概要寫作講座三（4）班用

例談概要寫作之要點(diǎn)獲取和改寫OriginalPassageSummaryWhatisaSummary?Ashortenedpassage(60words)keepthekeypointsoftheoriginalArestatementinyourownwordsAreadablecontinuouswhole被簡化的短文保留要點(diǎn)重述可讀的連續(xù)的整體

A.1.ManyteenagersinChinaplaycellphonegamestoomuch.2.Sotheschoolandparentsmustworktogetherandtakeeffectivemeasures.3.Somepeoplearedoubtfulaboutthesemeasures.Othersarguetheyarenecessaryandcanworkverywell.

B.ManyteenagersinChinaplaycellphonegamestoomuch.Sotheschoolandparentsmustworktogetherandtakeeffectivemeasures.Somepeoplearedoubtfulaboutthesemeasures.Othersarguetheyarenecessaryandcanworkverywell.Whichismorelikeasummary?AorB?

B提綱HowtoWriteaGoodSummary?connectthekeypointswithproperwords;1.find2.paraphrase3.connect4.write

readtwoorthreetimestofindthekeypoints;rewritethekeypoints;

writeadraftandeditit.---找，改，連，寫Difficultiesinteaching1.Howtogetthekeypoints?2.Howtoparaphrase?rewrite改寫體裁決定框架1.議論文：opinion+supportingdetails(evidence)2.說明文：*anobject(物體)+characteristics(特征)/functions(功能)+significance(意義)*aphenomenon(現(xiàn)象)/problem+causes+effect/solution+conclusion框架幫助理解文本原因解決方法影響結(jié)論證據(jù)支撐細(xì)節(jié)Howtogetthetopicsentence1.段落大意有可能是首句或尾句，但并非總是如此2.段落中的轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,讓步though,as,although，結(jié)果asaresult,so,therefore及其他如infact,asamatteroffact等是要點(diǎn)提示詞；3.如有設(shè)問，與答案合并成為要點(diǎn)；主題句找主題句NotthatCharlie‘sownlifewaseasy!Hewasborninapoorfamilyin1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformers,whoseincomewasoftenuncertain.Unfortunatelyhisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff,soCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.Topicsentencesupportingsentences支撐句Howtoparaphrase?使用近義詞,同義詞替換如shethinks3.改變詞性如beharmfulto3.改變主語如Itseemsthatsbdo4.改變語態(tài)如Weimprovedtheenvironment.(主動)Theenvironmentwasimproved(byus)(被動).doharmto/harmsbseemstodoinmyview/PersonallyHowtorewritethesentences?5.定語從句非謂語動詞與互換如ThemanwhowasseenbyuslastweekisSmith.ThemanseenbyuslastweekisSmith.6.數(shù)字改寫改寫數(shù)字1.很大的數(shù)字改成200,000Alargenumberof/many…2.百分?jǐn)?shù)改成30.74%---53.4%--aboutonethirdmorethanahalf3.關(guān)于不同年齡的人改寫成6-1213-1640-6060---Children/kidsteens/teenagersmiddle-agedoldpeople7.整合句子（使用省略、代詞、連詞等方式）如：Thebossaskedmetobuymuchcomputerequipmentfromthestore.Iwenttobuymuchcomputerequipmentfromthestoreasheasked.---省略ThebossaskedmetobuymuchcomputerequipmentfromthestoreandIdidso.Yesterday,anotherstudentandI,representingouruniversity'sstudentassociation,wenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear'sinternationalstudents.Yesterday

anotherstudentandIwenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear'sinternationalstudents.---省略/壓縮

HelikesTangpoems.Tangpoemsareveryeasytolearnandrecite.HelikesTangpoems.Theyareveryeasytolearnandrecite.----代詞Theroomofmyownwaspaintedwhite.Theroomofmybother’swaspaintedblue.Theroomofmyownwaspaintedwhitewhilemybrother’sblue.----省略+連詞寫作材料P79para.1Readthisparagraphandfindthetopicsentenceifthereisone.ButwhyexactlyhasveganismbecomesopopularamongyoungBrits?FindthetopicsentencesifthereisonePara.2:Onereasoncouldbethat…beneficialtotheenvironment.Para.3:Anotherreason…wrongkillanimals…asfood.Para.4:Withtherisingof…betterandhealthierlife.Para.5:Therefore,thepopularityseemstobegoingon.Paraphraseeachtopicsentence1.ButwhyexactlyhasveganismbecomesopopularamongyoungBrits?MoreandmoreyoungBritslikeveganism.Goingveganismhasbecomea________amongBritsyoungpeople.fashiontrend

