大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法及練習(xí)

PAGEPAGE5大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法及練習(xí)第一講虛擬語(yǔ)氣I.考點(diǎn)分析：分四級(jí)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的特殊形式，用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的意愿、建議、請(qǐng)求、意圖、驚奇、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實(shí)的情況，以及在說(shuō)話人看來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是非常重要的語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)?？疾闅v屆四級(jí)試題，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)與虛擬語(yǔ)氣有關(guān)的考題每次至少2題，有時(shí)甚至3-4題。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查要點(diǎn)有：1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式：分清虛擬時(shí)間和主從句的動(dòng)詞形式十分重要，因此我們把所有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的不同類(lèi)型列表歸納并進(jìn)行對(duì)比，以便于同學(xué)們記憶掌握。動(dòng)詞形式類(lèi)型虛擬時(shí)間從句動(dòng)詞主句動(dòng)詞if條件句現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去had+過(guò)去分詞would/should/might/could+have+過(guò)去分詞將來(lái)should/wereto/過(guò)去式would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形wish引導(dǎo)的賓從現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式過(guò)去had+過(guò)去分詞/couldhavedone將來(lái)would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形asif/though方式狀語(yǔ)從句同wish其它動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓從(should)+動(dòng)詞原形主語(yǔ)從句(should)+動(dòng)詞原形表語(yǔ)從句(should)+動(dòng)詞原形同位語(yǔ)從句(should)+動(dòng)詞原形ifonly同if條件句lest,forfearthat,incaseshould+動(dòng)詞原形wouldrather/soonerthat現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)過(guò)去式過(guò)去had+過(guò)去分詞Itishigh/abouttimethat過(guò)去式2.要注意從句中第一/三人稱(chēng)的過(guò)去式was用were代替。例如：IfIwereinvited,Iwouldcome.Ifshewerenotill,shecoulddoalotofthings.3.if條件句中如謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是were,had,should,could時(shí)，可以省略if,把它們前置。例如：Hadmyfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendmeabroad.CouldIdoit,Iwouldsurelydoit.ShouldtheBlackDeathreappear,whatshouldwedo?（萬(wàn)一黑死病再次出現(xiàn)，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？）4.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的條件句是難點(diǎn)，如99年1月第60題:IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,youwouldn’tbesmilingnow.（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）又如：IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothefilmlastnight.(從句虛擬現(xiàn)在，主句虛擬過(guò)去)；Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.(從句虛擬過(guò)去，主句虛擬將來(lái))；Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.(從句虛擬過(guò)去，主句虛擬現(xiàn)在)5.虛擬句的另一難點(diǎn)是省略if條件句的含蓄條件句，如：Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore,butIhavebeenill.(=IfIhadnotbeenill,Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore.);Atruefriendwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Afriend,ifhehadbeentrue,wouldhaveacteddifferently.)6.注意介詞短語(yǔ)without,butfor,intheabsence等表示虛擬條件。例如：Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.沒(méi)有電就不會(huì)有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)不可能成功的。7.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+賓語(yǔ)”或“Butthat+從句”表示假設(shè)條件。例如：Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,we’dneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.Butthathesawit(=Ifhehadnotseenit),hecouldnothavebelievedit.8.providing,providing(that),onconditionthat,suppose,supposing引導(dǎo)的條件從句中，根據(jù)語(yǔ)意，可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣。9.常見(jiàn)的引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞有：advice,agree,command,decide,demand,determine,direct（命令）insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,move(提議，動(dòng)議)等；例如：TheUnitedNationsurgedthathe(should)withdrawhistroops.（聯(lián)合國(guó)敦促他撤軍。）10．常見(jiàn)的引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的名詞有：advice,command,desire,determination,idea,motion,order,preference,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposals,request,requirement等；例如：Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.(用于同位語(yǔ)從句)邀請(qǐng)他的建議被否決了。Theirdemandisthattheirwagesbeincreasedby20%.(用于表語(yǔ)從句)他們的要求是工資增加20%。11．用在主語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“Itis/was+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句（用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）”，例如：Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.你有必要參加討論。Itwasorderedthatthemedicinesbesentherebyplane.根據(jù)命令，那些藥品必須空運(yùn)到這兒。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)形容詞、分詞還有：advisable（合理的）,anxious(急切的),appropriate（合適的）,compulsory（強(qiáng)制的）,crucial(緊要關(guān)頭的)，desirable（理想的）,eager,essential（必要的）,imperative(迫切的),important（重要的）,impossible（不可能的）,improper（不合適的）,natural（自然的）,obligatory(必須履行的)，preferable（更好的）,proper（合適的）,strange（奇怪的）urgent（緊迫的）,vital（至關(guān)重要的）,demanded（要求的）,required（要求的）,suggested（建議的）,desired（希望的）等。II.歷屆四級(jí)試題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣：1.Thattreelookedasifit______foralongtime.(93/1/52) A)hasn’twatered B)didn’twater C)hadn’tbeenwatered D)wasn’twatered2.It’snecessary______thedictionaryimmediately.(93/1/68) A)thathewillreturn B)thathereturnedC)thathereturn D)thathehastoreturn3.Wedesirethatthetourleader______usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.(93/6/48)A)inform B)informs C)informed D)hasinformed4.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI______youradvice.(93/6/70)A)follow B)hadfollowedC)wouldfollow D)havefollowed解析：wouldrather后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過(guò)去式，故選A。27.A)題意：邁克的叔叔堅(jiān)持讓他呆在這家旅店。解析：insist后的賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略，故選A)thathenotstay。28.A)題意：有時(shí)候我希望自己生活在一個(gè)不同的時(shí)代和不同的地方。解析：wish引導(dǎo)一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，并且用were代替was，所以A)wereliving是正確答案。29.C)題意：這些申請(qǐng)表盡可能早地送回來(lái)是很必要的。解析：“itisessential+that從句”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。所以選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。30.B)題意：由市長(zhǎng)頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)品的建議得到了所有人的認(rèn)可。解析：suggestion引出的同位語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形或者省略should,故選B。31.D)題意：經(jīng)理寧愿其女兒不在同一個(gè)辦公室工作。解析：wouldrather后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過(guò)去式，故選D。32.A)題意：酒店招待確保客人登記無(wú)誤是很重要的。解析：“itisimportant+that從句”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。所以選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。33.C)題意：如果涉及到的上百萬(wàn)的計(jì)算用人工完成，那么等算完時(shí)早已失去其實(shí)用價(jià)值。解析：if引導(dǎo)的虛擬從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，從句用“had+過(guò)去分詞”形式，if省略，had提前，并以插入語(yǔ)的方式置于句中，主句用“would+have+過(guò)去分詞”形式，所以選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。34.A)題意：杰克常希望他上大學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)的是商業(yè)而不是歷史。解析：wish引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣如表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，動(dòng)詞形式用過(guò)去完成式（had+過(guò)去分詞）或could+have+過(guò)去分詞的形式，所以選項(xiàng)A)hadstudied是正確答案。35.C)題意：這篇文章建議，當(dāng)一個(gè)人處于不尋常的壓力下時(shí)，他應(yīng)該尤其注意自己的飲食平衡。解析：suggest引出的賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形或省略should的形式，但本句的考查點(diǎn)卻不是賓語(yǔ)從句的主句（heshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell-balanceddiet）,而是賓語(yǔ)從句中一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，不需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，因此選項(xiàng)C)is是正確答案。36.D)題意：許多代表都贊成他的提議即設(shè)立一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)來(lái)調(diào)查此事故。解析：proposal引出的同位語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用should+動(dòng)詞原形或者省略should,該句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選D。37.A)題意：如果那位母親堅(jiān)持不放棄撫養(yǎng)嬰兒的權(quán)利，那事情可能還要糟糕的多。解析：if引導(dǎo)的與過(guò)去情況相反的假設(shè)，從句用had+過(guò)去分詞的形式，主句用would/could+have+過(guò)去分詞，故選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。第二講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I．