2019年英語語法總結(jié)

做題方法總結(jié)

一.Basicgrammarerrors:

無須對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，出現(xiàn)就可以判定為錯(cuò)！

1.SV主干

A.主干存在

B.主謂一致

C.主干makesense,就是看這個(gè)動(dòng)作能不能是主語發(fā)出來的，比如桌子不能

see這個(gè)動(dòng)作

2.V動(dòng)詞

A.時(shí)態(tài)

在沒有時(shí)態(tài)提示詞的情況，盡量選擇和主句時(shí)態(tài)一致的選項(xiàng)若沒有一樣的時(shí)態(tài),

這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)覆蓋的時(shí)態(tài)點(diǎn)有重合

注意：時(shí)態(tài)提示詞有很多種，一單單是since,for之類的，有些動(dòng)詞，句子意

思就是提示詞。

比如大猩猩存在….這是個(gè)客觀事實(shí)

Begin就不能是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，他是瞬間動(dòng)作

過去完成時(shí)要發(fā)生在過去的過去，而且兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是必須有關(guān)系的，比如先

destroyed后才能happenchanges

有一道題例外：earlierintheyear

GMATExample

（五）修飾語

介詞修飾語聯(lián)排

Accordingtosomeanalysts,thegainsinthestockmarketreflect

growingconfidencethattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthat

manyha岱fearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcomeinfora-soft

landingj|followedbyagradualincreaseinbusinessactivity.

thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatmanyhad

Qfearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcome

intheeconomytoavoidtherecession,whatmanyfeared

Elearlierintheyear;rathertocome

intheeconomy,sabilitytoavoidtherecession,something

earlierintheyearmanyhadfeared,andinsteadtocome

intheeconomytoavoidtherecessionmanywerefearing

earlierintheyear;andrathertocome

thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatwasfearedmumu

Hearlierthisyearbymany,withitinsteadcomingGMAT

A1972agreementbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesreducedthe

amountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitieshadbeenallowedtodump

intotheGreatLakes.

(A)reducedtheamountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitieshadbeen

allowedtodump

(B)reducedthephosphateamountthatmunicipalitieshadbeen

dumping

(C)reducesthephosphateamountmunicipalitieshavebeenallowedto

dump

(D)reducedtheamountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitiesareallowedto

dump

(E)reducestheamountofphosphatesallowedfordumpingby

municipalities

此時(shí)1972是提示詞，確定了主句用過去時(shí)

而從句的beallowedtodump，肯定是允許將來仍所以areallowedtodump

IntheseventhcenturyB.C.,theRomanalphabetwasadaptedfromthe

Etruscanalphabet,whichinturnhadbeenadaptedintheprevious

centuryfromawesternGreekalphabet,whichitselfhadbeenadapted

earlierinthesamecenturyfromthePhoenicianalphabet.

(A)whichitselfhadbeenadaptedearlier

(B)adaptingitselfearlier

(C)itselfbeingadaptedearlier

(D)havingbeingearlieradapteditself

(E)earlieritselfhavingbeenadapted

B.條件動(dòng)詞

IfAdo,Bdo/willdo.Do—fact/habit;willdo-certainty—指明將來;

Maydo-possibility

Eg.Iffamilygoesoutfordinner,itdinesatgrill.

IfAdid,Bdid/woulddo.Did—fact/habit;woulddo-uncertainty

IfAhaddone,Bwouldhavedone.If基本不會(huì)發(fā)生

注意：would就是虛擬的表現(xiàn)一種不確定

就算沒有if條件句的時(shí)候，本句是一個(gè)虛擬的意思也可以用would

比如assumption、estimate都是一個(gè)虛擬

C.虛擬語氣的動(dòng)詞

結(jié)構(gòu)：弓I發(fā)詞+thatSV（總是復(fù)數(shù)/be）-noshould…注意這個(gè)引發(fā)詞可以

是當(dāng)成名詞

弓I發(fā)詞：必須that結(jié)構(gòu)的：commandinsistrequestrecommendsuggest

proposestipulatedictatemandate

必須V+TODO的:allowadvisewantpersuadeforbid

兩者皆可的:askbegdesirerequireintendorderpreferurge

.if虛擬條件句可以單獨(dú)使用此時(shí)沒有虛擬主句OK

虛擬得用were此時(shí)的if=incasethat

3.代詞

A.前面必須有指代，比如用的who，但是前面的名詞里面沒有人

B.指代的單復(fù)數(shù)一致，比如用的it，但是指代的內(nèi)容確是復(fù)數(shù)

C.bedohave的指代，注意do可以指代前面的動(dòng)作

Inanefforttoreducetheirinventories,Italianvintnershavecutprices;

theirwines

havebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare.

(A)havebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare

(B)arepricedtosell,andtheyhave

(C)arepricedtosell,andtheydo(dosell)

(D)arebeingpricedtosell,andhave

(E)hadbeenpricedtosell,andtheyhave

其中they指代的是wine，指代的是wine的動(dòng)作

Have必須前方出現(xiàn)have,才可以指點(diǎn)，注意時(shí)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤

Be必須前方出現(xiàn)be動(dòng)詞,才可指代,注意時(shí)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤

Eg.Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherDID/have-錯(cuò)

Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersaw

D.theresosuch的指代

關(guān)于there的指代一必須是一個(gè)介短或者一個(gè)名詞,決不能是形容詞

Wrong:Atcurrentprices,Antarcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,if

wellscanbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.

Right:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwells

canbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.

但是therebe句型就不是這個(gè)指代了

such+n.指代像前面那種的n.-只能指代一介

AftertheLAND-USEAGREEMENTsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedto

subjectanysuchCONTRACTStodebateinthefuture.

Theloancompanyannounceditwouldsoonlendmoneytoborrowers

withprovenrecordsoftheirnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,

collectivelyknownasthesubprimelendingmarket.

A.oftheirnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,

B.ofnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,agroup

C.ofnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,withsuchagroup

D.thattheydonotpaybacktheirloansontime,

E.thattheydonotpaybacktheirloansontime,suchagroup

such是只能指代一個(gè)名詞，但是由collectively得知group指的是兩個(gè)，加上

such只能要么是borrowers要么是records

so就是也一樣，前面有謂語動(dòng)詞

QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherdidso(這里so可以省

略)

4.平行和比較

A.固定的平行/比較搭配

From...to...between...and...Asmany/few/littleNas(just)asXsoY

Sotoo-aswell+句子倒裝asmany=thenumber

Eg.Onereportconcludesthatmanyschoolsdonothave,or(norare

they)likelytohave,enoughcomputerstousethemeffectively.

B.單復(fù)數(shù)的問題

可數(shù)：fewnumbernumerousmany

不可數(shù)：lessamountmuchlittlegreatequal

皆可的：moremostenoughall

C.邏輯對(duì)等

And前后的邏輯對(duì)等，句子和句子，謂語和謂語，介短和介短

Not..as絕對(duì)錯(cuò)notso…as...IE確

D.比較對(duì)象可比性

Aas...asB是A和B的位置去比較

More...thanB--看than的前方是否出現(xiàn)B對(duì)應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)

Thatthose的指代比較時(shí)，注意單復(fù)數(shù)的問題itthey是整個(gè)包括修飾語的指代，

看清楚

Therearehopefulsignsthatweareshiftingawayfromourheavy

relianceonfossilfuels:morethantentimesasmuchenergyis

generatedthroughwindpowernowthanitwasin1990.

(A)generatedthroughwindpowernowthanitwas

(B)generatedthroughwindpowernowasitwas一此時(shí)it的指代有問題，

不可比

(C)generatedthroughwindpowernowaswasthecase

(D)nowgeneratedthroughwindpowerasitwas

(E)nowgeneratedthroughwindpowerthanwasthecase

比較對(duì)象是人的時(shí)候代詞只能用that或者who

比較對(duì)象的形式盡量一致！(難題)--若沒有這種形式，那就沒辦法了一A'sB

比較代詞后面有無介詞，若有，則選項(xiàng)中比較對(duì)象也必須有此介詞

前面出現(xiàn)AwithB,后面出現(xiàn)A'swithB's

AofB——A'ofB'錯(cuò)誤：A'sB

AofBofC—morethanthat（指代前面一坨）T么全省要么結(jié)構(gòu)一致

錯(cuò)誤的：A'ofB'B，ofC'A'sB

Recentbreakthroughsintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblethat

high-definitiondigitalvideocamerasareabletocapturematerial

withadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparesto35-millimeter

filmandtoprojectitdigitallyintheaterswithnoresultinglossof

imagequality.

(A)itpossiblethathigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasareableto

capturematerialwithadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparesto

(B)itpossibletohavehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasthatcan

capturematerialatadegreeoffidelityalmostlikethatwith

(C)itpossibleforhigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerastocapture

materialwithadegreeoffidelitynearlycomparabletothatof一此時(shí)

that就是指代的fidelity

(D)possiblehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasthatcancapture

materialatadegreeoffidelityalmostlike

(E)possiblehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasabletocapture

materialwithadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparestothatwith

省略了看起來不怎么平行的比較對(duì)象

JudgeBonhamdeniedamotiontoallowmembersofthejurytogo

homeattheendofeachdayrathertharheconfinedtoahotel—be前面

省略了to

AlthoughNapoleon'sarmyenteredRussiawithfar

moresuppliesthan(suppIies|foranypreviouscampaign,ithadprovisions

foronlytwenty-fourdays.—這里雖然for前面沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的介詞，是因?yàn)槭÷?/p>

了其修飾的名詞，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)前面是主動(dòng)，后面是被動(dòng)，這樣的形式也是可以的

Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'smodelswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,amountingto

about$72,ascomparedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksthis

year.

(A)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'smodelswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,amountingto

about$72,ascomparedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksthis

year.

(B)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'scarsandtruckswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,or

about$72,fromthatofcomparablyequippedmodelsthisyear.

(C)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattherewouldbeadecrease

offour-tenthsofonepercentinnextyear'smodels'averageprice,or

about$72,belowthisyear'scomparablyequippedcarsandtrucks.

(D)Comparedtocomparablyequippedmodelsthisyear,theautomobile

companyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnextyear'scarsandtrucks

woulddecreaseabout$72,lessbyfour-tenthsofonepercent.

(E)Contrastedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksofthisyear,the

automobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnextyear's

modelswoulddecreaseabout$72,orfour-tenthsofonepercent

5.修飾語

A.夾心修飾

V-ed,V-ing,SVO---此時(shí)v-ing造成夾心修飾

V-ing,V-ed,SVO--此時(shí)v-ed造成夾心修飾注：V-ed放在句尾可以是修飾主語

的

1.Originallydevelopedfordirectingairpollutants,atechniquecalled

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestoryingit,isfindingusesin

medicine,archaelogy,andcriminology.

(A)Originallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,atechniquecalled

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,

(B)Origniallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,havingtheabilityto

analyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithout

destroyingit,atechniquecalledproton-inducedX-rayemission—V-ed,

V-ing,SVO

(C)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit—Smodifier,

V-ed，一此時(shí)V-ed修飾歧義

(D)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichhastheabilitytoanalyzethe

chemicalelementsinalmostany

(E)Atechniquethatwasoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants

andhastheabilitytoanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostany

substancequicklyandwithoutdestroyingthesubstance,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission

V-ed/V-ing，介短SVO----此時(shí)介短都會(huì)造成夾心修飾，這個(gè)介短應(yīng)該是時(shí)間

或者空間的，因?yàn)槭莿?dòng)詞修飾語，所以向前可以向后也可以

V-ed/V-ing,介短，SVO

介短，介短，SVO

1.IntroducedbyItalianmerchantsresidentinLondonduringthe

sixteenthcentury,inEnglandlifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendofthe

seventeenthcenturyaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwritersandtheirclients,typicallybeingshipowners,overseas

merchants,orprofessionalmoneylenders.

A.ifl-tnglaFvd-lifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenth

centuryaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwritersand

theirclients,typicallybeing—V-ed,介短SVO

B.inEnglandlifeinsurancehadremaineduntiltheendofthe

seventeenthcenturyaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwriters-witli-theirclients,whotypicallywere—V-ed,介短SVO

C.until-theeedofthe…seventeenth,eentufylifeinsuranceinEngland

hadremainedaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwritersandtheirclients,typically—V-ed,介短SVO

D.lifeinsuranceinEnglandremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenth

centuryaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwritersand

theirclients,typically

E.lifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenthcenturyin

Englandaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwriterswkh

theirclients,whotypicallywere

從句，介短SVO---這個(gè)介短應(yīng)該是時(shí)間或者空間的或者with（伴隨只要是名

詞就可以）

從句，介短，SVO

WheFi-theVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,fepat

leasttwodecadespreviouslyhewashemostadmiredpainterinItaly.

結(jié)論:inthecaseofaninitialsubject-lessmodifierinfrontofa

comma,themodifiershouldalwaysbefollowedIMMEDIATELYbythe

noun/nounphrasethat'sbeingmodified

Modifier,S才是正確的，在這中間任何的插入，錯(cuò)！

〈Modifier〉,〈Modifier〉〈Subject〉---錯(cuò)！

B.一定錯(cuò)的結(jié)構(gòu)

AOFBOFC

<Subject>,<Modifier>,<Modifier>,<verb>---錯(cuò)！

注意：表時(shí)間或者表地點(diǎn)的這些介短即可以修飾名詞還可以修飾動(dòng)詞，所以一旦

Egl.Theorganicfoodindustryhas-organizedasuccessfulgrassroots

campaign-usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andalsomass

mailings-thathaveconvincedtheDepartmentofAgriculturetochange

theproposedfederalregulationsfororganicallygrownfood.

A.usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andalsomassmailings—thathave

convinced

B.usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings—thathas

convinced

G—by—usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings-in

convincing

D.bytheuseofWebsites,publicmeetings,aswellasmass

mailings—thatconvinced

E.whichusedWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings-

這種破折號(hào)就當(dāng)他不存在，此時(shí)介短indoing動(dòng)作發(fā)出者不明，可以是

industry,也可以是campaign,還可以是整個(gè)句子

2.LaoshasalandareaaboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonly4million

inpopulation,wheremanyaremembersofhilltribesensconcedinthe

virtuallyinaccessiblemountainvalleysofthenorth.

A.aboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonly4millioninpopulation,

wheremany

B.ofaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritainis,butinLaosthereisa

populationofonly4million,andmany

C.thatisaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritain'slandarea,butinLaos

withapopulationofonly4millionpeople,manyofthem

D.comparabletothesizeofGreatBritain,butonly4-fn訃lieein

pepwlatteft,andmany

E.comparabletothatofGreatBritainbutapopulationofonly4million

people,manyofwhom

C中的but之后，in…with…

正確選項(xiàng)就沒有這個(gè)介短還有with

In1988,theCouncilonEconomicPrioritiesbeganpublishingShopping

foraBetterWorld,withthesimplethesisofconsumershavingthepower

techangecompaniesbythesimpleexpedientofrefusingtobuy.

A.withthesimplethesisefconsumershaving

B.whichhadthesimplethesisefconsumershaving

C.wherethethesiswassimple:consumershaving

D.withathesisthatisasimpleone:consumershave

E.whosethesiswassimple:consumershave

將介詞換成了冒號(hào)

C.同位語

1.Comma+副詞比較級(jí)--注意此時(shí)結(jié)尾處的同位語是修飾前面主句的動(dòng)作

2.n.+n.modifier—可以修飾前面句子的任何名詞或整句話how

3.n.modifier-介短/形容詞短語/some/eachofwhich---只能就近修飾

comma前面的名詞

TheAcomaandHopiareprobablythetwooldestsurvivingPueblo

communities,bothdatingbackatleastathousandyears.

A.bothdating---時(shí)態(tài)與主句一致

B.bothofwhichhavedated—時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

C.andeachhasdated

D.andeachonedating

E.eachoneofwhichdate

簡(jiǎn)潔性---消除重復(fù)

1.邏輯含義重復(fù)的詞

Egl.ForatleasttwodecadesormoreprevioustowhentheVenetian

artistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,hewasthemostadmired

painterinItaly.

A.ForatleasttwodecadesormoreprevioustowhentheVenetianartist

GiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,hewas

B.ForatleasttwodecadesbeforetheVenetianartistGiovanniBattista

Tiepolodiedin1770,hehadbeen

C.Foratleasttwodecadesormor。beforetheVenetianartistGiovanni

BattistaTiepolo'sdyingin1770,hehadbeen

D.WhentheVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,at

leasttwodecadespreviouslyhewas

E.WhentheVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,

havingbeenforatleasttwodecadesbeforethat

AtleastfQormore重復(fù)

Whereasthehoneybee'sstingerisheavilybarbedandcannotbe

retractedfromtheskin,becausetheyellowjackethasacomparatively

smoothstinger,itisthereforeabletobepulledoutandusedagain.

A.becausetheyellowjackethasacomparativelysmoothstinger,itis

thereforeabletobepulledoutandused

B.thecomparativesmeethfless-oftheyellowjacket,sstingerallows

themtopullitoutandthencanthereforeuseit

C.theyellowjacket'sstingeriscomparativelysmooth,andcan

thereforebepulledoutandused

D.incomparison,theyellowjacket'sstingerissmooth,andthusable

tobepulledoutandused

E.incomparison,theyellowjackethasasmoothstinger,tlws-aUew+ng-it

tobepulledoutandused

whereas和incomparison

3.Attheannualstockholdersmeeting,investorsheardapresentationon

thenumerouschallengesfacingthecompany,includingamongthemthe

threatfromarival'smultibillion-dollarpatent-infringementsuitandthe

decliningsalesforthecompany'spowerfulmicroprocessorchip.

A.includingamongthemthethreatfromarival'smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitandthedecliningsalesfor

B.whichincludesthethreatofarival'smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitanddecliningsalesof

C.includedamongthesethethreatfromarivaTsmultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitaswellasadeclineinsalesfor

D.amongthemthethreatofarivaTsmultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitandthedeclineinsalesof

E.amongthesethethreatfromarival1smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitaswellasthedeclineinsalesfor

amongthem和include語義重復(fù)

4.Adecadeafterinitiatingthenation'smostcomprehensiveand

aggressiveantismokingprogram,percapitaconsumptionofcigarettes

inCaliforniadeclinedfromover125packsannuallyperpersontoabout

60,adropmorethantwiceasgreatasinthenationasawhole.

只要開頭是非主語，一定是修飾逗號(hào)后面的第一個(gè)詞！

(A)percapitaconsumptionofcigarettesinCaliforniadeclinedfromover

125packsannuallyperpersontoabout60,adropmorethantwiceas

greatas

(B)annualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesinCaliforniadeclined

fromover125packstoabout60,morethantwiceasgreatasthat

(C)California'sannualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesdeclined

fromover125packsperpersontoabout60,morethantwiceasgreatas

thedrop

(D)Californiahasseenpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesdeclinefrom

over125packsannuallytoabout60,adropmorethantwiceasgreatas

that

(E)Californiahasseenannualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettes

declinefromover125packsperpersontoabout60,morethantwiceas

greatasthat

percapita和perperson

5.Itseemslikelythatanumberofastronomicalphenomena,suchasthe

formationofplanetarynebulas,maybecausedbytheinteractionwhere

twostarsorbiteachotheratcloserange.

(A)maybecausedbytheinteractionwheretwostarsorbiteachother

(B)maybecausedbytheinteractionbetweentwostarsthateachorbit

theother

(C)arebecauseoftheinteractionbetweentwostarsthatorbiteach

other

(D)arecausedbytheinteractionoftwostarswhereeachisorbitingthe

other

(E)arecausedbytheinteractionoftwostarsorbitingeachother

Likely和may

2.主語重復(fù)

1.Oftenmajoreconomicshiftsaresogradualastobeindistinguishable

atfirstfromordinaryfluctuationsinthefinancialmarkets.

A.sogradualastobeindistinguishable

B.segradual-se-thattheycanbeindistinguishable

C.sogradualthatthcy"afe-wabk?tobedistinguished

D.gradualenoughnottobedistinguishable

E.gradualef^e?gh-se-thatonecannotdistinguishthem

Abeso+adj.thatAbe—主語重復(fù)

不如詞組Abeso+adj.asto

二.一定要對(duì)比選項(xiàng)才發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤種類歸集

1.表示邏輯關(guān)系的介詞

A.動(dòng)靜態(tài)之分

At,in,of,on一靜態(tài)

To,onto,into,upto,for,from,off,up-動(dòng)態(tài)

Eg.Rocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwicethe

sizeofthe6-mile-wideasteroidthateradicatedthedinosaurshasbeen

datedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusisevidenceoftheearliest

knownasteroidimpactonEarth.

A.hasbeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusis

B.hasbeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthus

C.havebeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusare

D.havebeendatedasbeing3.47billionyearsoldandthus

E.havebeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthusare

B.介詞的本源含義

ofVS.from;byVS.to;todoVS.fordoing;

1.Section301ofthe1988OmnibusTradeandCompetitivenessAct

enablestheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentativetosingleoutacountryas

anunfairtrader,begintradenegotiationswiththatcountry,and,ifthe

negotiationsdonotconcludebytheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeing

satisfied,toimposesanctions.

A.bytheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeingsatisfied,toimpose

B.bytheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,impose

C.withtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeingsatisfied,imposing

D.totheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,impose

E.totheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,imposing

2.長(zhǎng)得像語義完全不同的詞

EconomicVS.economical（節(jié)省的）;

unqualified（無限制的）VS.unqualifying（不合格的）;

aggravate~~惡化v.aggravating—annoying惱人的adj.;

accountn.一故事accountfor—解釋==beresponsiblefor;

rateof-ameasure比率Ratefor—pricechargedfor;

AasameantoB—A是達(dá)到B的一種methodAasameanofB—A是B

的一種type

MostofA大多數(shù)mostly—主要地；一般

SubstituteAforB代替substitution置換一抽象名詞，是一個(gè)process

Allowthat承認(rèn)allowsb.Todo允許某人做某事

Inisolationfrom…修飾動(dòng)詞beisolatedfrom可做謂語動(dòng)詞

Payment不能被paid只能被made錢才是被paid

Especially—強(qiáng)調(diào)嚴(yán)重性；specially—強(qiáng)調(diào)特殊性

3.指代

高分題選擇指代錯(cuò)誤最少的那個(gè)

1.將代詞放在更后面，指代錯(cuò)誤更多

2.that能指代的東西比it更多，that可以指代整句話

3.one比it能指代的更多，可以指代人

AffordingstrategicproximitytotheStraitofGibraltar,Moroccowasalso

ofinteresttotheFrenchthroughoutthefirsthalfofthetwentieth

centurybecuasetheyassumedthatiftheydidnotholdit,theirgripon

Algeriawasalwaysinsecure.

a）iftheydidnotholdit,theirgriponAlgeriawasalwaysinsecure

b）withoutittheirgriponAlgeriawouldneverbesecure

c）theirgriponAlgeriawasnot（副詞）ever（副詞）secureiftheydidnot

holdit

d)withoutthat,theycouldneverbesecureabouttheirgriponAlgeria

e)neverwouldtheirgriponAlgeriabesecureiftheydidnotholdit.

not可以否定ever或secure所以一直都是用的never而不用notever

名詞一定大于代詞的使用，但是要對(duì)比選項(xiàng)看，那個(gè)用名詞的選項(xiàng)沒有其他的

basicgrammarerrors

Aproposalhasbeenmadetotrimthehornsfromrhinocerosesto

discouragepoachers;thequestioniswhethertouristswillcontinueto

visitgameparksandseerhinocerosesaftertheirhornsaretrimmed.

A)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparksandsee

rhinocerosesaftertheirhornsare

B)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseeoneoncetheir

hornsare

C)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseerhinoceroses

oncetheanimals'hornshavebeen

D)iftouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparksandseerhinocerosesonce

theanimals'hornsare

E)iftouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseeoneafterthe

animals'hornshavebeen

AB中的their有指代歧義，而(:用的名詞，顯然更好

Heavycommitmentbyanexecutivetoacourseofaction,especiallyifit

hasworkedwellinthepast,makesitlikelytomisssignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

A.Heavycommitmentbyanexecutivetoacourseofaction,especiallyif

ithasworkedwellinthepast,makesitlikelytomisssignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

B.Anexecutivewhoisheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especially

onethatworkedwellinthepast,makesmissingsignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretingoneslikelywhentheydoappear.

C.Anexecutivewhoisheavilycommittedtoacourseofactionislikelyto

missormisinterpretsignsofincipienttroublewhentheydoappear,

especiallyifithasworkedwellinthepast.

D.Executives'beingheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especially

ifithasworkedwellinthepast,makesthemlikelytomisssignsof

incipienttroubleormisinterpretingthemwhentheydoappear.

E.Beingheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especiallyonethathas

workedwellinthepast,islikelytomakeanexecutivemisssignsof

incipienttroubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

ABC中的it或。ne都會(huì)有三個(gè)指代,找名詞

DE只有兩個(gè)，很清晰，而D的。r不平行

4.修飾語的一些錯(cuò)誤

注意：一定先找主干。平行之類的錯(cuò)誤，修飾語只會(huì)是產(chǎn)生歧義的問題，所以不

是絕對(duì)的錯(cuò)誤

A.對(duì)比詞語的變化

形容詞變成副詞

1.Risinginventories,whenunaccompaniedcorrespondinglybyincreases

insales,canleadtoproductioncutbacksthatwouldhampereconomic

growth.

A)Whenunaccompaniedcorrespondinglybyincreasesinsales,canlead

B)Whennotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,possibly

leads

C)Whentheywereunaccompaniedbycorrespondingsalesincreases,can

lead

D)Ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondinglyincreasedsales,possiblyleads

E)Ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,canlead

Corresponding—correspondingly，此時(shí)作為副詞，可以向前修飾V.也可以

向后修飾byincrease介短

沒有副詞，添加副詞

核心動(dòng)詞變成次要?jiǎng)釉~

注意:次要?jiǎng)釉~比如todo,indoing,,doing這些,只要前方出現(xiàn)的名詞,

就可以認(rèn)定其動(dòng)作發(fā)出者不清楚，一般是改成that定從或者是并列的謂語

1.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwithmost

sportutilityvehicles,costless,getbettergasmileage,allowpassengers

togetinandoutmoreeasily,andhaveasmootherride.

A.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,costless,

B.Minivans,whichcarryasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,theycostless,

C.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengers,incomparisonwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,andhavealowercost,they

D.Minivans,carryingasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,costless,---少了andV-ed修飾歧義

E.Minivans,whichcarryasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehiclesthecostislower,andthey

2.Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepast

twentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthto

adulthood,arenew-dfawiAgsolidconclusionsabouthowthehuman

braingrowsandhowbabiesacquirelanguage.

A.Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthe

pasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthto

adulthood,are

BvNeuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeaboutthe

brainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepast

twentyyears,andar。

GNeuroscientistsamassingawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainand

itsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwent