepquiteaboutthis.)13Loosevs.Focused

Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmanyfarmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageouspositionintheirowncountries.農(nóng)民缺乏訓(xùn)練，許多農(nóng)場生產(chǎn)率很低，這就使得大多數(shù)農(nóng)民處于貧窮的困境。走，不早了，只有二十五分鐘，叫他們把車子開來，走吧?！独子辍匪哌M客廳，喝了一口水，看了一會兒電視，又走回房間溫習(xí)。他拿著雜志，看了一眼，搖了搖頭，把它放回桌子上。14EndfocusVS.BeginningfocusNothinghashappenedsinceweparted.自我們別后沒發(fā)生什么事情。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner.晚飯后我出去散步。Hehastostayathomebecauseheisill.他病了只得呆在家里。Hecannotbeoperateduponasheisveryweak.他身體很弱不能動手術(shù)。Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife.生活中既有悲劇，文學(xué)作品就可以寫悲劇。(OrPTS,PSS,PCRS)15FromthediscourseorganizationParataxisvs.hypotaxisRepetitionvs.SubstitutionandomissionUnparalleledvs.paralleled/antithesisTheCyclicalStructurevs.theLinearStructureTheGeneral-particularOrdervs.theParticular-generalOrdertheCorrelativeModevs.theDetachedMode漢語篇章：起承轉(zhuǎn)合英語focus-centralidea–supportingideas16“Itmaybesafelyassumedthat,tenthousandyearsago,beforeCaesarsetfootinsouthernBritain,thewholecountrysidevisiblefromthewindowsoftheroom,inwhichIwrite,wasinwhatiscalledthestateofnature.”“赫胥黎獨處一室之中，在英倫之南，背山而面野，欄外之境，歷歷如在幾下。乃懸想兩千年前，當羅馬大將凱撒未到時，此間有何景物?！?7ExampleRocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground18ComparisonofthetwoversionsA:用火箭進行研究已證實了人們早就有過懷疑的大氣層的一個中心在距地面30英里高空的“高溫帶”的這種奇怪的事實。B:人們早就懷疑，大氣層中有一個“高溫帶”，其中心在距地面30英里的高空。利用火箭進行研究后，這一奇異的事實已得到證實。

19浙江省有個嘉興縣，嘉興縣有個圖書館，圖書館開辦了一家小書店，小書店的老板是范笑我?！敝腥A讀書報》2005/12/28日林希,“販書之趣”：“說過了錢，就該說故事：有個農(nóng)村叫張家莊。張家莊有個張木匠。張木匠有個好老婆，外號叫個‘小飛蛾’?！薄啊兜怯洝罚骸皠⒓覎j有兩個神仙，臨近各村無人不曉：一個是前莊上的二諸葛，一個是后莊上的三仙姑”；再比如“模范不模范，從東往西看，東頭吃烙餅，西頭喝稀飯?！薄缎《诮Y(jié)婚》20AestheticvaluesEmptyvs.fullFuzzyvs.precisionandclearness昔我往矣，楊柳依依。今我來思，雨雪霏霏?！对姟ば⊙拧げ赊薄稡urtonWatson:Longago,wesetoutWhenwillowswererichandgreenNowwecomebackThroughthicklyfallingsnow21許淵沖譯：WhenIlefthere,Willowsshedtear.IcomebacknowSnowbendsthebough.22Discussion輕快的龍舟如銀河流星，瑰麗的彩船似海市蜃樓，兩岸那金碧輝煌的彩樓連成燈舞回旋千姿百態(tài)，汽船騰起一江春潮，射擊手點破滿天彩球，還有雀鳥爭鳴，花卉盆景競艷，書畫、工藝展覽鋪出琳瑯滿目的畫廊……啊，濱江城是不夜城，龍舟會是群英會。23Thelightsomedragon-boatsappearontheriverasthoughthestarstwinkleinthemilkway.Thesplendidawningsingreenandgoldchainintoapalaceofcrystal.Isthisafairylandorameredream?Lookingabove,youcanseethedovesflyingabout;lookingbelow,youcanseethesailinglampsglittering.Cracklingarethefireworks,whichpresentyouapictureoffierytreesandsilverflowers.Circlingarethelantern-dancers,whopresentyouwithavariationofexquisitemanner.Overthere,24themotorboatsareplowingthewater,thusatidestirsup.Overthere,Themarksmenareshootingtotheirtargets,thuscolorfulbeadswhirlaround.Besides,thebird’schirping,thepottedlandscape’scharm,theexhibitionofartsandpainting,allclaimastrongappealtoyou.Therefore,weshouldsay:Binjiangisacityofnonight;itsDragon-BoatFestivalagatheringofheroes25CommentsbyAmericanjournalistonthetranslationMyfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauselaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant…Thecopyseemstotryto“snow”thereaderwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butinunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformed…26Thebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-it-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandculture…Itdoesn’ttellyouwheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenandclosed,howmuchtheycost,andsoforth.Allthesearethingspeoplevisitinganareawanttoknow.WhyisitthatmanyChinesetravelguidesreadbasicallythesamenomatterwhatregionisbeingwrittenabout,andaresopackedwithindiscriminatehyperbole?Lessexaggerationwouldactuallybemoreconvincing.27Discussion1)DoyouagreewiththeAmerican’sopinion?2)Thereseemstobesomethingwrong,

whatisit?Whoistobeblamed,thewriteroftheoriginal,thetranslator,ortheAmericanwhoknowslittleabouttheChineselanguageandculture?28原文：上海某年桂花節(jié)有這樣一篇文字介紹：“滿樹金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香氣撲鼻的銀黃，花多味濃的紫砂桂；花色似銀，季季有花的四季桂，競相開放，爭妍媲美。進入桂林公園，陣陣桂花香撲鼻而來?！保h英時文翻譯P78）.

譯文：TheParkofSweetOsmanthusisnotedforitsprofusionofosmanthus.Flowersformthesetreesindifferentcolorsareinfullbloom,whichpervadethewholegardenwithfragranceoftheirblossoms.（段中摘句譯）29原文Afascinatingcitybetweenseaandsky,likeVenusrisingfromthewaves,Venicewelcomestouristsfromthefivecontinentsdrawntoherbythecharmofherwaterandpellucidlight,freefromalldustandcooledbytheseabreeze.ShealsoofferstheintellectualpleasurestobederivedfromhermasterpieceswhichmarkthemeetingofEastandWest.30清威尼斯水城海天相連，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌現(xiàn)的維納斯，吸引著五大洲的游客。她水色旖旎,波光澄澈,清風(fēng)拂面而來,蕩去你心中的不快與煩惱。而域中那些集東西方藝術(shù)之大成的杰作,更給人以精神上的享受。31ConclusioninaestheticdifferencesWest:imitationandreproductionAristotleetc.美學(xué)的最高境界：照事物應(yīng)有的樣子去摹仿。繪畫、建筑、語言Brevityisthesoulofwit.–ShakespeareAproperwordinaproperplaceisgoodEnglish.簡潔自然，直觀可感。China：神韻、格調(diào)、性靈、境界書畫：筆墨意趣，氣韻生動，傳神，神似，虛實建筑：實用審美，情趣功能、平面展開與時間流程語言:四六駢體，聲律對仗，含蓄空靈、工整對稱、音韻和美“遺形寫神”，“意境兩忘，物我一體”–王國維32《文心雕龍·物色》“歲有其物，物有其容；情以物迂，辭以情發(fā)?！笔且栽娙烁形铮?lián)類不窮。流連萬象之際，沉吟視聽之區(qū)，寫氣圖貌，既隨物以宛轉(zhuǎn)；屬采附聲，亦與心而徘徊。故“灼灼”狀桃花之鮮，“依依”盡楊柳之貌，“杲杲”為出日之容，“瀌瀌”擬雨雪之狀，“喈喈”逐黃鳥之聲，“喓喓”學(xué)草蟲之韻?！梆ㄈ铡薄ⅰ皣G星”，一言窮理；“參差”、“沃若”，兩字連形：并以少總多，情貌無遺矣……雖復(fù)思經(jīng)千載，將何易奪？3334Casestudy兩彎似蹙非蹙籠煙眉，一雙似喜非喜含情目。態(tài)生兩靨之愁，嬌襲一身之病。淚光點點，嬌喘微微。閑靜似嬌花照水，行動如弱柳扶風(fēng)。心較比干多一竅，病如西子勝三分。Herduskyarchedeyebrowswereknittedandyetnotfrowning,herspeakingeyesheldbothmerrimentandsorrow;herveryfrailtyhadcharmHereyessparkledwithtears,herbreathwassoftandfaint..Inreposeshewaslikealovelyflowermirroredinthewater;inmotion,apliantwillowswayinginthewind.ShelookedmoresensitivethanPikan1,moredelicatethanHsiShih2.1.AprincenotedforhisgreatintelligenceattheendoftheShangDynasty.2.AfamousbeautyoftheancientkingdomofYuch.35SearlettO’harawasnotbeautiful,butmenseldomrealizeditwhencaughtbyhercharmastheTarletontwinswere.Inherfaceweretoosharplyblendedthedelicatefeaturesofhermother,aCoastaristocratofFrenchdescent,andtheheavyonesofherfloridIrishfather.Butitwasanarrestingface,pointedofchin,squareofjaw.Hereyeswerepalegreenwithoutatouchofhazel,starredwithbristlyblacklash