2024年高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)篇理解技能梳理(通用版)07 閱讀理解之議論文（原卷版）

07閱讀理解之議論文議論文的特征及相關(guān)試題應(yīng)對(duì)分析一、議論文的文體分析議論文說(shuō)理性強(qiáng)，語(yǔ)言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來(lái)一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來(lái)闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見(jiàn)解，或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說(shuō)服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個(gè)別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到一般的論證方法。它通過(guò)許多個(gè)別的事例或分論點(diǎn)，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到個(gè)別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對(duì)比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對(duì)比法是通過(guò)性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的方法。命題要點(diǎn)由于議論的目的是表明自己對(duì)事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時(shí)?？疾炱溆^點(diǎn)態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時(shí)也對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。解題技巧1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開(kāi)篇，因?yàn)槲恼碌拈_(kāi)篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點(diǎn)，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因?yàn)槲捕问菍?duì)前面所舉事例和分論點(diǎn)的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點(diǎn)以及不同點(diǎn)，并由此來(lái)把握文章的主旨。做題時(shí)可使用以下三個(gè)步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測(cè)。【議論說(shuō)理類文章】議論說(shuō)理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說(shuō)理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：1．一般按提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法寫(xiě)作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、社會(huì)上的重大問(wèn)題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題入手，即提出問(wèn)題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說(shuō)明，推理判斷，即分析問(wèn)題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問(wèn)題。2．以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。3．文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、重大問(wèn)題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題等?！镜淅纠縁orsomereasonwewereremindedthatweprimates(靈長(zhǎng)目)needlove.KimBardoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandandhercolleaguescarriedoutastudyon46babychimpanzeesorphans(黑猩猩孤兒),whichhadlosttheirmothers.Thestudyshowedthatprimatebabiesthathavetightrelationshipswithmotherfiguresdomuchbetteroncognitive(認(rèn)知的)teststhanbabieswhoonlygrewupwithpeers(同伴),butthisisnotbreakingnews.Infact,it'soldnews.Inthe1950s,HarryHarlowdidaseriesofexperimentswithbabymonkeysthatshowed,thatlackofloveandcomfortmakesforacrazymonkey.Harlowmadeacagethatincludedawiremonkey“mother”withaplasticface.Thenheequippedthe“mother”withamilkbottle.Thecagealsohadanotherwire“mother”whowascoveredwithsoftcloth.Thebabymonkeysspentalltheirtimewiththecloth“mother”andonlywenttothewire“mother”tofeed.Harlow'smonkeyexperimentwasimportant,becauseatthetime,childcareexperts,andeverybody'sgrandmotherhada“notouch,nocomfort”policy(方針)towardchildren.Theyadvisedparentsnottorespondtocryingbabies.Theythoughtthatbabiesshouldsleepalonetobecomeindependent,andputthatkiddown.ButHarlow'sworkchangedthatpolicy.Mothersweresoonallowedtohavetheirbabiesnexttotheminthehospital.Thecurrentchimpresearch(研究)basedonHarlow'sworkshowsthatmother'slovedoesn'tjustmakeforapsychologically(精神上地)healthychild,italsomakesforasmartchild.Thehighlyraisedchimpsdobetterthanthosethatarenotloved,andthewell-raisedchimpsdoevenbetterthanhumankidsonIQtests.Weareprimates,socialanimalswhichneedlove.Weneedtobeheldandtalkedtoandmadetofeelthatatleastonepersonwantstobewithusallthetime.1.ThestudyKimBardandhiscolleaguesdid________.A.included46babyandmothermonkeysB.isnothingnewtopeopleaboutthefindingsC.showedthatmanychimpanzeeslackoflovewhentheywereyoungD.showedmanychimpanzeeshadgoodrelationshipwiththeirmothers2.Theunderlinedpart“makesfor”inthethirdparagraphmeans________.A.dosomethingforB.headforC.bringaboutD.connectto3.Harlowbuilttwo“mothers”forbabymonkeysto________.A.makethemlivecomfortablyB.letthemhavemorechoicesC.givethemmoreloveD.makecomparisonwell4.Whichofthefollowingcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Well-raisedchimpsarebetterthanpeopleinIQ.B.Sometimesit'snotwrongtohavenotouchandnocomforttobabies.C.Chimpsgrowingupincagesarelesssmarterthanchimpsgrowingupinwild.D.Babieswhosleepwithmotherstendtobeclevererthanbabiessleepalone.二、議論文的語(yǔ)體特征由于與其他文體相比，英語(yǔ)議論文類似英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文，因此，它具有英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的一些語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)，比如：時(shí)態(tài)較為統(tǒng)一，多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的客觀性；盡可能指明信息來(lái)源等等。但作為一種獨(dú)立的文體，英語(yǔ)議論文在語(yǔ)言上也有一些自己特有的表達(dá)形式：1.較多使用表達(dá)委婉語(yǔ)氣的詞語(yǔ)和句子與英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文相比，英語(yǔ)議論文不僅需要說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)，而且還要讓讀者接受自己的觀點(diǎn)，因此，在詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)上除了客觀之外，還必須注意委婉。在英語(yǔ)中，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，could，may，might，would，should等。請(qǐng)看下面兩組有關(guān)“面試在招生過(guò)程中的重要性”的文字：（1）Nooneshouldbeadmittedinto（招收進(jìn)）collegewithoutapersonalinterview（面試）.Whatcanadmissionspeople（招生人員）tellfromapieceofpaper？Theycantellnothing.Onlywhentheyseeastudentfacetoface，cantheydecidewhatkindofapersonheis.（2）Thoughadmissionspeoplecanlearnsomethingsfromapieceofpaper，suchashowwellapersonwritesandwhatheisinterested

inthere

may

be

many

other

thingsthat

an

application（申請(qǐng)表）cannottellbutcanonlybeseeninapersonalinterview.Thewayapersontalks，thewayhethinksaboutandanswersquestions，the

way

he

reacts（反應(yīng)），are

all

important

facts

of

apersonwhichcannotbefoundonapieceofpaper.兩段文字都強(qiáng)調(diào)“大學(xué)生入學(xué)必須面試”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等表達(dá)方式，語(yǔ)氣較為委婉，更容易為讀者所接受。2.使用有辯論、推理等含義的連接詞和過(guò)渡詞等詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)議論文講究辯論推理的條理性和邏輯性，因此，往往較多地使用這類性質(zhì)的過(guò)渡詞和連接詞，常用的包括：since（既然），nowthat（既然），therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），inthatcase（在那種情況下），because（因?yàn)椋瑂o（所以）。另外，還有些句型也常出現(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)議論文中，比如：Itfollowsthat…（因而……），If…，wemayconcludethat…（如果……，我們可以這樣下結(jié)論……），Shoulditbethecase（如果是這樣的話……），Idon'twantto…，but…（我并不想……，但是……），Ifyouadmit…，then…（如果你承認(rèn)……，那么……），Itistruethat…，but…（誠(chéng)然……，但是……），

Even

if…（即使……）等。下面這篇學(xué)生作文較好地使用了上述這些英語(yǔ)議論文常用的連接詞和過(guò)渡詞等詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，從而使文章的辯論和推理?xiàng)l理清晰，富有說(shuō)服力：Somepeoplesaythattheywillnotgiveupsmokingbecausetheyhavetherighttodowhattheywanttodosincesmokingisnotagainstthelaw.Yes，it'struethatsmokingdoesnotviolate（違反）thelawandthereforetheycandoastheylike，butwhatisequallytrueisthattheyhavetoberesponsibleforwhattheydoatthesametime.NowIdon'twanttobringfearstoanyone，butherearesomestatistics（統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字）I'vejustgotfromnewspaper：Overseventypercentofthepeoplewhodiedoflungcancerwere

heavysmokers.More

than

thirty-five

percent

deformed（畸形的）babieshavesmokingmothers.Evenifthosechainsmokersarenotafraidforthemselves，shouldn'ttheybeafraidfortheirfamilymembersiftheyhavegotany？3.各種句型的使用（1）如“很多人很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)谖镔|(zhì)上是富裕了，精神上卻很貧乏”，可以這樣達(dá)：Manypeoplewillsoonfindthemselvesrichingoods，butraggedinspirit.（注：句中richin與raggedin，goods與spirit具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。）（2）如“利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.（注：句中theadvantages與thedisadvantages具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。）（3）如“他們注意到了這些說(shuō)法中的一些道理，但他們卻忽視了一個(gè)重要的事實(shí)”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Theyhavenoticedagrainoftruthinthestatements，buthaveignoredamoreimportantfact.（注：句中havenoticed與haveignored，agrainoftruthinthestatements與amoreimportantfact具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。）（4）如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Itwillhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffectsbysodoing.（注：句中negative與positive具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果）（5）如“我們既有與我們很為相似的朋友，又有與我們很為不同的朋友”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Wehavefriendssimilartousandfriendsdifferentfromus.（注：句中similarto與differentfrom具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果）（6）有時(shí)也使用排比句式，這種句式整齊而有氣勢(shì)，又不會(huì)使人感到單調(diào)。例如，如“讀書(shū)使我們聰明，鍛煉使我們強(qiáng)健”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Readingmakesuswisewhileexercisesmakeusstrong.4.英文一般講求簡(jiǎn)潔，因此為表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)偶爾使用重復(fù)可以使語(yǔ)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容得到突出。（1）如“現(xiàn)在是忘掉過(guò)去一切的時(shí)候了。現(xiàn)在是言歸正傳的時(shí)候了?，F(xiàn)在是為未來(lái)而奮斗的時(shí)候了”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Nowisthetimetoforgeteverythinginthepast.Nowisthetimetogetdowntothebusiness.Nowisthetimetoworkhardforthefuture.（注：此句為句首重復(fù)，重復(fù)部分為句首的nowitthetimeto）（2）如“我們渴望成功，而且正在為成功而努力工作”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Welongforsuccessandweareworkinghardforsuccess.（注：此句為句尾重復(fù)，重復(fù)的部分為句尾的forsuccess.）（3）如“我相信我們能夠成功，我相信我們也一定會(huì)成功”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Iamconvincedthatwecansucceed，andIamconvincedthatwemustsucceed.（注：and所連接的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)句的句首與句尾部分同時(shí)重復(fù)，重復(fù)的部分為句首的Iamconvincedthat與句尾的succeed）（4）如“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)新的時(shí)代，而一個(gè)改革充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Wearenowlivinginanewera，andaneweraofreformisalwaysfullofventuresandchances.（注：and之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復(fù)，重復(fù)部分為anewera.）5.使用倒裝倒裝這里說(shuō)的倒裝不同于前述非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝。非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所限定的，沒(méi)有自由選擇的余地，只要運(yùn)用需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的句型就要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這里所說(shuō)的倒裝是指修辭性語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝，是進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的一種手段，它利用了語(yǔ)句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇的改革的新時(shí)代正向我們走來(lái)”，可以這樣表達(dá)：Nowoncomingtousistheneweraofreformfullofventuresandchances.6.使用轉(zhuǎn)義轉(zhuǎn)義是一種對(duì)詞語(yǔ)靈活運(yùn)用的修辭手段，主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語(yǔ)、婉轉(zhuǎn)等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。（1）如要表達(dá)“過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”，英文可為：Whathadbeenexperiencedinthepastwasalwaysloominginmemorylikeapicture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特點(diǎn)是使用了like一詞）（2）如要表達(dá)“我們的英語(yǔ)老師就是我們最好的英語(yǔ)辭典”，英文可為：OurEnglishteacherisourbestEnglishdictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特點(diǎn)是利用事物之間的相似之處進(jìn)行比喻，與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞）（3）如要表達(dá)“我正在讀莎土比亞的書(shū)呢”，英文可為：IamreadingShakespeare.（注：此句采用換喻，換喻的特點(diǎn)是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱，使用通過(guò)聯(lián)想理解其含義，但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來(lái)表達(dá)的）（4）如要表達(dá)“這里需要一個(gè)幫手”，英文可為：Ahandisneededhere.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特點(diǎn)是用一個(gè)事物的部分來(lái)代表事物的整體或用一個(gè)事物的整體來(lái)代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個(gè)人）（5）如要表達(dá)“巨大的不幸籠罩著整個(gè)城市”，英文可為：（6）如要表達(dá)“這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢”，英文可為：Thisisreallyagreatstupididea.（注：此句采用反語(yǔ)。反語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)是故意將話反說(shuō)，具有諷刺意味）（7）如要表達(dá)“我太渴望成功了。聽(tīng)到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可為：IwasmadforsuccessandonthenewsofsuccessIwentmadwithjoy.（注：此句采用夸張?？鋸埖奶攸c(diǎn)是為表現(xiàn)事物的特征故意夸大其詞）三、議論文的解讀策略（以閱讀理解為例）解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：作者在開(kāi)始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見(jiàn)的是問(wèn)題—答案型，作者在一開(kāi)始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮?？忌钆麓祟愺w裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記住：首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。考生在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。答題技巧：歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的題型無(wú)非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來(lái)說(shuō)也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：1.主旨大意型干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開(kāi)的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別?！镜淅纠縏oerrishuman.Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman.…Thesethreepopularmisquotes（戲謔的引語(yǔ)）aremeanttobejokes,andyettheytellusalotabouthumannature.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityforhavingmadeamistake.Theynaturallylookforsomeoneelsewhocouldberesponsiblefortheproblem.Perhapsitisthenaturalthingtodo.Theoriginalquoteabouthumannaturewentlikethis:“Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine（神圣的）.”Thissayingmirrorsanideal:peopleshouldbeforgivingofothers’mistakes.Instead,wetendtodotheopposite—findsomeoneelsetopasstheblameonto.However,takingresponsibilityforsomethingthatwentwrongisamarkofgreatmaturity.1.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusmost?（原創(chuàng)題）A.tomakeasfewmistakesaspossible. B.tothinkseriouslyaboutourwrongdoings.C.tobearresponsibilityforourmistakes. D.topasstheblameontosomeoneelse.2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語(yǔ)意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。(1)解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常有以下幾種命題方式：①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過(guò)大、過(guò)?。煌祿Q概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：①包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。③委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形項(xiàng)原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答案的存在。⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。⑥因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過(guò)頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法：(1)帶著問(wèn)題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問(wèn)題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。(2)細(xì)心!3.詞義猜測(cè)型閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來(lái)越多。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折號(hào)表示解釋說(shuō)明。常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：(1)The

word

＂…＂

in

Line

…

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

＂…＂

suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

＂…＂

is/refers

to

/means…(4)The

word

＂…＂

is

closest

in

meaning

to

…常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：同義法：常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)詞義。反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊榉戳x的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ)，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！【典例示例】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Bothsideswantpeace,butneitherfeelsithasanypowertostoptheconflict.Inpart,thisisbecauseneitheriswillingtoadmitanyresponsibilityforstartingit.Fromtheparents’pointofview,theonlycauseoftheirfightistheiradolescents’completeunreasonableness.Andofcourse,theteensseeitinexactlythesameway,exceptoppositely.Bothfeeltrapped.56.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Theteensblametheirparentsforstartingtheconflict.B.Theteensagreewiththeirparentsonthecauseoftheconflict.C.Theteensaccusetheirparentsofmisleadingthem.D.Theteenstendtohaveafullunderstandingoftheirparents.4.推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有：(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)?(4)Whatisthetone(語(yǔ)氣)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?【典例示例】Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywillalmostcertainlymentionrecycling.Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotneedtobringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Thetotalamountofpackagingincreasedby12%between1999and2020.Itnowmakesupathirdofatypicalhousehold’swasteintheUK.Inmanysupermarketsnowadaysfooditemsarepackagedtwicewithplasticandcardboard.62.TheauthorusesfiguresinParagraph2toshow___________.A.thetendencyofcuttinghouseholdwaste B.theincreaseofpackagingrecyclingC.therapidgrowthofsupermarkets D.thefactofpackagingoveruse【典例示例】Whytellthetruthwhenyoucancomeupwithagoodexcuse?Andwhatiswrongwithasocietythatthinksthatmakingupagoodexcuseislikecreatingaworkofart?Oneofcommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Thereisacorollary(直接推論)tothat:ifagoodexcuseis“good”evenifitisn’thonest,thenwhereistheplaceofthetruth?54.Whatistheauthor’sopinionaboutagoodexcuse?A.Makingagoodexcuseissometimesabetterpolicy.B.Inventingagoodexcuseneedscreativeideas.C.Agoodexcuseisasrewardingashonesty.D.Bittertruthisbetterthanagoodexcuse.名校資源學(xué)練1（2023·重慶渝北·高三重慶市渝北中學(xué)校?？茧A段練習(xí)）Anyimagetakenfromspaceconfirmsthatweliveonanoceanplanet.Howstrangethatwecallourplanet“Earth,”derivedfromaGermanicwordmeaning“theground,”whenmorethan70percentofitssurfaceiscoveredbyocean.Weneedmorepeopletoseethesea.Rightnow,lessthan3percentoftheoceanisconsideredhighlyprotected.Expertsurgethatatleast30percentbeprotectedtosafeguardmarine(海洋的)ecosystems,whichinturnwillhelpprotectourhealthandwell-being.Theoceansuppliesmorethanhalfouroxygen,absorbscarbondioxide,regulatesourclimate,andsupportsmuchoftheworld’seconomy.Weneeditalotmorethanitneedsus.TakeFlorida,forexample,oneoftheUnitedStates’recreationalhotspots.It’sborderedbytheFloridaReefTract,NorthAmerica’sonlylivingcoralbarrierreefandthethirdlargestintheworld.Hometomorethan500speciesoffish,thereefisalsoessentialtotheSunshineState’seconomy,generatinganestimated$1.1billionannuallyintourism.Thereefbuffers(保護(hù))thecoastline,too,sincehealthycoralreefsabsorb97percentofawave’senergy.Three-quartersofFlorida’s22millionpeoplelivealongthecoast,andtheFloridaReefTractprovidesmorethan$650millionincombinedeconomicactivityandfloodprotection.ANovember2022studyfromtheUniversityofMiamihasfoundthat70percentofFlorida’scoralreefsareexperiencinganetlossofreefhabitat.DirectlyfacingtheseconcernsiswhatImeanbyseeingthesea—thegood,thebad,theimportant.Knowledgeispower,andwecanuseittoinformourchoices,fromtravelingmoremindfully,toexamininghowwerunourbusinesses,tovoting.“Noonecandoeverything,buteveryonecandosomething,”SylviaEarle,oceanographerandNationalGeographicExploreratLarge,isfondofsaying.Theoceanisaremarkableteacher,andit’snevertoolatetostartlearning.1.Whatdoestheseadoforourhuman?A.Theseachangesourclimate.B.Theseacontrolscarbondioxideforus.C.Theseaproducesalltheoxygenweneed.D.Theseaprovideseconomicalbenefitsforus.2.Whatdoesthewritersuggest?A.Travellingmore,learningmore.B.Runningourbusinesscreatively.C.Raisingawarenessofconservation.D.Doingsomevotingbeforeactions.3.Whereisthepassageprobablyfrom?A.Ascientificfiction. B.Anewsreport.C.Atraveljournal. D.Anaturalmagazine.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToHugtheOceanTightly.B.ToLearntheOceanDevotedly.C.ToCleantheOceanCarefully.D.ToLovetheOceanPermanently.2（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中學(xué)校考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Publichealthdatasignalsagenuinecrisisinadolescentmentalhealth:risingratesofanxiety,depression,andhopelessness.Butasweworryabouttweensandteenswhoarestruggling,wecan’tignoreanothermountingeffect—theburdensthatareshoulderedbytheirfriendsandpeersinan“alwayson”world.Wehavestudiedteensandtechforoveradecade.Theirnetworksareever-expanding,innosmallpartbecausethere’sasensethatbeingnicemeansacceptingfellowrequestsfromacquaintancesandfriends-of-friends.Andit’snotjuststayingconnected—it’skeepingupwithwhatotherspost,too.Socialmediaplatformsthusmakeittechnicallypossibletomaintainmorerelationshipsthanwearehistoricallyactuallywiredtotrackandmanage.Theresultisanoverwhelmingwaveofsocialinformation.It’sespeciallyintenseforadolescentswhosedevelopmentalsensitivitiesdrivethemtocaredeeplyaboutwhattheirpeersaredoingandthinking.Significantstresscomeswithtryingtobea“goodfriend”intheageofsocialmedia.Friendshiprequiresbothpublicandbehind-the-scenessupport.Evenbeforeasocialmediapostismadepublic,closefriendscanbepulledintophotoselection,editing,andfinalexamination.Besides,theyneedtorespondintherightwayandintherightamountoftime,whichdiffersfromonerelationshiptoanother.Replyingtooquicklycanbeseenasover-eager,especiallywhenthefriendshipisnewornotclose.Butwhenit’saclosefriend,toolongalag(延遲)canbehurtful.Thequalitiesthatarekeytobuildingorbreakingfriendshipsareactuallythesameasthey’vealwaysbeen:mutual(相互的)sharingofjoysandsorrows,agiveandtakeofacceptanceandsupport,andanabilitytoweatherandresolveconflicts.Buttechnologieshavetransformedhowfriendshipsplayout.Socialmediaincreasestheburdensthatcomealongwithbeingagoodfriend.Toooften,thesedynamicshitteenshardinwaysthatarelostonadults.Andthatiswhatshouldbechangedwiththehelpofparents,schoolsandotherpartsofsociety.5.Whatmakesteenagers’networkscontinuetoexpand?A.Thepressuretobenice. B.Therequestsoftheirparents.C.Theneedtomeetmorepeople. D.Theburdenoflivingindependently.6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbeingagoodfriendintheageofsocialmedia?A.Exciting. B.Challenging. C.Money-saving. D.Risk-taking.7.Whatshouldbechangedaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Thequalitiesofbeingateenfriend.B.Theconflictsbetweenschoolsandparents.C.Therelationsbetweenparentsandtheirteens.D.Theinfluencesofsocialmediaonteenfriendship.8.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WhymoreteensareaddictedtosocialmediaB.Howteensnowadaysgainlong-standingfriendshipsC.HowsocialmediahasmadeteenfriendshipsmorestressfulD.Whatmakesteensbecomemoresensitivetotheirpeers’needs3（2023·天津南開(kāi)·南開(kāi)中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）Nobusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling.Yetthatiswhatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare“addicted”totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1thisyear,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon’tthinksosaythatthisisjustanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock’n’roll,jazz,comicbooks,novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.However,supportersarguethatgamedevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheirproductstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged:Intheolddays,gameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesofin-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue(收益).Foranother,game-makerscombinepsychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.SmartphonesandmodernvideogamemachinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthiswayproductsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers’spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,atermthatoriginatedincasinos(賭場(chǎng)).Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.NowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,fairlyornot,willnotdotheindustryanygood.9.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?A.Itisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogambling.B.Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren’saddictiontogambling.C.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.D.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm“addicted”.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic”inParagraph2mean?A.Unexpectedaddictioncausedbyscienceandtechnology.B.Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.C.Troublecausedbysomeone’simmoralbehavior.D.Anastonishingclaimoftheunexpectedpanic.11.Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?A.Theydon’tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.B.Theykeepplayers’videogamemachinesupdated.C.Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.D.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.12.Inthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto_______.A.offerasuggestionB.makeapredictionC.giveawarningD.putforwardasolution13.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Addiction:AWarningtotheGamingIndustryB.Addiction:NotaBlameonGamesC.Games:ANewKindofGamblingD.Games:TheCauseofMentalDisorder4（2023·湖南長(zhǎng)沙·長(zhǎng)郡中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceintheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbecausewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhen