人教版（2019）選擇性必修第一冊Unit 1 People of Achievement非限制性定語從句講義素材

Unit1PEOPLEOFACHIEVEMENT本單元語法非限制性定語從句1.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句對先行詞具有限制作用,使該詞的含義更具體、更明確,這種從句不能省掉,否則句子的意義就不完整,從句與主句之間不能用逗號隔開。DoyouremembertheQingDynastyvasewhichIboughtlastyear?你記得我去年買的清代花瓶嗎?Hetooklittlenoticeofthehonoursthatweregiventohimforhisresearchonantique.他不太重視那些由于他對古董的研究而給予他的榮譽(yù)。2.非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句跟先行詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加說明,不起限制作用,這類從句往往用逗號與主句分開。John,whosellsancientvases,isanoldfriendofmyfather’s.賣古代花瓶的約翰是我父親的一位老朋友。Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,whichledtothetemple.我們沿著村子的大街走去,大街通向廟宇。有時(shí)這類從句所修飾的不是前面某一個(gè)詞,而是代表整個(gè)主句所講的內(nèi)容,通常用逗號與主句分開。Heboughthismotherapaintingforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.他買了一幅畫作為生日禮物送給母親,這使她非常高興。Theyarecomingbacktous,whichmeansthattheyhavegotthecoppersword.他們要回到我們這兒來了,這意味著他們得到了銅劍。3.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)形式不同限制性定語從句與其先行詞之間不用逗號隔開,非限制性定語從句與其先行詞之間一般有逗號隔開。Sheheardaterriblenoisecomingfromtheancienttower,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她聽到古塔里面?zhèn)鱽硪粋€(gè)可怕的聲音,這把她的心提到了嗓子眼上。IwillneverforgetthedayswhichwespenttogethervisitingtheSummerPalace.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們一起參觀頤和園的那些日子。(2)意義不同限制性定語從句與其先行詞關(guān)系十分密切,如果去掉從句,剩余的部分意思往往不完整,甚至失去意義;非限制性定語從句只是其先行詞的附加說明,如去掉,句子剩余部分意思仍然完整。Wewillneverforgetthehappydayswhenwerebuiltthewoodentower.我們永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們重修木塔的那段快樂日子。Hissister,whoworksinanantiqueshop,iscomingtoseehimtomorrow.他在古董店工作的姐姐明天來看他。(3)翻譯不同翻譯限制性定語從句時(shí),一般先翻譯從句,后翻譯先行詞;翻譯非限制性定語從句時(shí),一般先翻譯先行詞,后翻譯從句,形成兩個(gè)并列分句或其他類型的分句。IhaveasonwhoisnowstudyingintheUSA.我有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在在美國學(xué)習(xí)的兒子。(可能還有兒子在別處)Ihaveason,whoisnowstudyingarchaeologyintheuniversity.我有一個(gè)兒子,他現(xiàn)在在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)考古學(xué)。(含有“我只有一個(gè)兒子”之意)SheisgoingtospendtheholidayinMacao,whereshewillvisitsomeplacesofinterest.她要到澳門去度假,在那里她將游覽幾處名勝。定語從句一、定語從句的種類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種?！居^察例句】Thisisthecomputer(that/which)heboughtforhissonyesterday.這是他昨天為兒子買的電腦。Iwillshowyoutothesupermarketwhereyoucanfindeverythingyouwant.我?guī)闳ヒ患页?，在那里你能找到你想要的一切東西。HeisEnglish,whichIknowfromhisaccent.他是英國人，那是我通過他的口音知道的。Thisisourheadmaster,whoIthinkhassomethingimportanttotellyou.這是我們的校長，我認(rèn)為他有一些重要的事情要告訴你?！練w納用法】①限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，兩者之間不用逗號分開；關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which,as；關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why。②非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不是十分密切，只是對先行詞或主句作些附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞與引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞略有不同。除that和why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句外，其他都可以。[即學(xué)即練1]——用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空①Holly,isfromAustralia,hasagoodcommandofChinese.②Thedictionary,ourteacherboughtyesterday,ishelpfultous.③Iamlookingforwardtothedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.④TuYouyouwasawardedtheNobelPrize,isconsideredoneofthehighestinternationalhonoursapersoncanreceive.⑤Daviswantedtovisitthefarmtheseawaterricewasgrown.[答案]①who②which③when④which⑤where二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1．形式不同【觀察例句】Hereisthemanwhohasbeenpunishedbytheboss.這就是那個(gè)被老板懲罰的人。(限制性定語從句)Theproject,whichlastedthreeyears,costnolessthan$1billion.這個(gè)工程歷時(shí)三年，耗資多達(dá)十億美元。(非限制性定語從句)【歸納用法】限制性定語從句和主句之間沒有逗號；非限制性定語從句必須用逗號與主句隔開。2．先行詞不同【觀察例句】ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的小說。(限制性定語從句，先行詞是novel)Thenovel,whichIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting.我昨天晚上看過那部小說了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定語從句，先行詞為novel)Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmakesmeveryexcited.那部小說很有意思，這讓我很興奮。(非限制性定語從句，which指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容)【歸納用法】限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是一個(gè)名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是整個(gè)主句。3．關(guān)系詞的使用情況不同(1)that,why不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句【觀察例句】Mostpeopledidn'tvoteforhim,whichdisappointedhim.大多數(shù)人沒有投票支持他，這使他感到失望。Ihavetoldthemthereason,forwhichIchangedmymind.我已經(jīng)告訴了他們我改變主意的原因?！練w納用法】指物時(shí)要用which代替that,forwhich代替why。(2)關(guān)系代詞替代情況不同【觀察例句】Thisistheman(whom/who/that)wearetalkingabout.這就是我們正在談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人。(限制性定語從句)Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.這位年輕人新交了一個(gè)女朋友，他想給她留下印象。(非限制性定語從句)Shehasayoungerbrother,whoisanEnglishteacher.她有一個(gè)弟弟，他是一名英語老師?！練w納用法】①關(guān)系代詞whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可用who代替，但在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)不可用who代替。②在限制性定語從句中，先行詞指人時(shí)可以用that引導(dǎo)，但在非限制性定語從句中先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用who或whom。(3)關(guān)系代詞省略情況不同【觀察例句】Thisisagoodfilm(which/that)Isawafewdaysago.這是我?guī)滋烨翱催^的一部好影片。(限制性定語從句)Thesummerholiday,whichwe'relookingforwardto,isdrawingnear.我們盼望的暑假就要來了。(非限制性定語從句)【歸納用法】關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略，而非限制性定語從句的所有關(guān)系代詞均不可省略。[即學(xué)即練2]——用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空①Untilnow,wehaveraised50，000poundsforthepoorchildren,isquiteunexpected.②TheexactyearAngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2018.③Canyoutellmethereasonhewasabsentyesterday?④Einstein,wasJewish,foundthedoorsofacademicinstitutionsclosedtohim.⑤Later,themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofrecovered.[答案]①which②which/that③why④who⑤whom三、as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別【觀察例句】Asweallknow,LuXunisagreatwriter.眾所周知，魯迅是一位偉大的作家。Hefailedintheexperiment,whichwasunexpected.他實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗了，這是沒有料到的。Heisacheat,aseveryonecansee.每個(gè)人都看得出來，他是個(gè)騙子。Hedidtheexperimentsuccessfully,ashadbeenexpected.正如期望的那樣，他實(shí)驗(yàn)做得非常成功。Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.正如大家所知，紙是中國發(fā)明的?！練w納用法】①as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，先行詞一般為整個(gè)主句；而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，先行詞既可以是整個(gè)主句，又可以是主句的一部分。②as引導(dǎo)的從句位置比較靈活，可位于先行詞之前、之中和之后，而which引導(dǎo)的從句僅能位于先行詞之后。③as引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)常譯為“正如”，而which常譯為“這；那”。常用句型有：asweallknow，asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected等。[即學(xué)即練3]——用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空①Theweatherturnedouttobeveryfine,wasmorethanwecouldexpect.②hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamnextmonth.③Hefailedinthedrivingtest,wehadexpected.[答案]①which②As③asⅠ.單句語法填空1．Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneofhasbeenproved.2．Shewastakingthefoodtotherefugeecamp,inshedistributedittochildren.3．Ilivenextdoortoacouplechildrenoftenmakealotofnoise.4．Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,theweathermaybebetter.5．Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditioncanpromoteunityandtrust.6．Somepeoplearesuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.7．Thesunheatstheearth,makesitpossibleforplantstogrow.8．ThenhemetMary,invitedhimtoaparty.9．Therewasanetbararoundhere,Iremember.10．Hechangedhismindagain,madeusallangry.[答案]1.which2.which3.whose4.when5.that6.who7.which8.who9.as10．whichⅡ.短文語法填空(用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空)Theveryfilm1.________iscalledTitanicissuchabeautifulandsadlovestory2.________ispopularwiththepublic,3.________heroandheroineareJackandRose.Roseisayoungbeautifulwomanwith4.________hermotherwenttoAmerica.Jack,5.________wonashipticketbyplayingcards,isapoorpainter.TheymetandfellinlovewitheachotheronTitanic6.________theyhadahappytime.Sadly,thenicejourneywasdestroyedbyahugeiceberg,7.________JacklosthislifeforsavingRose(everyonewillbemovedbytheselflesswayin8.________mostpeoplecan'tbehaveinreallife)．BeforeJackleftRoseforever,heencouragedRosetolivewellforhim.9.________isknowntoall,loveisthestrongeststrength.Andthat'sthereason10.________Rosecouldlivealoneandtellusthemovingstory.[答案]1.that2.as3.whose4.whom5.who6.where7.when8.which9.As10.whyⅢ.課文語篇填空TuYouyou,a1.______________(commit)andpatientscientist,wasborninChinaandgraduatedfromPekingUniversityMedicalSchoolin1955.Aftergraduation,sheworkedattheChinaAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicineinBeijing.In1967,she2.______________(choose)bythegovernmenttojoinateamofscientistswiththeaimofdiscoveringanewtreatment3._________malaria.Herteamexaminedover2,000oldmedicaltexts,andevaluated280,000plantsfortheirmedical4.______________(property).Fromtheirresearch,theydiscoveredandtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstmalaria.

Afteralotoffailures,in1971,TuYouyouandherteammemberssucceededbyusingalowertemperature5.______________(draw)outtheextract.Theyeveninsistedontestingthemedicineon6.______________(they)tomakesurethatitwassafe.Later,themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofwhomrecovered.Themedicine,7.______________wascalledartemisinin,soonbecameastandardtreatmentformalaria.

AccordingtoTuYouyou,thediscoveryofartemisininwasateameffort.Upon8.______________(hear)thatshehadbeenawarded9.______________NobelPrize,shesaidthehonourbelongedtotheteambehindherandallthepeopleofhercountry.Thesuccess10.______________(prove)thegreatvalueoftraditionalChinesemedicine.[答案]1.committed2.waschosen3.for4.properties5.todraw6.themselves7.which8.hearing9.the10.provesAlbertEinstein,1.____________isregardedasthegreatestscientistinmodernphysics,wasborninGermanyon14March1879.Attheageof17,he2.____________(admit)totheuniversityin1896andgraduatedfouryearslater.After3.___________________(graduate),EinsteinfirstworkedasaclerkintheSwisspatentoffic