考點(diǎn)分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式和動(dòng)名詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既是四級(jí)考試的重點(diǎn)也是四級(jí)考試的的難點(diǎn)。因?yàn)榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法很復(fù)雜，它既含有時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化、又有否定形式。例如：Heseemedtohavewaitedthereforalongtime.(不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài))Heseemedtobewaitingforsomeone.(不定式的正在進(jìn)行時(shí))Heseemedtohavenotknowntheplaceverywell.(不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式)Heseemedtohavebeentoldaboutit.(不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不同形式的基本用法?，F(xiàn)在分詞可以用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。例如：Thefilmisexciting.(表語(yǔ))Theexcitingfilmattractedthechildrenverymuch.(定語(yǔ))Havingfinishingthehomework,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(狀語(yǔ))Theproblembeingdiscussediswhattheyareconcernedwith.(定語(yǔ))過(guò)去分詞的用法與現(xiàn)在分詞大體相當(dāng)，可以用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。只是表示的意義有所不同。例如：Childrenareexcitedatthefilm.(表語(yǔ))Theexcitedchildrensanganddancedtothemidnight.(定語(yǔ))Excitedatthenews,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(狀語(yǔ))Thiswastheproblemdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.(定語(yǔ))不定式有兩種形式：帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式,不定式有進(jìn)行體、完成體和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。不定式在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。ItisofImportancetohavegoodfriends.(邏輯主語(yǔ))Toseeistobelieve.(主語(yǔ))Iexpecthimtocomebacksoon.(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))Idon’tknowhowtogetthere.(賓語(yǔ))Weneedsomeonetohelpus.(定語(yǔ))Togetthereearlier,westartedat6o’clock.(狀語(yǔ))Theroomseemedtohavebeencleaned.(表語(yǔ))動(dòng)名詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。Idon’tlikingtalkingwithher.(賓語(yǔ))Smokingisdangerousforhealth.(主語(yǔ))Herhobbyiscollectingcoins.(表語(yǔ))二、四級(jí)考試中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)Thetwobuildingsbeingrepairednowarethestudents’dormitories.(正在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng))Thetwobuildingsrepairedduringthesummervacationsarethestudents’dormitories.(過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作完成)Thetwobuildingstoberepairedarethestudents’dormitories.(不定式表示動(dòng)做未發(fā)生，將要發(fā)生)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式和物主代詞的用法Notknowingwhattodonext,heaskedmeforhelp.(分詞作狀語(yǔ)的否定形式)Iregretnottellingherthenewsearlier.(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的否定形式)Idon’tmindyourbeinglate.(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的物主形式)Ipersuadehimnottostaytheretoolong.(不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的否定形式)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示現(xiàn)在和主動(dòng)的意思；過(guò)去分詞含有被動(dòng)和完成的意思。例如；OriginallycultivatedInIndia,thebananabroughttotheAmericasbythePortuguesewhofoundItInAfrica句中主語(yǔ)thebanana和cultivate的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞Originallycultivated。Thelostchildwasfoundhidinginthecave.句中hidinginthecave與其主語(yǔ)thechild是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞。不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別：不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以作賓語(yǔ)，但在英語(yǔ)中不同的動(dòng)詞要求后邊的賓語(yǔ)形式不同。有些動(dòng)詞要求動(dòng)名詞所賓語(yǔ)，有些動(dòng)詞要求不定式所賓語(yǔ)，還有些動(dòng)詞既可以用動(dòng)名詞又可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但所表達(dá)的意思卻不同。所以大家要記住這些特殊的動(dòng)詞。要求不定式所賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：expect,urge,Intend,persuade,prefer,cause,encourage,tell,ask,make,let,,要求動(dòng)名詞所賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：mind,quit,resent,mention,appreciate,postpone,consider,enjoy,deserve,delay,avoid,escape,deny,resist,admit,fancy,giveup,cannotbut,need,want，feellike下列動(dòng)詞既可以用動(dòng)名詞又可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：remember,forget,regret,mean,like,hate,love,stopremember,forget,regret后接不定式表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。like,hate,love后接不定式表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作；接動(dòng)名詞表示習(xí)慣性或抽象性的動(dòng)作。stop后接不定式表示停下現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作去做另一件事；接動(dòng)名詞表示停下現(xiàn)在所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。mean后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接動(dòng)名詞表示意思是什么。幾種特殊的句型Itisnogood(use)+doingsth.Itisnousearguingwithheraboutthematter.ThereIsno_doingsth.Thereisnotellingwhentostart.But+(to)do:介詞前動(dòng)詞若是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，省略to;介詞前動(dòng)詞若不是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，則不能省略to。Ourparentsrequiredusofnothingbuttostudyhard.Hesaidnothingbuttocry.Hedidnothingbutcry.分詞的固定搭配詞組：judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,considering,taking…intoconsideration,comparedto(with)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)，它有以下幾種形式：主語(yǔ)＋分詞Theproblembeingsolved,hewentbackhome.Timepermitting,wewillgooutingthisweekend.Thereporthavingbeenreadalivelydiscussionbegan.With+邏輯主語(yǔ)+分詞（形容詞、副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）TheoldmancameInwithabookunderhisarm.Theywenthomewiththelightson.三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)例題時(shí)態(tài)1．Asapublicrelationsofficer,heissaid______someveryinfluentialpeople.（01/A)toknowB)tobeknowingC)tohavebeenknowingD)tohaveknown2.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.（96/6/37）【C】A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending語(yǔ)態(tài)1.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection______tothenation.（96/A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft2.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself--restraintasifIweretheone______.（96/A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected3.CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit______inCuba.（00/1/45）【B】A)havingcultivatedB)beingcultivatedC)beencultivatedD)cultivating作狀語(yǔ)（不定式,分詞）1.Couldyoufindsomeone______.（94/4/63）【A】A)formetoplaytenniswithB)formetoplaytennisC)playtenniswith D)playingtenniswith2.______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster'sdegree.（95/1/48）【A】A)TobecomeB)BecomeC)OnebecomeD)Onbecoming3.Thisprogrammewillexaminethewriter'sbooksindetail______anintroductiontoherlife.（94/4/70）【A】A)followingB)havingfollowedC)beingfollowedD)tobefollowed4.Thehousewasveryquiet______atitwasonthesideofamountain.（99/6/48）【A】A)isolated B)beingisolatedC)isolatingD)havingbeenisolated作賓補(bǔ)（分詞）1.InAustraliatheAsiansmaketheirinfluence______inbusinesseslargeandsmall.（94/4/67）【C】A)feelingB)feelC)feltD)tobefelt2.Don'tgetyourschedule______;staywithusinthisclass.（96/1/42）【C】A)tochangeB)changingC)changedD)change作后置定語(yǔ)(分詞)1.Homework______ontimewillleadtobettergrades.（95/1/44）【A】A)done B)bedone C)havingdoneD)tohavebeendone2.Asearlyas1647Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolmustbeestablishedIneverytown______50householdormore.（98/1/36）【A】A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)名詞)1.Annneverdreamsof______forhertobesentabroadverysoon.（98/6/43）【A】A)therebeingachanceB)theretobeachanceC)therebeachanceD)beingachance2.Hegivespeopletheimpression______allhislifebroad.（98/6/46）【A】A)ofhavingspentB)tohavespentC)ofbeingspentD)tospend特殊動(dòng)詞后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)1.Iwouldappreciate______itasecret.（95/6/41）【A】A)yourkeepingB)youtokeepC)thatyoukeepD)thatyouwillkeep2.Markoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.（95/6/42）【D】A)havingbeenfinedB)tobefinedC)tohavebeenfinedD)beingfined3.IfIhadremembered__thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.（96/1/40）【A】A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed4.Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.（97/6/58）【D】A)havetoldB)betoldC)beingtold D)havingtoldII.歷屆考題中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1.______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfalloftheedgeoftheearth.（96A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved2.Thetraditionalapproach______withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.（96/6/33）A)todealingB)indealingC)dealingD)todeal3.WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.（97/1/44）A)cheatingB)cheatC)tocheatD)tobecheating4.Yourhairwants_______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.（97/6/48）A)cutB)tocutC)cuttingD)beingcut5._______,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.（97/6/56）A)Otherthingsbeingequal B)wereotherthingsequalC)Tobeequaltootherthings D)Otherthingstobeequal6.Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused______lateforhislecture.（98A)tohavestudentsB)forstudents’beingC)forstudentstobeD)tostudents’being7.Peopleappreciate______withhimbecausehehasagoodsenseofhumor.（98/1/37）A)toworkB)tohaveworkedC)workingD)havingworked8.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman______anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.（98/1/44）A)installB)toinstallC)tobeinstalledD)installed9.Allthings______theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.（98/6/49）A)consideredB)beconsideredC)considering D)havingconsidered10.Allflights______becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.（99/1/51）A)hadbeencanceledB)havebeencanceledC)werecanceledD)havingbeencanceled11.Hisremarksleftme______abouthisrealpurpose.（99/6/45）A)wonder B)wonderingC)wonderedD)towonder12.Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudents______wellofhim.（99/6/46）A)speakB)tospeakC)spoken D)tohavespoken13.Thiscrophassimilarqualitiestothepreviousone,______bothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil.（99/6/57）A)beenB)tobeC)beingD)havingbeen14.Theproject______bytheendof2000,willexpandthecity'stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000users.（99/6/68）A)beingaccomplishedB)tobeaccomplishedC)accomplished D)havingbeenaccomplished15.Idon'tmind______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.（00/1/43）A)yourdelayingtomakeB)youdelaytomakeC)yourdelayingmakingD)youtodelaymaking16.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience______onbenches,chairsorboxes.（00/1/46）A)havingseatedB)seatingC)havingbeenseated D)seated17.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo______bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.（00/6A)unrecordedB)tobeunrecordedC)unrecording D)tohavebeenunrecorded18.Ihavenoobjection______yourstoryagain.（00/6A)tohearB)tohearingC)tohavingheardD)tohaveheard19.Youwillseethisproduct______whereveryougo.（00/6A)tobeadvertisedB)advertisedC)advertiseD)advertising20.Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggested______atthenexttown.（00/6/34）A)tostopB)stoppingC)stopD)havingstopped21.Hewasn'tappointedchairmanofthecommittee,____notverypopularwithallitsmembers.（02A)tobeconsideredB)consideringC)beingconsideredD)havingconsidered22.______inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.（01A)TobejudgedthebestB)HavingjudgedthebestC)JudgedthebestD)Judgingthebest23.I'llneverforget______youforthefirsttime.（01A)tomeetB)tohavemetC)meetingD)havingtobemeeting24.Thatyoungmanstilldenies______thefirebehindthestore.（01A)tostartB)havingstartedC)startD)tohavestarted25.Withthedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowers______beforetheirtime.（01A)bebloomedB)bloomC)bloomedD)blooming26.Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers______ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.（01A)informB)informingC)beinformedD)informed27.Allthetasks______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.（01A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeenfulfilledIII.答案與詳解1.B)題意：由于人們認(rèn)為地球是扁平的，所以人們擔(dān)心哥倫布會(huì)走到在地球的邊緣。解析：句中many是動(dòng)作believe的發(fā)出者，主語(yǔ)many和believe的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞。2.A)題意：解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的傳統(tǒng)方法是把它們分解成眾多的容易解決的小問(wèn)題。解析：句中approach后定語(yǔ)要用介詞to，介詞后接動(dòng)名詞dealing，所以選A)。3.A)題意：當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他騙我時(shí)，我不再在那買(mǎi)東西了。我去另一家商店購(gòu)物了。解析：句中cheating作賓語(yǔ)him的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，二者之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，要用現(xiàn)在分詞，所以選A)。4.C)題意：你的頭發(fā)需要剪了，你最好明天去理發(fā)。解析：句中動(dòng)詞want后需要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，而且動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)。所以選C)。5.A)題意：如果其他條件相同，一個(gè)善于表達(dá)自己思想的人肯定會(huì)比語(yǔ)言能力弱的人成功的機(jī)會(huì)大。解析：句中A)Otherthingsbeingequal是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。6.D)題意：盡管教授自己很準(zhǔn)時(shí)，他已經(jīng)很習(xí)慣于學(xué)生在他的課上遲到了。解析：beusedto習(xí)慣于，該詞組中后接動(dòng)名詞，因?yàn)檫t到的主體是學(xué)生所以用students’being。7.C)題意：人們喜歡與他一同工作，因?yàn)樗哂泻軓?qiáng)的幽默感。解析：句中動(dòng)詞appreciate后需要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。所以選C)。8.A)題意：他們打算明天找電工給辦公室安裝上一臺(tái)電扇。解析：havesb.do意思是找某人做事，注意區(qū)別另一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法：havesth.done請(qǐng)某人把事做了。9.A)題意：考慮到所有的因素，原計(jì)劃的旅行取消了。解析：Allthingsconsidered是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。由于主體Allthings和動(dòng)詞consider之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選A)10.D)題意：因?yàn)楸╋L(fēng)雪天氣，所有的航班都取消了。許多旅客只能乘火車(chē)。解析：beusedto習(xí)慣于，該詞組中后接動(dòng)名詞，因?yàn)檫t到的主體是學(xué)生所以用students’being。Allflightshavingbeencanceled同樣是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。由于主體Allflights和動(dòng)詞cancel之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系所以用被動(dòng)，同時(shí)主句和從句動(dòng)詞之間又先后關(guān)系，主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后，所以用完成時(shí)態(tài)，選D)。11.B)題意：他的話使我懷疑起他的真正目的。解析：Wondering在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，由于動(dòng)詞wonder和主體me之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選B)。12.A)題意：我從教師和學(xué)生那都聽(tīng)到他的好話。解析：動(dòng)詞hear接不帶to的不定式，動(dòng)詞speak和主體teachersandstudents之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選A)。13.C)題意：這種莊稼和從前的那種一樣，特點(diǎn)相似。二者都有抗風(fēng)和適應(yīng)同一種類(lèi)型的土地的特點(diǎn)。解析：句中C)beingbothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil是分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾thepreviousone。14.B)題意：將要在2000年末完成的項(xiàng)目，將使城市的電話網(wǎng)覆蓋面擴(kuò)大到一百萬(wàn)。解析：在這里B)tobeaccomplished是Theproject的定語(yǔ)，由于主體Theproject和動(dòng)詞accomplish之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；又由于動(dòng)詞accomplish還沒(méi)有完成，是將要完成，所以要用不定式，故選B)15.C)題意：你稍后作出決定我不介意，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間還來(lái)得及。解析：句中動(dòng)詞mind后需要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，又因?yàn)閐elay的主體不是I，而是you，所以選C)yourdelayingmaking。16.D)題意：銷(xiāo)售活動(dòng)通常在室外進(jìn)行，觀眾坐在凳子、椅子或盒子上。解析：句中withtheaudienceseatedonbenches,chairsorboxes是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。由于動(dòng)詞seated通常用beseated形式，因此選D)。17.A)題意：調(diào)查表明犯罪在警察那沒(méi)有記錄，因?yàn)椴⒉皇撬械氖芎φ叨紩?huì)報(bào)案的。解析：在這里A)unrecorded表示主體crimes和動(dòng)詞unrecord之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。18.B)題意：我不反對(duì)再聽(tīng)一遍你的故事。解析：動(dòng)詞object和其同跟名詞objection后需要接to+動(dòng)名詞，又因?yàn)閛bject的主體是I，所以選B)tohearing。19.B)題意：你在哪都可以看到這種產(chǎn)品的廣告。解析：在這里B)advertised是thisproduct的定語(yǔ)，由于主體thisproduct和動(dòng)詞advertise之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過(guò)去分詞，故選B)20.B)題意：彼得開(kāi)了一天的車(chē)建議能再到一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)時(shí)停下來(lái)休息。解析：句中動(dòng)詞suggest后需要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，所以選B。21.C)題意：考慮到他在成員中的威信，他沒(méi)有被任命為委員會(huì)主席。解析：句中是分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞consider和主體He之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式。22.A)題意：由于在最近的科學(xué)競(jìng)賽中，三個(gè)學(xué)生被認(rèn)為是最優(yōu)秀的而被授予兩萬(wàn)一千美元的全獎(jiǎng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。解析：在這里分詞短語(yǔ)Judgedthebestinarecentsciencecompetition作原因狀語(yǔ)，由于動(dòng)詞judge和主體thethreestudents之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)。23.C)題意：我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)到你的情景。解析：句中動(dòng)詞forget后接動(dòng)名詞表示不會(huì)忘記發(fā)生的事，所以選C。24.B)題意：年輕人仍然否認(rèn)在商店后點(diǎn)火的事。解析：句中動(dòng)詞deny后要求接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，所以選B。25.B)題意：隨著科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人類(lèi)使得花朵能在開(kāi)花期前開(kāi)花。解析：Makesb.orsth.do意思是使得某人某事完成某一動(dòng)作，注意sb.orsth.與動(dòng)詞do之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系；請(qǐng)區(qū)別另一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法：makesth.done意思是使得某人做事。在這里flowers和bloom之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要選B）。26.D)題意：主席答應(yīng)讓所有董事會(huì)成員了解談判進(jìn)展情況。解析：在這里分詞短語(yǔ)informedofhowthenegotiations作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，由于動(dòng)詞inform和主體alltheboardmembers之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，所以選D)。27.B)題意：由于所有的任務(wù)都提前完成了，他們決定出去度假一個(gè)星期。解析：Allthetaskshavingbeenfulfilledaheadoftime是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。由于主體Allthetasks和動(dòng)詞fulfill之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)，同時(shí)主句和從句動(dòng)詞之間又先后關(guān)系，主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后，所以用完成時(shí)態(tài)，選B)。第三講倒裝I.考點(diǎn)分析英語(yǔ)句子的一般語(yǔ)序?yàn)椤爸髡Z(yǔ)部分+謂語(yǔ)部分”。如果在一定條件下，為了達(dá)到某些語(yǔ)法或修辭上的效果，改變句子的一般語(yǔ)序，把謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)的面前，我們稱(chēng)之為倒裝（InvertedOrder）。倒裝又分為完全倒裝(CompleteInversion)和部分倒裝(PartialInversion)。把謂語(yǔ)部分完全放到主語(yǔ)前稱(chēng)為完全倒裝，如Herearesomelettersforyou.把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，稱(chēng)之為部分倒裝，如NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.縱觀歷屆CET4考題，“倒裝”是?？嫉捻?xiàng)目。倒裝的考察要點(diǎn)有：1.以某些副詞開(kāi)頭的句子，如：here,now,then,up,down,out,in,或由副詞there,then,now等引起，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come或go，并且主語(yǔ)不是人稱(chēng)代詞的句子，應(yīng)該完全倒裝。例：1)Herecomesthebus.2)Theregoesyourlastchance.3)Outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.4)Upwenttherocketcarryingthesatelliteonitstop.2.有時(shí)出于修辭上的考慮可以把表語(yǔ)提前放在主語(yǔ)前面，同時(shí)主謂完全倒裝。例：1)Verygratefulweareforyouhelp.2)Averyreliablepersonheis,tobesure.3)Veryimportantinthefarmers’lifeistheweatherreport.3.代詞neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必須是否定句，這時(shí)后面分句不僅用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，而且時(shí)態(tài)（包括助動(dòng)詞）必須和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。例：1)Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.2)Wedon’tneedair-conditioning,norcanweaffordit.3)Theorganizationhadbrokennorulesbutneitherhaditactedresponsibility.4)Johnhadbeenworkinghardandsohadhisbrother.4.虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if時(shí)，were,had和should要移至主語(yǔ)之前。例：1)HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.2)Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.3)Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,wehadneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.5.句首為否定詞和帶有否定意義的詞或短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用部分倒裝。例：1)Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.2)Notasinglebookhadhereadthatmonth.3)Bynomeanswasheabletohandlethetoughproblem.4)Hardlyhadhearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語(yǔ)有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,hardly/scarcely…when,invain,much/even/stillless,nolonger,nosooner…than,notasingleword,notasoul,notinfrequently,notoften,notonly…but(also),notuntil等。6.only位于句子開(kāi)頭，如果修飾介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句，那么句子應(yīng)倒裝。例：1)Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.2)Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarcanyouwritecorrectly.3)Onlyinafewcountriesdoesthewholeofthepopulationenjoyareasonablestandardofliving.7.so/such…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so放在句首時(shí)，需要倒裝。例：1)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.2)Soproudistheyoungmanthatheisreluctanttoacceptothers’opinion.3)Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.8.在比較和方式副詞從句中，如果主語(yǔ)不是人稱(chēng)代詞，?？稍谥髡Z(yǔ)前添加助動(dòng)詞do/did以代替前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞。例：1)Ispendmorethandomyfriends.2)Shetraveledagreatdeal,asdidmostofherfriends.9.在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。例：1)Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.2)Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.3)Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.10.句首為manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchextremes,tosuchlengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。例：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.11.當(dāng)句子沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)且主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，?？蓪钫Z(yǔ)提到句子前頭，主謂完全倒裝。例：1)Afterthemcameinthehostandthehostess.2)Tothelistmaybeaddedthefollowingnames.3)Oneverysidestretchedfieldsofgreenwheat.同樣地，也可以把表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前面，表語(yǔ)可以是介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞，副詞或分詞。例：1)Aroundthelakeare21statefarms.2)Worstofallweretheirlivingstandards.3)Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmenplayingchess.12.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。例：1)Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!2)LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!II.歷屆四級(jí)試題中的倒裝句及相關(guān)練習(xí):1.Sheneverlaughed,_____losehertemper.(90/01/59)A)orsheeverdid B)nordidsheever C)ordidsheever D)norsheeverdid2.Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehill_____weallsatdowntorest.(91/06/62)A)whenB)thenC)thanD)until3._____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.(93/01/61)A)HaditnotbeenB)ItwerenotC)Weren’titD)Hadnotitbeen4.Wedon'tneedairconditioning,_____.(94/01/57)A)norcanweaffordit B)andnorwecanaffordit C)neithercanaffordit D)andwecanneitheraffordit5.Icouldnotpersuadehimtoacceptit,______makehimseetheimportanceofit.(95/01/42)A)ifonlyIcouldnotB)nomorethanIcould C)orIcouldnotD)norcouldI 6._____formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.(95/01/47)A)NotbeingB)HaditnotbeenC)WithoutbeingD)Nothavingbeen7._____asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(96/01/A)BeingpublishedB)PublishedC)PublishingD)Tobepublished8.Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but______haditactedresponsibly.(96/01/33)A)neither B)so C)either D)both9._____rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.(96/06/42)A)WouldsheleaveB)IfsheleavesC)WereshetoleaveD)Ifshehadleft10._____beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(97/01/34)A)HadtheyarrivedB)WouldtheyarriveC)WeretheyarrivingD)Weretheytoarrive11.Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_____totakemake-uptests.(97/06/43)A)arefreshmenpermittedC)permittedarefreshmenB)freshmenarepermittedD)arepermittedfreshmen12.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances_____thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.(99/06/60)A)mayweuseB)wemayuseC)wecoulduseD)didweuse13.Soconfused_____thathedidn’tknowhowtostarthislecture.A)sincehebecameB)wouldhebecomeC)thathebecameD)didhebecome14.Little_____thatJohnwouldbecomeafamouswriter.A)wethoughtB)wethinkC)didwethinkD)wethinkof15.Notonly_____uslight,butitgivesusheat.A)didthesungiveB)thesungivesC)givesthesunD)doesthesungive16.Abovethelandandwater_____withadepthestimatedtobefrom50to200miles.A)alayerofairisB)willalayerofairbeC)alayerofairbeD)isalayerofair17._____,Tomknowssomethingofelectricity.A)AsheisachildB)AschildheisC)AschildisheD)Childasheis18.WhenIgrewup,duringseverewintersnowstorms,schoolswouldclose,_____postofficesandothergovernmentoffices.A)similartoB)aswouldC)suchasD)like19.Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagood