楊四軍武科大教授單元十 汽車檢測與維修(課件)-《汽車專用英語 第三版》同步教學(xué) （人交版）

汽車商標(biāo)汽車及其歷史汽車發(fā)動機(jī)汽車底盤單元一單元二單元三單元四汽車電氣設(shè)備汽車車身汽車使用說明書及維修手冊汽車檢測與維修設(shè)備單元五單元六單元七單元八汽車維護(hù)汽車檢測與維修新能源汽車概述汽車商務(wù)接待單元九單元十單元十一單元十二

單元十

活塞連桿組故障診斷與修復(fù)汽車檢測與維修

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

完成本學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后，你應(yīng)該能：1.了解汽車診斷與維修的基本流程；2.掌握汽車診斷與維修術(shù)語的英語表達(dá)；3.對相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行閱讀和翻譯；4.填寫故障分析檢查表；5.正確完成課后練習(xí)。建議學(xué)時4

學(xué)時Text

Despitethebestmaintenance,problemsmayoccurwithyourcar,thenyourcarneedsservice.Ifyouseea“checkengine”ora“serviceenginesoon”lightinyourcombinationmeter,yourcarhasstoredadiagnostictroublecode,whichmeansthecomputersystemonyourvehiclehasdetectedaproblemwithinvarioussystemsitcontrols.Howtoproceedwithtroubleshooting?Automobile'sdiagnosticsandrepairprocedures(Fig.10-1)areasfollowing.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-1AutomobilesDiagnosticsandRepairProceduresText

CustomerProblemAnalysisCheckTakethecombinationmeterforexampletoshowthecustomerproblemanalysischecksheet(Tab.10-1)asfollowing.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceText

ProblemSymptomConfirmationandCircuitInspectionAcarhasmanydifferentsensorsthatmonitorthevariousvehiclesystems.Ifthetroublecodelighthasbeenilluminated,itshowsthevehicleentersinto“l(fā)impmode”.Take“enginetrouble”asanexample,whenyouseea“malfunctionindicatorlight”(Fig.10-2)ora“serviceenginesoon”lightinyourcombinationmeter,Itmeansyourcarhasstoredadiagnostictroublecode.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-2MalfunctionIndicatorlightText

ProblemSymptomConfirmationandCircuitInspectionLocateyourvehicle'sdiagnosticconnector(Fig.10-3),mostlyitisinthedriverseatattheside.Ifnot,pleasecheckyourowner'smanual.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-3DiagnosticConnectorText

ProblemSymptomConfirmationandCircuitInspectionConnectcodereadertotheconnector.Thecodereaderwillautomaticallyturnonandpromptyouthenextoperationonreadingfaultcode(Fig.10-4).Oncethetroublecodehasbeenidentified,itsidentificationwillbedisplayedonthecodereader.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-4ReadingFaultCodeText

ProblemSymptomConfirmationandCircuitInspectionUponcompletingtherepairwork,it'snecessarytoclearthetroublecodeandrechecksystem.Aftercodeshavebeenclearedthecomputersystemisreadyforinternaltesting,thismeansthatwhilethecarisinoperationthecomputerisperformingtests.Thesetestsarecalled“monitors”,mostcarshavebetween4and8monitorsystems.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceText

RepairorReplaceWhenthetroublesarefound,carneed“RepairorReplace”.Thismeanstorepairorchangethedefectiveparts.Nowtake“changesparkplugs”forinstance,explainingthe“RepairorReplace”operation.Parkthecaronaflatdrysurface,engineoff,pulluptheemergencybrakeset.Gatherthepropertools:Socketwrench,sparkplugsocket,gappingtool,safetyeyewear,glovesandtowelsetc.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceText

RepairorReplaceFirst,identifytheignitionsystemyourcarhas,mostcarshaveaDIS(directignitionsystem).Gentlybutfirmlytwisttheboottoloosentheseal,nowremovethesparkplugwire(Fig.10-5).Thengentlypullthesparkplugwirefromthesparkplug.Removetheplugwirefromthecoilterminal.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-5RemovingtheSparkPlugWireText

RepairorReplaceRemoveallplugwiresfromthepackaging,straightenthemoutandorganizetheplugwiresfromthelongesttotheshortest.Paysattention,plugwiresindifferentcylinderwillbedissimilarwiththeaimoflatermatchingandreplacingplugwires(Fig.10-6)atatime.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-6MatchingandReplacingPlugWiresText

RepairorReplaceNext,removedebrisfromthesparkplughole,thenuseasocketwrenchandsparkplugsockettoloosenandremovesparkplug(Fig.10-7)bycounterclockwise.Inspectsparkplug'sworkanddamagestate.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-7RemovingSparkPlugText

RepairorReplaceBeforereinstallingnewsparkplugs,trytomakesurewhetheryouareinstallingismatchedforyourcarandenginesizeornot.Measuringthesparkpluggap(Fig.10-8)betweentheelectrodeswithafeelergauge,mostsparkpluggapsarebetween0.035～0.045inch.Anincorrectsparkpluggapwillresultinlowpower,poormileageandpossiblyacheckenginelightnotice.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenanceFig.10-8MeasuringtheSparkPlugGapText

RepairorReplaceSavetheoldsparkpluginthenewsparkplugboxes,storethemforfuturereference.Onceyouhavecompletedthesparkplugchange,remembertostarttheengineandinspecttherunningcondition,itshouldbesmoothwithnoextranoises.Ifyourengineisrunningrough,trytocheckthesparkplugwirestomakesurenoneofthempoppedofforloosened.AutomotiveDiagnosisandMaintenance參考譯文

盡管車輛維護(hù)的很好，故障仍然不可避免的會出現(xiàn)。出現(xiàn)故障時，車輛就需要維修作業(yè)。如果你看到儀表盤上的故障指示燈或發(fā)動機(jī)維護(hù)燈亮著，這就表明你的車存儲了一個故障碼，也就意味著汽車電腦在車輛的各種系統(tǒng)中檢測到了某個故障。如何檢修車輛故障呢？汽車診斷與維修的基本流程如圖10-1所示。汽車診斷與維修圖10-1診斷維修基本流程圖參考譯文

客戶描述故障分析下面以組合儀表為例說明客戶描述故障分析表（表10-1）。汽車診斷與維修參考譯文

故障癥狀確認(rèn)和系統(tǒng)檢查汽車上裝配有許多不同的傳感器用以監(jiān)測車輛各個系統(tǒng)的工作狀況。如果故障指示燈亮了，就意味著車輛進(jìn)入“保護(hù)模式”。以發(fā)動機(jī)故障為例，當(dāng)你看到儀表盤上的故障指示燈點(diǎn)亮(圖10-2)或發(fā)動機(jī)維護(hù)燈亮著，這就表明你的車存儲了一個故障碼。汽車診斷與維修圖10-2故障指示燈點(diǎn)亮參考譯文

故障癥狀確認(rèn)和系統(tǒng)檢查找到車輛的故障診斷接口（圖10-3），大多數(shù)是在駕駛員座位一側(cè)，如果不在，請查閱用戶手冊。汽車診斷與維修圖10-3故障診斷接口參考譯文

故障癥狀確認(rèn)和系統(tǒng)檢查將解碼器接上診斷接口，解碼器會自動啟動并提示你進(jìn)行故障碼讀?。▓D10-4）的下一步操作。一旦故障碼被確定，解碼器就會將確定的故障碼顯示出來。汽車診斷與維修圖10-4讀取故障碼參考譯文

故障癥狀確認(rèn)和系統(tǒng)檢查每次維修作業(yè)完成后，必須清除故障碼并再次確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)。一旦故障碼被清除，車輛電腦就進(jìn)入自我測試狀態(tài)，這也就意味著當(dāng)車輛起動時計算機(jī)自動執(zhí)行內(nèi)部系統(tǒng)測試。這種測試也被稱作“監(jiān)測”，大多數(shù)車輛有4～8個監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。

維修與更換故障部位被確定后，接下來就是維修或更換車輛故障零件或系統(tǒng)。下面以“更換火花塞”為例講解“維修和更換”作業(yè)。將車輛停在水平干燥的地面上，關(guān)閉發(fā)動機(jī)，拉起駐車制動器。準(zhǔn)備工具：套筒扳手、火花塞套筒、厚薄規(guī)、安全眼鏡、手套和毛巾等。汽車診斷與維修參考譯文

維修與更換首先，確認(rèn)車輛點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的類型，大多數(shù)汽車的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)為DIS（直接點(diǎn)火）型。輕輕晃動火花塞膠套使其松曠。拆卸高壓線（圖10-5）與火花塞及分電器的連接。汽車診斷與維修圖10-5拆卸高壓線參考譯文

維修與更換從維修包中取出所有新的高壓線，按最長到最短的順序弄直和整理高壓線。注意：不同汽缸的高壓線長度不一樣，這便于稍后匹配更換高壓線（圖10-6）。汽車診斷與維修圖10-6匹配更換高壓線參考譯文

維修與更換接下來，用壓縮空氣清除火花塞孔，然后用套筒扳手和火花塞套筒按逆時針方向預(yù)松并拆卸火花塞（圖10-7）。檢查火花塞的工作和損壞情況。汽車診斷與維修圖10-7拆卸火花塞參考譯文

維修與更換在安裝新的火花塞之前，確定準(zhǔn)備安裝的火花塞是否與發(fā)動機(jī)尺寸相匹配。并用厚薄規(guī)（又稱塞尺）測量火花塞電極間隙（圖10-8），大多數(shù)車輛的火花塞間隙為0.035～0.045英寸。采用劣質(zhì)火花塞將會導(dǎo)致發(fā)動機(jī)功率下降、油耗上升，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致發(fā)動機(jī)故障指示燈點(diǎn)亮。將換下的火花塞保存在新的火花塞盒內(nèi)，以備以后作參考之用。更換火花塞后記得檢查發(fā)動機(jī)工作情況：發(fā)動機(jī)應(yīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)流暢、無異響。如果發(fā)動機(jī)工作不穩(wěn)定，則檢查各缸高壓線有無脫落或松動現(xiàn)象。汽車診斷與維修圖10-8火花塞間隙測量ReadingMaterial

EngineoverheatingTherearemanyconditionsoftheautomobilethatresultinoverheating,andthedegreeofoverheatingisindicatedbythetemperaturegaugeontheinstrumentpanel.Someconditionswillcauseonlyaslightchangeintherecordedtemperature,otherswillresultinarapidriseintemperatureandviolentboilingofthecoolant.Stillsomemaycauseonlyaslightincreaseinrecordedtemperature,butwillbemorenoticeableinengineperformance.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

EngineoverheatingWhentroubleshootingthecauseforoverheatingandconsequentlossofcoolant,thefirststepistomakecarefulvisualinspectiontoseeifthereisanyevidenceofexternallinkage.Allsurfacesoftheradiatoranditshoseconnectionsshouldbecarefullyinspected.Leaksgenerallycausecorrosion,whichiseasilyseen,Thevisualinspectionalsomustincludethecoolingfananditsdrivebelt.Itisnottoounusualforcrackstoformintheenginewaterjacket.Whencracksoccur,theconditionisusuallyindicatedbyextremeoverheating.Thecrackisoftendifficulttolocate,becauseitisnotalwaysvisibletothenakedeye.Theconditionisalsocomplicatedbythefactthatthecrackusuallywillclosewhentheengineiscold,andopenonlywhentheengineisatoperatingtemperature.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

CleaningtheCoolingSystemUnlessveryseverelycloggedwithrustandhardscale,coolingsystemscanbecleanedwithspecialchemicalsdesignedforthepurpose.Theprocedureistofillthesystemwithwater,thenputinthechemical.Thechemical,afterdissolvingtherustandscale,isflushedfromthesystem.Inseverecasesofcloggedradiators,itisnecessarytoremovethemandhavethemcleanedbyspecializedequipment.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

HighonConsumptionQuiteoftenhighoilconsumptionisblamedonthepistonrings.Whilewornpistonringsandcylinderwallsdocauseincreasedoilconsumption,thereareagreatnumberofotherthingsthatcouldbeatfault,eithersinglyorincombination.Wornvalveguidesarealsoafrequentcauseofhighoilconsumption.Whenoilisbeingconsumedbypassingthroughtheengine,itusuallywillcauseheavybluesmoketocomefromtheexhaust,particularlyaftertheenginehasidledforseveralminutes.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

LowoilPressureInmostcasesoflowoilpressure,thepressureissatisfactorywhentheengineisfirststartedup,thenitdropsastheenginewarmsup.Thisconditionisalmostpositiveproofthatexcessiveclearanceexistsatsomepoint,orpoints,suchasconnectingrodbearings,mainbearings,camshaftbearings,etc.Whencold,theoilhasthickenedanddoesnotflowasreadilythroughtheclearance.Whentheoilheatsupandthinsout,itflowsthroughthewornbearingsofastthatthepumpcannotmaintainsufficientpressure.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

AbnormalEngineNoisesandTheirCausesThefollowinglistingwillpointoutthemostcommoncausesofsounditselfandwhatmustbedonetoeliminatethem.1.Pistonslapisaverycommonnoisemostnoticeablewhenanengineiscold.Apistonthatslapsagainstthecylinderwallproducesahollow,muffled,bell-likesound,quiteaudiblewhenanengineisoperatingunderloadatlowrpm.Pistonslapresultsfromwornpistonsorcylinders,collapsedpistonskirts,excessivepiston-to-cylinderwallclearance,misalignedconnectingrods,oralackoflubricatingoil.Therefore,inordertocorrectpistonslap,itwillbenecessarytoreplacedorresizethepistons,reborethecylinderorreplacethesleeves,replaceorrealigntherods,oraddoiltotheengine.EngineTroubleshootingReadingMaterial

AbnormalEngineNoisesandTheirCauses2.Anabnormalsoundoriginatingfromsomeformofpiston-ringproblemisaudibleduringengineacceleration.Tocorrectthecauseofringnoise,itmaybenecessary,therefore,toreplacetherings,thepistons,orthesleevesorreborethecylinders.3.Asoundnotfrequentlyheardinanengineisthatofapistonringstrikingtheringridgeatthetopofthecylinder.Thisparticularproblemcausesaverydistinctandhigh-pitched,metallicrappingorclickingnoiseaudibleatallenginespeedsbutparticularlyondeceleration.Torepairthecauseofthissound,itwillbenecessarytoreplacethepistonpinorconnectingrodbearings.EngineTroubleshooting參考譯文