閱讀理解C篇-2021年上海市高三英語二模專項匯編

06-2021年上海市高三英語二模真題專項訓(xùn)練之閱讀理解C

Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveral

questionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked

A,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthe

passageyouhaveread.

2021寶山二模

AccordingtoOxfordDictionaries,moralitymeans:"Principlesconcerningthe

distinctionbetweenrightandwrongorgoodandbadbehavior."Thoughmoralityisa

rathersubjectivesubject,therearesomeprinciplesthatareuniversalacrossallcultures

foundbyanOxfordUniversitystudy:"helpyourfamily,helpyourgroup,returnfavors,

bebrave,obeysuperiors,divideresourcesfairly,andrespectothers*property".Thefact

thatthesemoralsarefoundacross60culturesfromaroundtheworlddemonstratesthat

morality,thoughsubjective,isthecornerstoneofkeepingoursocietiestogether.Hereare

somereasonstobemoral:withoutmorality,asociallifeisalmostimpossibletomaintain;

havingagoodreputationandhavingaclearconscienceispsychologicallyhealthy;and

mostphilosophiesregardunselfishandprincipledbehaviorasimportant.

Thereisnodoubtthatwithoutmorals,asocietycannotfunctioneffectively.A

confusedsituationwouldappear.AccordingtotheSocietyofMorality,"Wearesocial

animals,andtheactionswetake-thethingswedoandthethingswedon'tdo-have

consequencesonourenvironmentsandontheothersaroundus.Asaresult,weneedto

beabletogovernourbehaviorintheneartermsoasnottoinjureourselvesorour

communityinthelongterm.Thissystemofcontrollingouractionsandourthoughtsin

ordertooperateinacommunityiswhatweoftenrefertoasmorality".Therefore,we

needasetofmoralsinordertooperatewithinasocialcircleandasocialenvironment.

Actingimmoralusuallyresultsinbeingexcludedfromsocialactivitiesorbeingavoided

byasocietybasedonlawsandculturalstandards.

Besidesactingmoralhavingasociologicalneed,italsohasapsychologicalbasis.

Mostpeopleareconcernedtosomeextentabouttheirreputation.AccordingtoPsyPost,

"Alotofeconomicmodelsofhumanbehaviorassumethatpeopleareonlyrational（理性

的）whentheynarrowlypursuetheirownself-interest,buthistoryshowsusthatpeople

arealsotremendouslyconcernedwithbeingandappearingmoral".So,thefearofone's

reputationbeingdamagedisoftenastrongmotivatortobemoral.Andifsomeonehas

beenimmoral,mostpeoplegooutoftheirwaytomakesurenoonefindsout,orto

correctthebehaviorinordertonotbecaught.Thisgoesinlinewithconscienceaswell.

Peoplegenerallyfeelinabetterpsychologicalstateiftheyfeelthattheirconscienceis

clean.Adirtyconsciencecanresultinalackofsleep,anxiety,internalstress,andeven

illness.

Onthesideofphilosophy,thestudyofethics（倫理）comesintoplay.Most

philosophersagreethatoneshouldrationallychooseasetofstandardsofbehaviorin

ordertofunction.Thoughthereismoralrelativism,thereareuniversalanthropological

（人類學(xué)的）morals,asmentionedintheintroduction.Bythenatureofoursocietiesand

cultures,wechoosewhatwebelieveisrightandwrong.Butsurprising,thisrational

behaviorcomestoageneralagreementonmorals.So,thereisafinelinebetweenmoral

relativismandmoralabsolutism.Butthemainthingtotakeawayfromthisdiscussionis

thatphilosophersgenerallybelievethat3eachindividualhastherighttorationallycome

upwithasetofethicstoliveby,andthatitishealthytodoso.

63.Theauthordiscussesmorality（Paragraph1）inorderto.

A.explaintherelationshipbetweenmoralityandculture

B.describethemoralrulesfoundallaroundtheworld

C.contrastthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrong

D.introducethedefinition,principlesandreasonsofmorality

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.actingmoralallowsustofitintogroupsbetter

B.moralitybringsthesystemofcontrollingbehaviors

C.actingimmoralweakenslawsandculturalstandards

D.Ourcontrolledbehaviorsestablishsetsofmorals

65.Whichofthefollowingisthepsychologicalbasisforactingmoral?

A.Pursuitofself-interest.B.Acleanconscience.

C.Theconcernaboutreputation.D.Adirtyconscience.

66.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Toreachageneralagreementonmoralsbasedonethics.

B.Tocarveone'sownsenseofethicstooperateinthisworld.

C.Tochoosebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.

D.Toexcludephilosophers'beliefsandsolutionsaswell.

答案63-66DACB

2021崇明二模

Aseismic（地震的；重大的）shiftinclimatesciencemightbeheatingup.

Newresearchshowsthatsoundwavesproducedbyearthquakescanbeusedtomeasure

temperaturesintheoceanwhichtraps90%oftheheatEarthabsorbsfromthesun,making

long-termchangesinoceanwarmth,amajorfactorinhowtheworldmightrespondtoglobal

warming.

ForyearsthemainapproachofmeasuringoceantemperaturehasbeenArgo,anarray（陣

歹（J）of4000automaticfloats,whichdriftstheglobe,samplingoceanwaterandmeasuringits

temperature.YetArgomeasurementsstopat2000meters.

Thenewtechniquecalled“SeismicOceanThermometry^^wouldbeespeciallyusefulin

detectinglong-termchangesinoceantemperaturesdeeperthanArgo'sreach.

“OceanAcousticTomography”,thebasisforthecurrentresearch,wasfirsttestednearly

30yearsago.Theinitialstudiescreatedsoundwavesartificially,basicallyincreasingthe

volumeongiantunderwaterspeakers.Scientistsmeasuredthesound'straveltimefromthe

speakerstoreceiversthousandsofkilometersaway.Becauseoceantemperaturesaffectthe

speedofthewaves,theresearcherscouldcalculateaveragetemperaturesalongtheirpaths.

Butsomebelievedthenoisewasathreattooceanlifeandthetechniquenevertookoff.

Thenewstudyinsteadusesanaturalsoundsourceforinvestigation:earthquakesmaking

alow,continuousnoisebeneaththeseaflooroffthecoastofSumatrathatdrumupsound

wavesintheocean.OntheshoresoftheChagosIslandsintheEastIndianOcean,between

2005and2016SeismicStationDiegoGarciarecordedseismicwavesproducedbythose

earthquakes.Someofthosewavescreatedphysicalchangesinlandandseaastheytraveled.

OthersweresoundwavesorTwavesthatmovedthroughthedeepocean,deliveringvaluable

dataaboutoceantemperature.

12yearsofdatacoupledwithmathematicalmodelspointedtoatemperaturechangeof

roughly0.044degreesperdecade,atrendlargerthanthosepredictedbyArgo.Thefindings

suggestthatSeismicOceanThermometryisafeasiblemethodtomeasurechangesinocean

temperature,Furtherdatafromotherregionsoftheglobeandothertimeframeswouldhelp

improvethewarmingmodelsandpredictions.Andinfuturestudiestheresearchersplanto

listendirectlyforsoundwaves,usinganetworkofhydrophones,microphoneswhichdetect

soundwavesunderwater.Soundwavessetthetoneforadeepdiveintoourwarmingoceans

eveniftheyfailtoreach60000milesunderthesea.

63.WhatdisadvantagedoesArgohave?

A.Itsreachislimited.B.Ittakeslongtocollectsamples.

C.Itdoesn'tworkglobally.D.Itspredictionisn'treliableatall.

64.ItcanbelearnedthatOceanAcousticTomography.

A.wastestedmanytimesbutneversucceeded

B.remainedunpopularforfearofpotentialharm

C.wasassumedtobetoocomplicatedtobecontrollable

D.measuredoceantemperaturejustasthenewresearchdoes

65.Itcanbeinferredfromthenewfindingsthat.

A.somewarmingisworkingitswaydeeperintotheocean

B.oceantemperatureisrisingfasterowingtoearthquakes

C.soundtravelsfasterincolderwaterthaninhotterwater

D.soundwaveswillslowdownthewarmingoftheocean

66.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.SoundWavesFirstAppliedtoClimateScience

B.NewFactorsFoundtoBeHeatinguptheOcean

C.ANaturalApproachHoldingBackGlobalWanning

D.Ocean'sHiddenHeatMeasuredwithEarthquakeSounds

答案63-66ABAD

2021奉賢二模

TheurgencyandimportanceofCovid-19overthepastyearhavedrivenalmost

everythingelsefrommostleaders5minds.Butsincethevaccineiskickingin,Britain's

governmentisonceagainbeginningtothinkaboutthethingsthatwillmatterlater.Nextweek,

itisexpectedtopublisha"planforgrowth“toboostproductivity,withinnovationatits

centre.

Theworldmaybeonthepointofatechnologicalboomwithlifesciences,atwhich

Britainexcels.Innovationiscrucialtoproductivity,butonthisfrontBritain'sperformance

haslaggedbehinditscompetitors9inrecentyears.ItslowspendingonResearchand

Development(R&D)arguesforaboost.Thosewhoattributedthefinancialfailureinthe

1970stotheinsufficiencyofresearchfundsmayregardthisasathreattoeconomicgrowth.

Promotinginnovationcanquicklyturnintoanexerciseinpickingwinners一or,asismore

oftenthecase,losers.

Aseconddangeristhatpolicyagendasgetmixedup.Thegovernmenthaspromisedto

"levelup”poorerareasofthecountry,sodeprivedtownsarecampaigningformoremoney

fortheiruniversities.Buttryingtoboostinnovationbysendingmoneytoweakinstitutionsis

likelytomakeourleadinguniversitieslosetheiradvantages,thusproducingaverageideas

thatcouldhavebeenremarkable.Britain9sresearch-fundingsystemhasalwaysbeenelitist(精

英主義的).Itshouldstaythatway.

Thegovernment'sfirstmoveinboostinginnovationwastheannouncementofaplan

foranAdvancedResearchandInventionAgency(ARIA).ARIA'spurposeistofundhigh-risk,

high-rewardresearch.Butmoneyisnotallthatmatters.Thesuccessfultranslationoflife

scienceresearchintotreatmentsduringthepandemicsuggestssomeinexpensivemeasures

thatcanalsomakeadifference.

Oneistospeedupgovernmentalprocesses.TherapiditywithwhichBritain'smedical

regulatormovedduringthepandemicisonereasonwhythevaccinerolloutisracingthrough

thepopulation.Urgencyisnotuniquetopandemics.Gettingthingsdonequicklycanmakean

investmentworthwhileanddeterminewhereabusinessmanchoosesasabase.

Anotherusefulmeasurethegovernmentshoulduseisitsuniqueabilitytoovercome

barriers.Atthebeginningofthepandemic,Covid-19researcherswereunabletogainaccess

todifferentstrandsofhealthservicedata.Thegovernmenteasedrestrictionsonexistingdata

andallowedresearcherstoaskpeoplewhohadtestedpositiveforCovid-19tojointrials.Both

werecrucialtotheeffort.

Alastprincipleisthevalueofconnectionsbetweenthegovernmentandtheprivate

sector.KateBingham,aventurecapitalistwholedthevaccine-purchaseeffort,understood

howtodealwithdrugcompanies.Manyofthecivilservantsworkingwithherhad

commercialexperience.Thegovernment'sclosenesstobusinessduringthepandemichas

beencriticized.Butwithoutit,thevaccineeffortwouldnothavesucceeded.

Innovationtookhumanbeingsfromcavestocomputers.Goodeducation,awelcoming

immigrationpolicyandafriendlybusinessenvironmentwilldomosttotendit.Butafew

sensibleprinciplescanhelpkeeptheflameburning.

63.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this”inParagraph2referto?

A.Investinginsufficientmoneyininnovation.

B.Promotinginnovationintechnology.

C.Applyingscienceresultstopracticaluses.

D.Distributingfundstoweakinstitutions.

64.What'sthepossibleconsequenceoftheBritishgovernment'sattemptto“l(fā)evelup”poorer

areas?

A.Britain'sresearch-fundingsystemwillremainelitist.

B.Weakinstitutionsaremorelikelytoproduceremarkableresults.

C.Theoutstandinguniversitieswillbeunabletoexhibitremarkableideas.

D.Bothpoorandrichareasinthecountrywilldevelopinabalancedway.

65.Whatcanbeinferredfromthethreeprinciplesputforwardbythewriter?

A.Abusinessmanismorewillingtosetupbusinesswheregovernmentsshowhigh

efficiency.

B.Theadministrativeabilitiesaresouniquetothegovernmentthattheyactuallyyieldlittle

fruit.

C.Thegovernmentceasedthecooperationwithprivatesectorsforthecriticismtheyhad

received.

D.Therolloutofthevaccinewasmadepossiblemainlybecausethepublicresponded

quickly.

66.Whafsthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.HowGovernmentsFueltheSparksofInnovation

B.WhytheBritsStruggleintheTechRace

C.HowGovernmentsBenefitfromInnovation

D.WhatPeopleGainwiththeLightofTechnology

答案63-66ACAA

2021嘉定二模

GottfriedWilhelmvonLiebnizwasaphilosopherandmathematicianinsearchofa

model.Inhelate1600sLeibnizdecidedtherewasaneedforanew,purerarithmeticthan

ourcommondecimal（十進制）system.Hegothisinspirationfromthe5000-year-old

bookthatisattheheartofChinesephilosophy:theI-Ching,orBookofChanges.

ThisancienttextwassuchaninfluenceonLiebnizthathetitledhisarticleonthenew

arithmetic"ExplanationofanewarithmeticandtheancientChinesefigureofFuXi”.Fu

XiwasthelegendaryfirstauthoroftheI-Ching.ThearithmeticthatLiebnizdescribed

wasbinary（二進制）code,whichisusedinalmosteverymodemcomputer,fromiPhones

toChina'sownTihane-2supercomputer.

TofigureoutwhatLiebnizlearnedintheI-Ching,weneedtounderstandsomething

thatmostofushavetakenfbrgranted.WhenwelistentoanMP3,lookatadigitalphoto

orwatchhelatestTVdrama,weareexperiencingadigitalrepresentationofreality.That

representationisbasicallyjustastringofbinarysignalsthatarecommonlyknownasIs

andOs.WhatLiebniz'sgainedfromthebookwasthateventhemostcomplexreality

couldberepresentedinthebinaryformasIsandOs.

InthephilosophyoftheI-Ching,realityisnotentirelyreal.Itissomethingmorelike

adream.ThisdreamofrealityarisesfromthebinariesofYinandYang,astheyplayout

countlesscombinations,practicallyeverythingintheuniverse.Ifsnotsurprisingthen,

fromtheI-Ching'sperspective,thatanythinginthedreamofrealitycanberepresentedin

astringofIsandOs,processedbyacomputer.

TheI-Chingwasfarmoreambitiousthanthecurrentpracticalapplicationsofbinary

code.ItisclaimedthattheI-Chingrepresentsnothinglessthanthebasicsituationof

humanlifeitself.Asasystemforpredictingthefuture,theI-Chingmightdisappoint,but

asawayofquestioningyourownunconsciousmind,itcanberemarkablyuseful.

TheI-Ching^teachingsalsocontainwarningsaboutourdigitalrevolution.Binary

code,poweredbymodemcomputers,hasanamazingcapacitytorepresentreality.

However,theancientauthorsoftheI-Chingmighthaveunderstooditspotential-andits

dangers-evenbetterthanwenowdo.

Sowhenscientificthinkersaskwhethercomputerscancreate"virtualrealities99or

"artificialintelligence",theyaremissingthepoint.Ofcourse,wecancreateeverdeeper

andmorecomplexlayersofthedreamofreality.Therealquestionis,canwewakeup

fromthedreamwe'reinalready?

63.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutbinarycodes?

A.Theysharethesamesourcewiththedecimalsystem.

B.Theycanformnumerouscombinations.

C.TheyaredocumentedintheBookofChanges.

D.TheyarefirstdiscoveredbyFuXi.

64.1nparagraph3,theunderlinedpartreferstothefactthat.

A.mediaproductsaredigitallyrepresentedusingIsandOs.

B.TVdramasanddigitalphotosarenotworthseeing.

C.Realityismademorecomplexbybinarycodes.

D.Liebniz'smodelishardlyunderstandable.

65.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Computers9abilitytorepresentrealityisquitelimited.

B.HumanlifeisnowingravedangeraccordingtotheI-Ching.

C.WehaveyettounderstandthecompleteteachingsoftheI-Ching.

D.TheI-Chingisperfectlyaccurateinpredictingthefuture.

66.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?

A.TheAncientBookofWisdomattheHeartofEveryComputer

B.TheSupercomputerthatEmploysAncientChineseCulture

C.TheFatherofBinaryCode,GottfriedWilhelmLiebniz

D.TheOriginofEasternandWesternPhilosophy

答案63-66BACA

2021松江二模

Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeverysciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary,the

functionofwhichispartlytonamethings,orprocesseswhichhavenonamesinordinary

English,andpartlytosecuregreaterexactnessinterminology（術(shù)語）.Suchspecialdialects

arenecessaryintechnicaldiscussionofanykind.Beinguniversallyunderstoodbythose

engagedorinterestedintheparticularscienceorart,theyhavetheaccuratenessofa

mathematicalformula（公式）.Besides,theysavetimeinthesekindsofdiscussions,foritis

muchmoreeconomicaltonameaprocessthantodescribeit.Thousandsofthesetechnical

termsareveryproperlyincludedineverylanzedictionary,vet,asawhole,theyare

ratherinthesuburbsoftheEnglishlanquaee.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecial

vocabularies.Intradesandhandicrafts,andotherprofessions,likefarmingandfishery,which

haveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabularyisveryold.

Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesinto

theverycentralpartofourlanguage.Thus,thoughhighlytechnicalinmanyparticulars,these

vocabulariesaremorefamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstood,thanmostother

technicalterms.Inlaw,medicine,andphilosophy,thespecialdialectshavealsobecomepretty

familiartocultivatedpersonsandhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yet

amongtheseprofessions,eachonestillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremain

essentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasincreasedinthelastfifty

years,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthe

mechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedom,andabandonedwhen

theyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewly-inventedtermsarerestrictedtospecial

discussions,andseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.

Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessionsoncewere,aclosecombination.

Lawyers,doctorsandmenofscienceallcommunicatefreelywithothers,notinamerely

professionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalled"popularscience^^makeseverybodyfamiliar

withmodemviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeina

remoteorprovinciallaboratoiy,isatoncereportedonline,andeverybodyissoontalking

aboutit—asinthecaseofAL

63.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Technicaltermswhicharenoteasytouseproperlywillnotbewelcome.

B.Peoplewholiveindowntowndon'thaveapreferencefortechnicalterms.

C.Technicaltermsarenotwidelyemployedthoughcommonindictionaries.

D.Suburbanpeoplefavortechnicaltermsfortheyoftenappearindictionaries.

64.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraph?

A.Therearemoreancientwordsintradesandhandicraftsthaninphilosophy.

B.Mostnewlyinventedtermsareusuallyputintouseindailyconversations.

C.Mostnewtechnicaltermswillbeabandonedforfewcanunderstandthem.

D.Educatedpeoplearefamiliarwiththespecialdialectsintechnologicalfields.

65.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethelastparagraph?

A.Technicaltermstakeonaratherdifferentlookasmodemsocietydevelopsquickly.

B.Peoplecanwellcomprehendtechnicaltermswithoutmuchprofessionalknowledge.

C.Interchangeamongprofessionsandfasterspreadofinformationpopularizetechnical

terms.

D.Advancedwaysofcommunicationgiveahelpinghandtotherapidspreadof

technicalterms.

66.Accordingtothepassage,wecanconcludethat.

A.therewereoncecloserrelationshipsamongdifTerentprofessions

B.usingtechnicalvocabulariesindailydiscussionsistrouble-saving

C.themainfunctionoftechnicaltermsistonamenewly-inventedthings

D.onereasonwhytechnicaltermscomeintobeingistoensureaccuracy

答案63-66CACD

2021徐匯二模

InJapan,wherecareeropportunitiesforwomenarefew,wheredivorcecanmeanalifeof

hardship,andwheremostfemalenamesarestillformedusingawordforchild,awoman's

independencehasalwayscomeatasteepprice.

Notionsofwomen'sliberationhavenevertakenrootamongJapanesewomen.Butwith

inadequateopenconflict,thepushforseparateburialsisquietlybecomingoneofthe

country'sfastestgrowingsocialtrends.InarecentsurveybytheTBStelevisionnetwork,20

percentofthewomenwhorespondedsaidtheyhopedtobeburiedseparatelyfromtheir

husbands.

ThefuneraryrevoltcomesaswomenhereannoyatJapan'sslowpaceinproviding

greater

equalitybetweenthesexes.Thelaw,forexample,stillmakesitalmostimpossiblefora

womantousehermaidennameaftermarriage.Meanwhile,divorceratesarelowbyWestern

standards,becauseachievingfinancialindependenceorevenobtainingacreditcardinone's

ownnameisaninsurmountableobstacleformanydivorcedwomen.Untilrecently,society

enforcedrestrictionsonwomenevenindeath.UnderJapan'scomplexburialcustoms,

divorcedorunmarriedwomenweretraditionallyunwelcomeinmostgraveyards,where

plots（小塊土地）arestillpasseddownthroughthehusband'sfamilyanddescendantsmust

providemaintenanceforburialsitesorlosethem.

“Thewomanwhowantedtobeburiedalonecouldn'tfindagraveyarduntilabout10

yearsagoJsaidHaruyoInoue,asociologistofdeathandburialatJapanUniversity.Shesaid

thatgraveyardswhichdidnotrequiredescendantstomaintain,inordertoaccommodate

women,beganappearinginaround1990.Today,shesaidthattherearecloseto400ofthese

cemeteriesinJapan.ThatisjustonesignofstimngamongJapanesewomen,whoarealso

pressingforthefirsttimetochangethelawtobeabletousetheirmaidennamesafter

marriage.

Althoughcreditgoesbeyondanyindividual,manywomenciteJunkoMastubara,a

popularwriteronwomen'sissues,withignitingthetrendtoseparatesexburials.Starting

threeyearsago,Ms.Matsubarahasbuiltanassociationofnearly600womensome

divorced,someunhappilymarried,andsomedeterminedlysingle--whoplantosharea

commonplotcurbedoutofanordinarycemeteryinthewesternsuburbofChofu.

63.Whatisthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?

A.HowtochangeJapan'scomplexburialcustoms.

B.Japanesewomen'seffortstowinsexequality.

C.Socialandgovernmentalobligationineliminatingsexinequality.

D.HowJapaneselawspreventJapanesewomenfrombeingburiedalone.

64.FromthefactthatdivorcecanmeanalifeofhardshipforJapanesewomen,wecaninfer

that.

A.ManyJapanesewomenhavealowsocialstatus.

B.Ifsanout-datedcustomforJapanesewomentobehousewives.

C.ManyJapanesewomenhaveabadrelationshipwiththeirhusbands.

D.ManyJapanesewomenlivetogetherwiththeirhusbandsinperfectharmony.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefuneralrevoltinJapanisNOTtrue?

A.MoreandmoreJapanesewomenprefertobeburiedseparatelyfromtheirhusbands.

B.Japan'scomplexburialcustomsmakeitmoredifficultforJapanesewomentobeburied

separately.

C.MoreandmoreJapanesewomenresorttodivorcetowinthevictoryoffuneralrevolt.

D.ItcomesastheresultofJapanesewomen'sdissatisfactionwithJapan'sslowpacein

providinggreatersexequality.

66.Themeaningoftheword"ignite“inthelastparagraphis.

A.toinitiateB.toreverseC.tosuggestD.tostrengthen

答案63-66BACA

2021閔行二模

Onceuponatime,sciencefictionwasjustastyleamongotherstyles.Therewerecrime

stories,therewerehorrorstories,therewasliteraryfiction,andtherewassciencefiction.But

todaysciencethemesdominatetheseotherstyles.Ifsdifficulttothinkofmuchmoderncrime,

horroror“serious“fictionthatdoesn'tinvolvescience.

Andit'snotjustbooks.Witheverysecondmovieandcomputergamehavingasci-fi

element,sciencefictionseemstohavecontrolledourentireentertainmentculture.It'sclear

thatifwewanttodefinesciencefiction,weshouldrelateittotherolethatscienceplaysin

ourlives.

Althoughsomeexpertshaveclaimedtobeabletotracesci-fibacktoancienttimes,itis

morereasonabletofinditininitialforminthe19thcentury,whenindustrialsocietiesarose.

Oneofthefeaturesthatsetindustrialsocietiesapartfromotherkindswastheincreasingpart

thatscienceplayedineverydaylife.Factorieswithvastmachinesturnedouthugequantities

ofgoods,whichweretransportedbytrains,motorvehiclesandshipsallovertheworld.Cities

werebuiltonthebackoftechnology,withelectricityinhomesandhospitalshelpingeveryone

toleadhealthier,moreconvenientlives.Allofthesechangeshadgreateffectsnotonlyon

people'sreallives,butontheirimaginativeones.

Writersbegantodescribethesechangingphysicalandmentallandscapes,eventually

givingsciencefictionalargeanddevotedfanbaseofespeciallyyoungreaders,whofound

thatitspoketotheircuriosityaboutthefuturethatsciencewouldcreate.

Butsci-fictionreflectedfearsaboutsciencemorethanitdidhopes.Thesetypicalearly

sciencefictionnovelsmightbeaUKnovellikeH.G.Wells9TheWaroftheWorlds(1897).

Withgreatskill,WellsplayeduponthefearsoftechnologybyimaginingEarthunderthreat

byacivilization-thatofmenfromMars.

Thesciencefictionoftodayexpressestheimpactofthecomputingrevolution,robotics

andourenvironmentalchallenges,whileitislessconcernedwith"littlegreenmenfrom

Mars“andotherthemesofpastsci-fiction.

Giventhatscience,technologyandpoliticsarealwaysintertwined,contemporaryscience

fictionoftenhasagreatdealtosayaboutpower.Manyrecentnovels-likeAmericanCory

Doctorow'sLittleBrother(2008)-areconcernedwithgovernmentandsecurityservice

conspiracies(陰謀)“againstthepeople,particularlyastherevelationsofwhistleblowerslike

EdwardSnowdensinkin.Thiscangivesci-fiwritinga"skeptical(懷疑的)“feel.

Thisunderlinesoneofthefeaturesthatremainsconstantbetweenthebeginningsofthe

empireofsciencefictionanditsstatetoday.

Asthen