英國社會與文化期末復習資料

英國概況：一、填空ThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomisTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandtheNorthernIreland.TheislandofGreatBritainismadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWales.TheUnitedKingdomhasamemberofEuropeanUnionsince1973.BritainisnowaMultiracialsocietywhichproduceapopulationofwhich1of20areofnon-Europeanethnicity.LondonplaysasignificantroleinBritain’s’snotonlythefinancialcenterofthenation,butalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.ThehighestmountaininBritainisBenNevis.ThamesriverflowsthroughcentralLondonanditisaveryimportantriver.EdinburgisthecapitalofScotland.KingdomofGreatBritainandIreland(GeorgeⅢ)currentUnionFlagadoptedonJan.1st,1801.NationalDayofUKisofficiallycelebratedinBritainonthe2ndSaturdayofJuneeachyearsinceFebruary1952.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLonghNeaghinNorthernIrelandwhichcoversanareaof396km2.LondonEyeisthelargestFerriswheel(摩天輪〕inEurope.選擇ThelocationofUKistheEurope.A.EasternB.WesternAllthefollowingcitiesaremajordeep-waterportsofUK,except.A.LondonB.LiverpoolC.BelfastD.EdinburghThenationalflowerofUKis.A.roseAllofthefollowingexceptfor,weretribesfromthenorthwhomovedintoEnglandinthe400sAD.A.AnglesB.SaxonsC.JutesTheAnglo-SaxonChronicleisa.A.poemaboutaheronamedBeowulfB.newspaperC.historicalrecordBeowulfis.A.alongnovelB.alongpoemwrittenbyGeoffreyChaucerC.alongpoembyunknownstorytellerD.alongnovelwrittenbyW.WilliamShakespeareTheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenby.A.GeoffreyChaucerB.ThomasBecketTheframeofTheCanterburyTalesis.A.thepilgrimstellingstoriesontheirtripsB.theconflictbetweenthefriarandthesummonerC.KingArthur’scourtD.thedifferencesbetweentheknightandthesquireTheCanterburyTalesisanunusualpieceofliteraturefromtheMiddleAgesbecause.A.Itdescribesthecharacters’personalitiesB.itincludesmiddleclasscharactersC.bothAandBD.neitherAandBTherearestoriesinTheCanterburyTales.A.5B.26C.15D.6BDADCCAACB簡答WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthDescribethegeographicalpositionofBritainDoesBritainhaveafavorableclimateWhyWhatarethefactorswhichinfluencetheclimateinBritain？WhichpartofBritainhashemostrainfallandwhichpartisthedriest英國教育填空StateSchoolsaretotallyfundedbythegovernmentandfreetoallBritishchildren.Schoolingiscompulsorybetweentheagesof5and16years:totalof11yearsinUK.Co-educatedSchoolsadmitbothboysandgirls.4.AllBritishschools-State&IndependentarerequiredtofollowtheNationalCurriculumguide-linessetdownbythegovernment.5.Thechildrenbeginsecondaryeducationattheageof11.6.Grammarschoolsselectthechildrenwhogethighmarksinthe“ElevenPlus〞examination,orshowacademicpotential.7.Britishuniversitiesreceivefundsfromthecentralgovernment.8.TwocharacteristicsofUniversityofOxfordandCambridgeisCollegesystemandTutorialsystem.9.OpenUniversityisU.K.’slargestuniversityforpart-timehighereducation.10.UniversityofLondonisafederationofcolleges.單項選擇Aarefundedbythefeeschargedtotheparents.IndependentSchoolsB.StateSchoolsC.Co-educatedSchoolsD.PublicSchoolsThosewishingtogainentrytouniversitymustcompleteanadditionaltwoyearsofDstudies.A.GCSEB.SATC.ElevenPLusD.ALevelBeforeprimaryschoolingsomechidrenhaveanopportunitytoattendthefewkingdergartens,whicharecalled“C〞.JuniorsectionB.InfantsectionC.NurserySchoolsD.SecondarySchoolsAcademicYearinUKbeginsinSeptember,andisdividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatB.Christmas,Easter,andinthewinter.B.Christmas,Easter,andinthesummerC.Christmas,Halloween,andinthesummerD.NewYear,Easter,andinthesummerAfter5yearsofsecondaryschooling,ataboutage16,thestudentssittheirCexams.GCEA(GeneralCetificateofEducation-Advanced)GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)A-LevelAfterthestudentssittheirGCSEexams,thentheycanconcentrateonvocationaltraining,andattendBexams.A.GCEA(GeneralCetificateofEducation-Advanced)B.GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)C.GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)ThereisonlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversityinUK,thatisD.theUniversityofManchestertheUniversityofCambridgetheUniversityofOxfordtheUniversityofBuckinghamWhichoneistheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworldCtheUniversityofManchesterB.theUniversityofCambridgeC.theUniversityofOxfordD.theUniversityofBuckinghamTheamountoffundingeachuniversityreceivesisbasedonD.itssizethenumberofstudentsitteachestheresearchitconductsAlloftheabovewhichuniversityisnotinScotlandAtheUniversityofYorkB.theUniversityofGlasgowC.theUniversityofEdinburghD.theUniversityofAberdeen簡答WhatisthepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystemWhatisthedifferencebetweenChinese&BritishEducationSystemsWhatisOpenUniversityUK’slargestuniversityforpart-timehighereducation.Itwasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursein1970.Itisopentoeverybody.CoursesaretaughtthroughTV,radio,英國政黨：=1\*ROMANI.填空InBritian,thecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.InBritain,acandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedepositof￡500.TheLiberalDemoratsisthecombinationoftheSocialDemocraticPartyandtheLiberalParty.CurrentlythethreedominantpoliticalpartiesinUKaretheConservativeparty,theLaborPartyandtheLiberalDemocrat.ThePartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinister.ChurchillisthememberofConservativeparty.ThecurrentleaderofliberaldemocraticpartyisNickClegg,whoisthedeputyPM.AHungparliamentreferstotheconditionwherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.TheclasssystemdoesexistinBritishsociety,whichincludesWorking-class,Middle-class,hereditaryaristocracy.ThemajorityofrecentimmigrantsarefromsouthAsia——India,PakistanandSriLankaandCaribbeancoutries——JamaicaandTrinidad.Ⅱ選擇WhohastherightstovotefortheMembersofParliamentformingtheHouseofCommonsoftheparliamentofUK.DlordB.criminalsC.thelegallyinsameD.citizensover18OnTuesday11May,GordonBrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,markingtheendof13yearsofAgovernment.A.LabourB.TheConservativepartyC.TheLiberalDemocratD.theLibaralPartyIn2021,QueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedBtoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister.A.CordonBrownB.DavidCameronC.NickCleggD.TonyBlairCoalitiontalksbeganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandCandlastedforfivedays.A.theLiberalPartyB.LabourPartyC.theLiberalDemocratsD.TheTory5.AReferstowherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.A.hungparliamentB.shadowparliamentC.parliamentD.cabinetTheConservativepartywasfoundedin1834outoftheoldD,whichitselfhadbeenfoundin1678.A.LabourPartyB.TheLiberalC.WhigsD.TonyPartySheadvocatedtheideaofsmallgovernmentandfree-maeketeconomics.DuringhertermasthePrimeMinister,shecarriedoutpoliciestoBandtocuttaxrates.A.nationalizetheprivateB.privatizethenationalizedindustryC.EstablishtheprivateindustryD.investtheprivateindustryIn1948,TheLabourgovernmentsetuptheNationalHealthServicetoprovidehighqualityAforallfree.IfthegovernmentlosesaBintheHouseofCommons,thatis,ifamajorityofMPsagree,thenithaseffectivelylostitsabilitytogovernandisforcedtoresignandcallageneralelection.A.First-Past-the-PostB.“voteofnoconfidence〞C.Winner-takes-allD.majorityofsupport10.TheidealoftheliberalDemocratsistoC.A.ProvidefreewelfaresB.cutthetaxesC.giving“powertothepeople〞D.solvetheunemplaymentⅢ.簡答WhataretheeffectsofImmigramtsWhatisthemeaningofFirst-Past-the-PostinBritishelectionWhatarethemainpoliciesoftheConservativePartyWhatarethemainpoliciesoftheLabourParty英國政府：一、填空TheUKstillkeepsanoldfashionedgovernmentonthebasisofconstitutionalmonarchy.Coronationisaceremonyofcrowningakingorqueen.QueenElizabethⅡhascrownedsince1952.ElizabethⅡisthecurrentmonarchofUK.UKhasademocraticgovernmentwithelectedrepresentativesinitsparliament.KingJohnofEnglandagreedtosignTheMagnaCarta,in1215,tothedemandsofhisbarons.ThemembersofHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsSpiritualandtheLordsTemporal.WindsorCastle32kilometers(20miles)westofLondonontheThames,hasbeentheresidenceofEngland’sroyalfamilyfor900years.TheHouseofCommonsisademocraticallyelectedchamberwithelectionsheldatleasteveryfiveyears.BuckinghamPalaceinWestminsteristheofficialLondonresidenceoftheBritishsovereign.TheCabinetmeetsregularly,usuallyonceaweek,inoneoftheroomsinthePrimeMinister’sofficialresidenceNo.10Downingstreet.TheHouseofCommonsconsistsof651memberselectedfromthecountry’s651constituencieswithMr.Speakerasthechairmanindebates.選擇IntheUnitedKingdom,ministersareappointedbytheQueenontherecommendationofC.A.theLordChancellorB.theMonarchC.thePrimeMinisterD.theKingDuringWorldWarⅡ,asawarleader,Dreceivedmassivepopularsupportandledthecountrytofinalvictoryin1945.A.HaroldWilsonB.MargaretThatcherC.FranklinRooseveltD.WinstonChurchillOnacceptingD,theageofconstitutionalmonarchy,ofamonarchywithpowerslimitedbyParliament,began.A.ConstitutionalLawB.TheDeclarationofIndependenceC.CivilLawD.BillofRightsInBritain,aBisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns.A.civicelectionB.by-electionC.popularelectionD.generalelectionAllofthefollowing,exceptforDwerethemostimporantprovisionsoftheGreatCharter.A.Notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncil.B.Nofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedunlessconvictedbyajuryofhisfellowcitizens.C.Merchantsshouldbepermittedtomoveaboutfreely.D.Thekingrenouncedhiscrown.FemaleswereallowedtovoteinnationalelectionsuntilA.TheparliamentwasaBwordforatalking-place.JoanofArclivedduringtheBcentury.thB.15thththJoanlivedandfoughtinB.AssoonasWilliamhadbeencrowned,hebegantoorganizethegovernmentofEnglandonthesystemthathadbeensosuccessfulinNormandy.ThisiscalledCsystem,anditwasbasedontheownershipofland.簡答ComparethegovernmentsystemofUKwiththatofUA.Describethepowerofthequeen.Whatarethefunctionsofparliament？Elaboratethecompositionoftheparliament.簡答題：概況WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthDescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain(1)anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseastothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEuropetotheeastbytheNorthSeatothewestbytheIrishSeaandtheAtlanticOcean(2)locatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope,lookingwesttoAmerica3.DoesBritainhaveafavorableclimateWhyYes,itdoes.asteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyearthetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.WhatarethefactorswhichinfluencetheclimateinBritain？WhichpartofBritainhashemostrainfallandwhichpartisthedriest(1)Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.Thesouth-westwindsblowoverthecountryalltheyearround,bringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate.TheNorthAtlanticDriftpassesthewesterncoastoftheBritishislesandwarmsthem.(2)政府ComparethegovernmentsystemofUKwiththatofUA.TheSystemofGovernmentintheUK(1)Itisamonarchic君主政體的governmentwiththeQueenastheheadofthestate(constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制)(2)Itisademocraticgovernmentwithelectedrepresentativesinitsparliament(ParliamentaryDemocracy)(3)ItisaunitarygovernmentwithastrongcentralgovernmentTheSystemofGovenmentintheUSA(1)TheUnitedStatesisfederalcountrywithapresidentialgovernment.(2)Federalism聯(lián)邦制度——thedivisionofthepowersofgovernmentbetweenthenationandthestateintheUnitedStates.(3)TheSeparationofPowers——theseparationofpowersamongthethreedepartmentsoftheFederalGovernment.Describethepowerofthequeen.ThepowerofthequeenisnowheredefinedasBritainhasnowrittenconstitutionandmanyoftherulesthatgovernthesystemarecustomsorconventions.(1)Theoretically,theQueenhasallthepower:Sheistheheadoftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentandgiveseffecttoalllaws.Shemaypardoncriminaloffensesandcancelpunishments.Sheisthecommander指揮官-in-chiefofthearmedforces.SheisthetemporalheadoftheChurchofEngland.Shealsoconfersalltitlesofrankandappointsjudges,officersofthearmedforces,governors,bishops主教anddiplomats.Shehasthepowertoconcludetreaties,todeclarewaruponandmakepeacewithothernations.(2)Inpractice,theroleofthemonarchy(symbolic):symbolisethetraditionandunityoftheBritishstate;setstandardsofgoodcitizenshipandfimilylife;aconfidante知己的女友tothePrimeMinister.Whatarethefunctionsofparliament(1)passeslaws;(2)providesthemeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernmentbyvotingfortaxation;(3)scrutinizes仔細檢查，詳審governmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditure;(4)debatesthemajorissuesoftheday.Elaboratethecompositionoftheparliament.(1)theQueen(2)theHouseofLords(3)theHouseofCommons政黨WhataretheeffectsofImmigrantsPositive:increasesthevarietyandinterestwithinEnglishculture;avariedcuisine;newformsofpopularmusic;differentreligiousbeliefs/contributionstosociety;RelativelytolerantcountryNegative:inequalityanddiscriminationdoexist;dependsontheattitudeofsomeoftheirwhiteneighbor;viewthenewcomersasathreattotheirwayofliving/troubleintheprocessofassimilatingtheimmigrants;economicallypoorerthanthewhitepopulationWhatisthemeaningofFirst-Past-the-PostinBritishelectionFirst-Past-the-Postwascoinedasananalogy類比tohouseracing(1)Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.(2)Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.(3)Thepayoffis“winner-takes-all〞贏者統(tǒng)吃(4)Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvotesintheirfavourwins.WhatarethemainpoliciesoftheConservativePartyWhatarethemainpoliciesoftheLabourParty經(jīng)濟Whatis“BritishDisease〞(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’secon