Para.2:Onereasoncouldbethatmanyyoungpeople

wanttoprotecttheenvironment,aslessmeatconsumptionisknowntobebeneficialtotheenvironment.Ontheonehand,Lotsofyoungstershopetopreservetheenvironmentbyeatinglessmeat.Foronething,theybelievegoingveganismcouldhelpprotecttheenvironment.Para3:Anotherreasonisthatmanyoftoday’syoungpeople

believethatit’swrongtokillanimalstobeusedasfood.Ontheotherhand,intheiropinion,itiswrongtokillanimalsforfood/meat.Foranother,theybelievekillinganimalsformeatisethicallywrong.…killinganimalsforfoodisconsideredwrong.Para.4:Withtherisingofveganism,manyyoungpeoplebelievethatgoingveganwillmakethemhaveabetterandhealthierlife.Theyinsistonveganismwhichwillbringthemabetterandhealthierlife.Peoplegoingonveganwillhavea…Goingonveganwillmakepeople’slifebetterandhealthier.Para.5.Therefore,thepopularityseemstobegoingon.Thepopularityofveganismseemstocontinue.Itseemsthatveganismwillstillbepopular.Maybegoingveganwillstillbeapopulartrend.范文GoingveganhasbecomeafashionamongBritishyoungpeople.Foronereason,veganismishelpfultotheenvironmentalprotection.Foranother,itiswrongtokillandeatanimals.What’smre,peoplegoingveganwillliveabetterandhealthierlife.Asaresult,veganismmaybestillapopulartrend.找要點(diǎn)Whatisafact?Isitsomethingthatpeoplebelieve?No.Afactisanythingthatcanbeproved.Forexample,itcanbeprovedthatChinahasmorepeoplethananyothercountryintheworld.Thisisafact.Thenwhatisanopinion?Anopinioniswhatsomeonebelievesistruebuthasnotbeenproved.Soanopinionisnotgoodevidenceinatrial.Forexample,itisanopinionifyousay“Catsarebetterpetsthandogs”.Itmaybetrue,butitisdifficulttoprove.Somepeoplemaynotagreewiththisopinionbuttheyalsocannotprovethattheyareright.整合要點(diǎn)Afactisanythingthatcanbeproved.Anopinioniswhatsomeonebelievesistruebuthasnotbeenproved.概括要點(diǎn)Hewasborninapoorfamilyin1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformerswhosefamilyincomewasoftenuncertain.Unfortunatelyhisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff,soCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.Charlie's___________was_______________familylifetough/difficult/hard.unfortunate概要要點(diǎn)Blackpeoplecouldnotvoteorchoosetheirleaders.Theycouldnotgetthejobstheywanted.Thepartsoftowninwhichtheyhadtoliveweredecidedbywhitepeople.TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.Noonecouldgrowfoodthere.概括要點(diǎn)LastweekItookajourneydeepintospace,totheendofthesolarsystem,andwaspulledintoablackhole.ThenItookatriptoBrazilandexperiencedsurvivinganairplanecrashinthejungle.Afterthat,Ijoinedsomediversandwenttothebottomoftheoceantoseestrangeblindcreaturesthathaveneverseensunlight.Forabreak,Itookpartinsomecarracingandthenskieddownsomeofthemostdifficultmountainsintheworld.Iendedmytravelsbymeetingfacetofacewithadinosaur,theterribleT-Rex,andsurvivedtheexperience!整合要點(diǎn)Withthesediscoveries,somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.Theyfocusonkeepingtheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.Withthesediscoveries,somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningorganicfarmingwithoutusinganychemicalstokeeptheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.范文Thebiggestadvantageofstudyingabroadisindependencewecanlearnfromit.Whengoingabroad,Ihadtoworkandlearnhowtomanagemoneyonmyown.Inaddition,Ihadtosolvehousingproblemandtakecareofmydailyhousework.Alltheseexperiencesincreasemyindependenceandequipmeforthecomplicatedfuture.課本p30Manygesturesandactionsofbodylanguage,apowerfulmeansofcommunication,areuniversal.Smile,amostuniversalone,usuallyshowsgoodfeelings.Therearealsootherwidelyusedexpressionstoshowunhappinessoranger,agreementordisagreement,boredomandrespect.Althoughtheyaremanyculturaldifferencesbetweenpeople,peoplecanunderstandeachotherbecauseofitssimilarities.概要--網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮范文：ManyteenagersinChinahavebecomeaddictedtoovernightonlinegames.Thus,thegovernmentreleasedadraftlawtosolvethelong-lastingissue.Somepeoplewelcomedthelawbecauseitisbeneficialtotheteens’health,whileothersdoubtedwhetheritwouldbeeffective.Actually,manyothercountrieshavealsobeenmakinglawsagainsttheyouthonlineaddiction.黃本P75Whenwasthelasttimeyousentsomeonealetterbyregularmail?ThankstotheInternet,manypeopleprefertosende-mailsratherthanmaillettersusingthepostalsystem.Youngpeopleenteringtheworkingworldtodayfindthemselvessendingandreplyingtohundredsofbusinessrelatede-mailseveryweek.However,manyofthesesameyoungpeopledon?tseemtoknowsomebasicruleswhenitcomestosendinge-mailsatwork.Mostofthepeoplesaidtheydidn’tchecktheirspellingorpunctuation(標(biāo)點(diǎn))beforehitting“send”.

Evenmoresurprisingwasthat5%ofthemsaidtheysometimesende-mailstotheirbosswiththewords“l(fā)oveandkisses!”Whilethisisfineforpersonalmessagestofriendsandlovedones,itisnormallyconsideredimproperinworkplace.

Themainreasonforthisuseofinformallanguageinworkplacee-mailisthatalotofyoungpeoplehavealwayscommunicatedwithothersontheInternet—especiallyusinge-mails—inarelaxedandfriendlymanner.Formanypeople,onlinecommunicationoutsideofwork,suchastalkingwithothersinchatrooms,postingonmessageboards,andsendinge-mailtofriends,isusuallyforfun.

Anotherreasonisthatyoungpeoplenowareunfamiliarwithhowtowriteformalletters,becausetheyhaveneverhadtowriteaformalletterbefore.Theyhavehadnotraininginhowtowriteabasicbusinessletter,andareunawareofthestyleandlanguagethatshould,andshouldnot,beused.WithmorebusinesslettersnowbeingconductedusingtheInternetthaneverbefore,itisimportantforpeopletobeawareofthedifferencesinlanguageusebetweenpersonalandbusinesscommunication—especiallywhenusinge-mails.Sonexttimeyousendane-mailattheoffice,rememberyou’renotjustonline,you’reatwork.概要寫作參考范Despitethepopularityofsendingemailsamongyoungpeople,manyofthemignoresomesimplerulesofletterwritingbyusinginformallanguage.(要點(diǎn)1)That’smainlybecausethey’reaccustomedtocommunicatingcasuallyonline.（要點(diǎn)2）Alackofknowledgeofformalletterwritingcanalsoaccountfortheirfailuretowriteappropriately.（要點(diǎn)3）However,Withe-mailswidelyusedinworkplace,peopleshouldlearntowriteformallyinbusinessemails.（要點(diǎn)4Passage1Socialpracticehasbeenmoreandmorepopularinuniversitiesandcolleges.Studentsareaskedtoentersocietyandgetsomeideaofit.Surelysocialpracticehasmanyadvantages.Firstly,socialpracticecanofferstudentsachancetocontactsocietyandmeetdifferentkindsofpeople.Inthiswaystudentscangainsomevaluablesocialexperience,whichwillbeusefultotheirfuturecareer.Secondly,studentscanapplywhattheyhavelearnedinclasstopracticalwork,thusknowingthemselvesmoreclearly.Thirdly,socialpracticecanbringthemsomefinancialrewardandmakethemmoreindependentoftheirfamily.

However,someproblemsmayariseifnocorrectguidanceismade.Forexample,somestudentsgetoverlyinterestedinsocialpracticeandwanttoworkfull-timeandearnmoney,thusneglectingtheirstudies.Andsomestudentsarelikelytogetintouchwiththedarksideofsociety,whichwillaffecttheirfuturestudies.

Inordertocarryoutsocialpracticesmoothly,studentsshouldfirstknowitsobjective.Theyshouldputtheirstudiesinthefirstplaceandseesocialpracticejustasausefulsupplement,sotheyoughttotrytostrikeabalancebetweensocialpracticeandtheirstudies.Para2

However,someproblemsmayariseifnocorrectguidanceismade.Forexample,somestudentsgetoverlyinterestedinsocialpracticeandwanttoworkfull-timeandearnmoney,thusneglectingtheirstudies.Andsomestudentsarelikelytogetintouchwiththedarksideofsociety,whichwillaffecttheirfuturestudies.

______________________________________________________________________________________Para3Inordertocarryoutsocialpracticesmoothly,studentsshouldfirstknowitsobjective.Theyshouldputtheirstudiesinthefirstplaceandseesocialpracticejustasausefulsupplement,sotheyoughttotrytostrikeabalancebetweensocialpracticeandtheirstudies.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Socialpractice,whichhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinschools,enrichesstudents’experience,putstheirknowledgeintopracticeandrewardsthemwithmoney.(要點(diǎn)1)However,itmayaffecttheirstudiesandtheirfuturevaluesduetogettingtoointerestedinthisactivity.(要點(diǎn)2)Therefore,studentsshouldgiveprioritytostudiesandbalancetheirstudiesandsocialpractice.(要點(diǎn)3)(54詞)onepossibleversionSocialpractice,whichhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinschools,enrichesstudents’experience,putstheirknowledgeintopracticeandrewardsthemwithmoney(要點(diǎn)1)Para1Socialpracticehasbeenmoreandmorepopularinuniversitiesandcolleges.Studentsareaskedtoentersocietyandgetsomeideaofit.Surelysocialpracticehasmanyadvantages.Firstly,socialpracticecanofferstudentsachancetocontactsocietyandmeetdifferentkindsofpeople.Inthiswaystudentscangainsomevaluablesocialexperience,whichwillbeusefultotheirfuturecareer.Secondly,studentscanapplywhattheyhavelearnedinclasstopracticalwork,thusknowingthemselvesmoreclearly.Thirdly,socialpracticecanbringthemsomefinancialrewardandmakethemmoreindependentoftheirfamily.

__________________________________________________________________________________However,itmayaffecttheirstudiesduetogettingtooabsorbed/buried投入inthisactivity.(要點(diǎn)2)Therefore,studentsshouldgivepriority優(yōu)先權(quán)tostudiesandbalancetheirstudiesandsocialpractice.(要點(diǎn)3)(54詞)ReadforKeyPointsPara.1CouldyoureproduceSiliconValleyelsewhere,oristheresomethinguniqueaboutit?Itwouldn’tbesurprisingifitwerehardtoreproduceinothercountries,becauseyoucouldn'treproduceitinmostoftheUSeither.WhatdoesittaketomakeaSiliconValley?It’stherightpeople.IfyoucouldgettherighttenthousandpeopletomovefromSiliconValleytoBuffalo,BuffalowouldbecomeSiliconValley.Youonlyneedtwokindsofpeopletocreateatechnologyhub(中心):richpeopleandnerds(癡迷科研的人).__________________________________________________________Point1_______________________________________________________________ReadforKeyPointsPara.2

Observationbearsthisout.WithintheUS,townshavebecomestartuphubsifandonlyiftheyhavebothrichpeopleandnerds.FewstartupshappeninMiami,forexample,becausealthoughit’sfullofrichpeople,it’snotthekindofplacenerdslike.WhereasPittsburghhastheoppositeproblem:plentyofnerds,butnorichpeople.ThetopUSComputerSciencedepartmentsaresaidtobeMIT,Stanford,Berkeley,andCarnegie-Mellon.MITyieldedRoute128.StanfordandBerkeleyyieldedSiliconValley.ButwhatdidCarnegie-MellonyieldinPittsburgh?AndwhathappenedinIthaca,homeofCornellUniversity,whichisalsohighonthelist.Point2_______________________________________________________________________________CouldyoureproduceSiliconValleyelsewhere,oristheresomethinguniqueaboutit?Itwouldn’tbesurprisingifitwerehardtoreproduceinothercountries,becauseyoucouldn'treproduceitinmostoftheUSeither.WhatdoesittaketomakeaSiliconValley?It’stherightpeople.IfyoucouldgettherighttenthousandpeopletomovefromSiliconValleytoBuffalo,BuffalowouldbecomeSiliconValley.Youonlyneedtwokindsofpeopletocreateatechnologyhub(中心):richpeopleandnerds(癡迷科研的人).Observationbearsthisout.WithintheUS,townshavebecomestartuphubsifandonlyiftheyhavebothrichpeopleandnerds.FewstartupshappeninMiami,forexample,becausealthoughit’sfullofrichpeople,it’snotthekindofplacenerdslike.WhereasPittsburghhastheoppositeproblem:plentyofnerds,butnorichpeople.ThetopUSComputerSciencedepartmentsaresaidtobeMIT,Stanford,Berkeley,andCarnegie-Mellon.MITyieldedRoute128.StanfordandBerkeleyyieldedSiliconValley.ButwhatdidCarnegie-MellonyieldinPittsburgh?AndwhathappenedinIthaca,homeofCornellUniversity,whichisalsohighonthelist.IgrewupinPittsburghandwenttocollegeatCornell,soIcananswerforboth.Theweatheristerrible,particularlyinwinter,andthere’s

nointerestingoldcitytomakeupforit,asthereisinBoston.Richpeopledon’twanttoliveinPittsburghorIthaca.Sowhilethereareplentyofhackerswhocouldstartstartups,there’snoonetoinvestinthem.Doyoureallyneedtherichpeople?Wouldn’titworktohavethegovernmentinvestthenerds?No,itwouldnot.Startupinvestorsareadistincttypeofrichpeople.Theytendtohavealotofexperiencethemselvesinthetechnologybusiness.Thishelpsthempicktherightstartups,andmeanstheycansupplyadviceandconnectionsaswellasmoney.Andthefactthattheyhaveapersonalstakeintheoutcomemakesthemreallypayattention.Para1.Para2.Para3.Para4.Passage2ReadforKeyPointsPara.3

IgrewupinPittsburghandwenttocollegeatCornell,soIcananswerforboth.Theweatheristerrible,particularlyinwinter,andthere’s

nointerestingoldcitytomakeupforit,asthereisinBoston.Richpeopledon’twanttoliveinPittsburghorIthaca.Sowhilethereareplentyofhackerswhocouldstartstart-ups,there’snoonetoinvestinthem.Point3______________________________________________________________________ReadforKeyPointsPara.4Doyoureallyneedtherichpeople?Wouldn’titworktohavethegovernmentinvestthenerds?No,itwouldnot.Startupinvestorsareadistincttypeofrichpeople.Theytendtohavealotofexperiencethemselvesinthetechnologybusiness.Thishelpsthempicktherightstartups,andmeanstheycansupplyadviceandconnectionsaswellasmoney.Andthefactthattheyhaveapersonalstakeintheoutcomemakesthemreallypayattention.Point4______________________________________________________________________WhatmakestheuniquenessofSiliconValleyisthecoexistenceofpeoplewithwealthandpeoplecrazyabouttechnology(要點(diǎn)1).NeitherMiami,acityfilledwithmoney,norPittsburgh,whichishometomanynerds,haseverbecomeanotherSiliconValley,becausetheformerdoesn’tappealtoscientifictalentswhilethelatter,failstoattractrichpeoplewhooffermoney,experienceandattention.（要點(diǎn)2、3）(62words)onepossibleversionTheuniquenessoftheSiliconValleyliesinitspeople:wealthyonesandtechnologytalents.(要點(diǎn)1)TheauthorproveswithhisobservationandexperiencethatcitieslikeMiamiorPittsburgh,whichisinwantofeitherofthemcanneverbecomeanotherSiliconValley,andstartupinvestorsaredifferentwiththeiradviceandconnections.(要點(diǎn)2、3)(54詞)anotherpossibleversionDiscussion1:HowtoGetKeyPoints?**

topicsentence*evidences/examplessupportingideasunderline

summarizecombineopinion+evidencesPassage3Weshouldn’tjudgeapersonbytheirappearancebutwedo.Infact,theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttimewemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds.Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn'tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolshavealwaysunderstoodthisandalotofthemasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.Ifallthestudentswearuniforms,theycan'tjudgeeachotherbecauseoftheirclothes.Italsoavoidsargumentsaboutwhoorwhatisfashionable.However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.Weallhavefixedideasaboutwhatthepeopleinacertainprofessionshouldwear.Ifwevisitadoctor,weexpecttoseerespectableclothesunderthedoctor’swhitecoat.Whenwegointoabankweexpectthestafftowearsuitsordresses.Policeofficerswearuniformstodetercrimebyestablishingavisiblepresencewhileonpatrol,tomakethemselveseasilyidentifiabletonon-policeofficersortheircolleagueswhorequireassistance,andtoquicklyidentifyeachotheratcrimescenesforeaseofcoordination.Infact,alotofcompanieshavedresscodesfortheirstaffbecausetheyknowthatthecustomersexpecttoseethemdressedincertaintypesofclothes.Butcanourclothesreallytellpeoplewhatwearelike?Maybenot,buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment.Whenpeopleseeusintherightclothes,theythinkweareseriousaboutwhatwearedoing.Furthermore,ifweareclean,smartandpolite,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.Para.1Para.3Para.2Para.4ListtheKeyPointsPara.Keypoints1Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.2Schoolsasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.3However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.…visitadoctor…gointoabank…Policeofficers…alotofcompanies…4…buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment..Furthermore,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.OpinionEvidenceEvidenceConclusionParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint1Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Paraphrase1.Wearingtherightclothesisimportantbecausepeoplelookatourclothes.2.Wearingtherightclothesfortheoccasionisimportantifwewanttoleavegoodfirstimpressions.3.Wearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions.ParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint2Schoolsasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakes