普通農(nóng)業(yè)植物病理學(xué)課件

Melons/CucumberDiseases1.DownyMildew瓜類霜霉病1.1OccurringanddamageThediseaseismostimportantinthewordonCucumbermuskmelon,pumpkin,andwintersquash,thoughallcucurbitsaresusceptible.Ifappropriateconditionsarepresent,plantingscanbeinfectedsorapidlythattheyappeartohavebeenfrosted.世界性病害。我國各地都有發(fā)生，露地和保護(hù)地栽培的黃瓜，常因此病為害而遭受很大損失。流行速度快，菜農(nóng)稱之為“跑馬干”，一兩周內(nèi)即可使除頂端嫩葉外的其他所有葉片枯死，減產(chǎn)高達(dá)30%~50%，有的地塊因此病為害只采1~2次瓜后就提早拉秧。1.2SymptomsMayharminentireperiodoflifetothemelon,matureperiodheavy.Mainlydamagestheleafblade.Foliarsymptomsvarydependingonhowquicklyinfectionoccurs.Uppersurfacesofleavesmayshowangularpale-greenareasboundedbyleafveinsthatgivetheimpressionofmosaic(花葉).Theseareaschangetoyellowangularspotsandbecomenecroticasthediseaseprogresses.Whenleavesareinfectedbyaheavysporeshower,smallindividualnecrotic(壞死)andchloroticflecks(褪綠斑)appearontheuppersurfaceInamoistenvironment,sporulation(產(chǎn)孢)occursonthelowerleafsurface.Thechloroticflecksappearaslightbrownareaswhenhelduptothelight.Areaswithactivesporulationgivetheundersurfaceapurplishordarkbrownsootyappearance.1.3Pathogens（病原物）1.3.1scientificnameandtaxonPseudoperonosporacubensis

古巴假霜霉菌屬鞭毛菌亞門假霜霉菌屬

Sporangiophore(孢囊梗)Sporangium(孢子囊

)Oospore(卵孢子)1.3.2Shape（形態(tài)）Themycelium(菌絲體)nosepta(隔膜),colorless,spreadinthehostintercellularspace,orentersthehostcelltoabsorptnutrientbytheovalorbranchingfingerhaustorium(吸器).無性繁殖產(chǎn)生孢囊梗(sporangiophore)和孢子囊(sporangium)。孢囊梗由寄主葉片的氣孔伸出，單生或2~5根叢生，無色，主干上有3~5次銳角分枝，分枝頂端產(chǎn)生孢子囊。孢子囊淡褐色，橢圓形或卵圓形，頂端具乳突。孢子囊在水中萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生6~8個游動孢子。Thefungalgrowthconsistsoflargelemon-shapedsporescalledsporangiathatareborneonbranchedstructurescalledconidiophores.

游動孢子無色，圓形或卵形，有2根鞭毛，在水中游動30~60min后形成休止孢，再萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生芽管，從寄主氣孔侵入。孢子囊在較高溫度和濕度不充足的條件下，也可直接萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生芽管侵入寄主。Thisfungusmayproducetheoospore,butisextremelyrare.1.3.3Pathogen(病原)biologyPathogenissuitabletogrowandreproduceunderthehumidity,itssporangium(孢子囊)production,sprouting,zoospore(游動孢子)sproutingandinvasionrequesttheveryhighhumidityandthemoisturecontent.whentheleafbladehasthewaterfilm,under15℃sporangium

cansproutafter1.5h,after2hthezoospore

invadehostimmediately.Ifnowaterfilmontheleafblade,difficulttocomeon.病菌適宜于高濕下生長繁殖，其孢子囊的產(chǎn)生、萌發(fā)，游動孢子的萌發(fā)、侵入均要求很高的濕度和水分。葉片上有水膜時，15℃下孢子囊經(jīng)1.5h即可萌發(fā)，2h后游動孢子隨即萌發(fā)并侵入寄主。若葉片上無水膜，即使接種病菌也很難發(fā)病。病菌喜歡偏低溫度，孢子囊(sporangium)在5-32℃范圍內(nèi)都可萌發(fā)，萌發(fā)適溫為15-22℃，溫度升高孢子囊可直接萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生芽管。病菌在10-28℃范圍內(nèi)均可侵入寄主，侵入適溫為16-22℃，產(chǎn)生孢子囊的最適溫度為15-20℃。Resistanceofzoosporeisbad,thelifeisshort,onlysurvivesgenerally1~5d.

1.3.4DifferentiationofPathogenicity(致病性)ofPlantPathogensandhostPathogenmainlyinfectsCucumber,melon,muskmelon,pumpkin,andtowelgourd.國外報道，病菌存在不同的專化型或生理小種。但我國有的學(xué)者提出我國的黃瓜霜霉病菌不存在生理分化現(xiàn)象。1.4DiseasesCycle1.4.1OverwinterSoutharea:Theentireyearlyhasthecucumbercultivation,thegerminvadesunceasinglybythesporangiumonvariousstubblescucumberdamages,anniversarycirculation.華北、東北、西北等黃瓜區(qū)：冬季，病菌在保護(hù)地黃瓜上侵染為害，并產(chǎn)生大量孢子囊，第二年逐漸傳播到露地黃瓜上；秋季，黃瓜上的病菌再傳到冬季保護(hù)地黃瓜上為害并越冬，以此方式完成周年循環(huán)。北方高寒地區(qū)：BecausethefungusdoesnotoverwinterintheNorth,thediseaseisreintroducedeachseasonbyairborneconidiablownintotheareafromsouthernstates.1.4.2Spread：mainlybyairflowandrainwater1.4.3TheinvasionandbetakenbadAfterthesporangiumsprouts,invadesfromhostblowholeordirectpenetratehostepidermis.Whentheenvironmentissuitableincubationperiodonlyis4-5d,theenvironmentisnotsuitable,incubationperiod(潛育期)ispossibletolengthento8-10d.1.4.4Reinfection(再侵染)

Ondiseasespotproducesthesporangium

unceasingly,invadesmanytimes.

1.5Epidemiology（流行因素）

1.5.1Theclimaticfactor（氣候因素）

Generalwhentemperature10℃above,thehumidityisappropriate,startstobetakenbad.20-24℃mostfavorstobetakenbad,incubationperiod(潛育期)shortest.Whentheaveragetemperaturereaches30℃above,evenifthehumidityissuitable,plantdiseasealsodevelopsslowly.

此病的發(fā)生和流行與溫、濕度關(guān)系密切。通常濕度是決定發(fā)病的關(guān)鍵因素。多雨、多露、多霧、晝夜溫差大、陰晴交替等氣候條件有利于該病的發(fā)生和流行。保護(hù)地通風(fēng)不當(dāng)，棚室內(nèi)濕度過高，晝夜溫差大，夜間易結(jié)露，該病會嚴(yán)重發(fā)生。

1.5.2varietyresistanceTheresistanceofcucumberdifferentvarietyhasverybigdifferencetothefrostmildew.Thegeneralprecocious(早熟)variety,resistanceofgoodqualityvarietyisbad.resistantvariety：中農(nóng)系列、津雜系列、津春系列等susceptiblevariety：長春密刺、山東密刺等密刺類品種

1.5.3CultivationconditionThecultivationmanagementmeasureisimportantfactortodecidedegreeoffrostmildew,theprotectingcultivationisespeciallyso.Generally,nearbythegreenhouseandtheseedbedcucumberistakenbadearlyalsoisseriously;Hypsographylow-lying,cultivatesexcessivelydensely,ventilatesbad,fertilizerinsufficient,watersexcessivelymore,theadultplantexcessivegrowth,thesurfaceismoistandsoonalltobetakenbadheavily.保護(hù)地管理操作不當(dāng)，放風(fēng)排濕時間不夠，晚上閉棚過早，葉面水膜形成多，霜霉病發(fā)生就重。1.6Control

(防治方法

)Thecontrolstrategy(策略):usesthedisease-resistantvarietyprimarily,strengthensthecultivationmanagement,promptlycarriesonthechemicalcontrol.1.6.1Resistantvariety露地栽培的品種有：中農(nóng)2號、中農(nóng)6號、中農(nóng)8號，津雜3號、津雜4號，京旭2號等；保護(hù)地栽培的品種有：津春3號、津春4號，津雜2號，中農(nóng)7號，碧春等。

1.6.2StrengthensthecultivationChoosinghypsographyhigh,drainingwaterisgood,farfromthegreenhouse.Thelandmustdeeplyploughandleveling,applyformulafertilizerthetechnologyaccordingtothesoilfertility.Cultivatesandselectsthestrongseedling,suitablecontrolwateringafterthefieldplantinginthegrowthearlierperiod,attherightmomentploughstopromotetherootsystemgrowth.采用滴灌和膜下暗灌技術(shù)，避免大水漫灌。生長后期葉面噴0.1%尿素加0.3%磷酸二氫鉀，或噴施寶每ml兌水11-12kg，可提高抗病性。另外，噴施1%紅糖或蔗糖溶液，也可減輕病害發(fā)生。1.6.3．Ecologycontrol(controlswarmcontrolswet)andairtightgreenhouseforhightemperature生態(tài)防治（控溫控濕）和高溫悶棚Theprotectingfieldcucumbermayusetheecologycontrolcontrolsthefrostmildew.Namely,usedifferentrequestofcucumberandthefrostmildewgrowthtotheenvironmentalcondition,tocreatemethodsfavoringthecucumbergrowthandsuppressingdiseasepathogens,achievedthegoalofcontroldisease保護(hù)地黃瓜可采用生態(tài)防治來控制霜霉病。即利用黃瓜與霜霉病菌生長發(fā)育對環(huán)境條件要求不同，創(chuàng)造利于黃瓜生長發(fā)育，抑制病原菌的方法達(dá)到防病目的。上午升溫降濕：日出后使棚溫迅速升至25~30℃，濕度降到75%左右，有條件的早晨可排濕30min，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫濕度雙控制，既抑制了發(fā)病，同時又滿足了黃瓜光合作用的條件，增強(qiáng)了抗病性。下午降溫降濕：溫度上升時即放風(fēng)，使溫度下降到20~25℃，濕度降到70%左右，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫度單控制。上半夜：溫度降至15~20℃，濕度保持在70%左右，既控制了濕度，不利于發(fā)病，又創(chuàng)造了利于光合產(chǎn)物輸送和轉(zhuǎn)化的溫度條件。下半夜：濕度上升至85%以上，溫度降至12~13℃，低溫對霜霉病的發(fā)生不利，對黃瓜生理活動也無影響。當(dāng)夜間溫度高于12℃時，即可整夜通風(fēng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫濕度雙控制。

Airtightgreenhouseforhightemperature：Infinedaynoon,cancausethetemperatureriseto44-46℃inthegreenhouse,maintainsfor2hours,thenrapidlyletsinfreshair,thetemperaturedecrease,after15daysdoitagain,continuouslytwocancontrolsplantdiseaseseffectivly.1.6.4Chemicalcontrol

使用藥劑有：露地可用達(dá)克寧、克露、安克-錳鋅、克露、乙膦鋁·錳鋅、霜霉威、克霜氰、普力克、撲霉特等噴霧。保護(hù)地還可用煙霧法或粉塵法進(jìn)行防治，常用的煙劑有：疫霉凈、百菌清、霜霉清等；粉塵劑有：百菌清、多百、防霉靈等。Inordertoavoidhavingtheantibioticnature,theChemicalmustuseinturn.

2.CucurbitsPowderyMildew

（瓜類白粉病）2.1Occurringanddamage

Cucurbitspowderymildewoccursgenerallyinourallcountryingreenhouseandfield.Thecucumber,thepumpkin,thepumpkin,themelonsuffersinjuryseriously,thewintermelonandthewatermelonarenext,theresistanceoftowelgourdisstrong.oncediseaseoccurs,theexpansionspreadisveryquick,createstheheavylosstotheproduction.瓜類白粉病在我國各地的保護(hù)地和露地各種瓜類上普遍發(fā)生。黃瓜、西葫蘆、南瓜、甜瓜受害較重，冬瓜和西瓜次之，絲瓜抗病性較強(qiáng)。此病一旦發(fā)生，擴(kuò)展蔓延很快，給生產(chǎn)造成巨大損失。2.2Symptom2.2SymptomThisdiseasecanoccurincucumber'sentireperiodoflife,butinthecenter,andlaterperiodharmsheavily.mainlyharmleafblade,thestemandthepetiolealsomaysufferinjury,thefruitdoesnotsufferinjurygenerally.葉片發(fā)病，初期葉正面或背面產(chǎn)生白色近圓形的小粉斑，后逐漸擴(kuò)大成邊緣不明顯的連片白粉斑，形似撒上一層白粉狀物，此即病原菌的菌絲體、分生孢子梗和分生孢子。嚴(yán)重時，白粉布滿整個葉片，隨后白色粉狀物也漸變?yōu)榛野咨蚧液稚?。秋季或生長后期，有些地區(qū)的病斑上可散生許多黑色小顆粒（閉囊殼）。葉柄和嫩莖受害，癥狀與葉片相似，只是霉斑較小，白粉較少。2.3PathogensPathogensofCucurbitspowderymildewhavetwokindsErysiphecucurbitacearumZhengetChen(葫蘆科白粉菌)andSphaerothecacucurbitae（Jacz.）Z.Y.zhao(瓜類單囊殼)。BelongtoAscomycotina(子囊菌亞門)ErysipheandSphaerotheca.后者比前者更為常見。兩種病菌的無性態(tài)相似，都產(chǎn)生成串、橢圓形、單胞無色的分生孢子(conidia)。有性態(tài)均產(chǎn)生扁球形，暗褐色的閉囊殼，附屬絲菌絲狀。兩者的主要區(qū)別是閉囊殼內(nèi)子囊數(shù)和子囊內(nèi)子囊孢子(ascospore)數(shù)目。Erysiphecucurbitacearum：閉囊殼(Cleistothecium)生于灰黃色至銹褐色的菌絲層內(nèi)，較少見，直徑80~140μm；每一閉囊殼內(nèi)有4~39個子囊(ascus)，一般10~15個，子囊卵圓形或橢圓形，大小為40~58μm×30~50μm；每個子囊內(nèi)只有2個單細(xì)胞，無色，橢圓形的子囊孢子(ascospoore)，大小為20~28μm×12~20μm。Sphaerothecacucurbitae：閉囊殼(Cleistothecium)生于白色至淡灰色的菌絲表面，較常見，直徑70~120μm；每一閉囊殼內(nèi)只有一個子囊(ascus)，闊卵圓形或近球形，無小柄，大小為63~98μm×46~74μm；每個子囊內(nèi)有8個單細(xì)胞，無色，橢圓形的子囊孢子(ascospoore)，大小為15~26μm×12~17μm。Therequestedthehumidityscopeofconidiasproutingisbig,therelativehumidityabove25%thensprouts,waterfilmontheleafsurfaceisdisadvantagetosprouts.Thesuitablywarmforconidiatosproutis20~25℃,temperaturerange10~30℃.兩種白粉菌都是活體營養(yǎng)型生物。寄主范圍廣，除葫蘆科作物外，還可侵染向日葵、車前草、蒲公英、月季等多種植物。都有許多變種和生理小種，?；暂^強(qiáng)。2.4Pathogens2.5EpidemiologyNorthlowtemperaturedryarea,thegermoftenoverwintersbythecleistothecium(閉囊殼)alongwiththesickremainsinthefield;inthegreenhousethegermalsomayoverwintersbythesporeandthehyphainhostplantandinvadesunceasingly.Secondyearspring,whentemperaturein20~25℃,cleistotheciumreleaseascosporeorthehyphaproducesconidia,whenwarm,thehumidityaresuitabletosproutandproducethehyphainthehostepidermis,thenentersinthehostepidermalcellbythehaustoriumtoabsorbthenutrition.Conidia(分生孢子)canspreadbytheaircurrentandtherainwater,reinfectsmanytimes.Tothelateautumntoformthecleistotheciumtosurvivethewinteroncemore.

2.6DiseaseControl控制白粉病應(yīng)以選用抗病品種和加強(qiáng)栽培管理為主，結(jié)合藥劑防治的綜合防治措施。2.6.1選用抗病品種與加強(qiáng)栽培管理

一般抗霜霉病的品種也抗白粉病，防治霜霉病的栽培管理措施也適用于防治白粉病。主要是：注意田間通風(fēng)透光，降低濕度，加強(qiáng)肥水管理，防止植株徒長和脫肥早衰等。具體品種和管理方法參照黃瓜霜霉病。

2.6DiseaseControl

TimingFungicidesforCucurbitsPowderyMildewPowderyMildewControl“Mildewcides”QuadrisFlintTopsinMNovaMicrothiolDisperssBenlatePROBLEMSQuadris/FlintmustalternatewithChlorothalonil（百菌清）orMancozeb.ChlorothalonilandMancozebarenotgoodmildewcides.SOBenlateorNovaorTopsinM（托布津）areaddedtoalternatingspraysofMancozeborChlorothalonilforPowderyMildewControl.BUTBenlateisnolongermanufactured(suppliesshouldbeadequateforgrowingseason2002).Note:TopsinMisasimilarchemistry.PowderyMildewProgramBeginsprayslastweekofJulySpray#1=Quadris/FlintSpray#2=ChlorothalonilorMancozeb+NovaSpray#3=#1Spray#4=ChlorothalonilorMancozeb+BenlateorTopsinMPowderyMildewProgramIfmorespraysareneededrepeatschedule.Continueprogramtoprotecthandles.Remembernumberofapplicationsaredeterminedalsobytotalusagelimitsonlabel.FurtherConsiderationsGeneticresistanceforPowderyMildewpermitscontrolwithfewerspraysandlessspecificfungicides.(Merlin/MagicLantern)Veg.Prod.Guide*PMTFurtherConsiderationsPowderyMildewprogramasoutlinedwillcontrolmostfoliarandfruitdiseases.IfAnthracnoseisaprobleminwetsprings,startprograminmid-JunewithoutadditionofMildewcides.FurtherConsiderationsIfMicrodochiumBlightisaproblemstartprograminJunewithMancozebfungicideswithoutmildewcides.BeginoutlinedPowderyMildewPrograminallcasesthelastweekofJuly.CulturalManagementCleanSeedCropRotationCorn,GrassCrops/GoodVineCrops,Tomato,Pepper,Soybean/BadCulturalManagementGoodInternalandSurfaceSoilDrainageCoverCropsInsectControl3.CucurbitsFusariumwilt（瓜類枯萎病）3.1Occurringanddamage

CucurbitsFusariumwiltiscausedbyaseedandsoilbornefungusthatisspecifictomelon.Eachplaceinourcountryhasthedisease.Thecucumber,thewatermelon,thewintermelonaretakenbadheavily.Thecucumberdiseaserateis10%~30%generally,whenseriousmayreach50%,thecontinuouscroppingwatermelonmaydieup.3.2Symptoms(癥狀)Althoughplantsmaybeaffectedinanystageofdevelopment.Onyoungseedlings,ahypocotylrotanddamping-offmayoccur.Inolderplants,thereismarginalyellowingprogressingtoageneralyellowingoftheolderleaves,andwiltingofoneormorerunners.Insomecases,suddencollapseoccurswithoutanyyellowingofthefoliage.Onstemsnearthecrownoftheplant,alinear,necroticlesionmaydevelop,extendinguptheplantandusuallyononesideofthevine.3.3Pathogens3.3.1scientificnameandtaxonDeuteromycotinaFusarium(半知菌鐮刀菌屬)

①F.oxysporiumf.sp.Cucumarinum(黃瓜?；?：主要為害黃瓜，人工接種對甜瓜有較強(qiáng)的致病力，能輕度感染西瓜、冬瓜。②F.oxysporiumf.sp.Niveum(西瓜專化型)：主要侵染西瓜，也可侵染甜瓜，很少侵染黃瓜。③F.oxysporiumf.sp.Melonis(甜瓜?；?：侵染甜瓜，也侵染黃瓜。④F.oxysporiumf.sp.Luffae(絲瓜?；?：主要侵染絲瓜。3.3.2ShapeThesmallconidia(分生孢子)more,producesquickly,colorless,oblong,singlecell,two-cellbychance;Theconidia

colorless,producesslowly,few,hookshape3septa.Theapicalcellislong,graduallythepoint,thefootcellhasornot;Thechlamydospores(厚垣孢子)producesslowly,few,paleyellow,circular.3.4DiseasesCycle

3.4.1Overwinter病菌主要以菌絲和厚垣孢子在土壤、病殘體、種子及未腐熟的帶菌糞肥中越冬，成為翌年的初侵染來源。病菌的生活力極強(qiáng)，在土壤中可存活5~6年，厚垣孢子通過牲畜的消化道后仍能存活。

3.4.2Dissemination(傳播)Thelocaldisseminationofthepathogenoccursprimarilyviamovementofinfestedsoilandplantdebris.Infectionofthehostoccursbypenetrationoftheroot,primarilyintheareaofelongation,andisaidedbywounds.Root-feedinglarvaeofthestripedcucumberbeetlemayincreasetheincidenceofwiltandalsoreducethenumberofpropagulesnecessarytoinducewilt.3.4.3Invasion（入侵）Thepathogensinvadethroughtherootwoundordirectlyfromthelateralrootbranchingplacecrackandtheseedlingstembaseopening,firstthespreadinthehostthinwallintercellularspaceandthecell,thenentervascularbundle(維管束).3.4.4Reinfection（再侵染）

functionless3.5Epidemiology（流行）

Plantdiseaseoccurswiththevarietyresistance,thesoilnature,thecultivationcultivation,irrigatesappliesfertilizerandsoontheclosecorrelation.Thecontinuouscroppingisseriouslyill,thecroprotationgetssicklightly;Soilsourness,thesoiltexturemountsheavily,topographylow-lying,drainswaternotgood,soilcoldwet,soillayerinfertile,thecultivationisextensive,entireisuneven,theevenfurrowofcultivation,watersandsoontobeadvantageousexcessivelymanyinbeingtakenbaddifferentvariety（抗病性）hasthecertaindifference.

病害發(fā)生與品種抗性、土壤性質(zhì)，耕作栽培，灌水施肥等密切相關(guān)。

連作地病重，輪作地病輕；土壤酸性，土質(zhì)黏重，地勢低洼，排水不良，土壤冷濕，土層瘠薄，耕作粗放，整地不平，平畦栽培，澆水過多等均有利于發(fā)病。

不同品種的抗病性有一定差異。3.6Control(防治方法)防治策略是：采取以種植抗病品種為主，結(jié)合栽培管理、藥劑防治等綜合防治措施。3.6.1Resistantvariety：

ThemosteffectiveandpracticalmeansofcontrollingFusariumwiltofmelonisthroughtheuseofresistantvarieties.Worktodevelopresistantvarietiesbeganassoonasthediseasewasdescribed,andnowresistancegenesconferringresistancetoraces0,1,and2havebeenincorporatedintoU.S.commercialvarietiesandhybrids.黃瓜品種有：津研5號、津研7號，津雜1號、津雜2號、津雜3號、津雜4號，津春4號，春豐2號，早豐2號，中農(nóng)5號等。西瓜品種有伊姆、京欣1號，京抗1號、京抗2號、京抗3號，鄭抗1號、鄭抗2號、鄭抗3號等。3.6.2

Croprotationisgenerallynottotallyeffectivebecausechlamydosporessurvivesolonginthesoilandthepathogencansurviveinorontherootsofsymptomlesscarrierplants.Soilfumigationwithabroad-spectrumbiocideprovidesgoodinitialcontrol,butrecolonizationofthesoiloccursveryquickly.LimingthesoiltopH6.0-7.0,aswellasreducingnitrogenlevelsinthesoil,significantlyreduceswilt.

StudykeystoneofthischapterKnowthekindsanddamageofmainfruitinnortharea.Section1FruittreeleafdiseaseSection2FruittreefruitdiseaseSection3Fruittreestemandrootdisease蘋果斑點(diǎn)落葉病AlternariamaliSection1Fruittreeleafdisease蘋果褐斑病Marssoninacoronaria

蘋果銹病Applerust蘋果白粉病Applepowermildew梨火疫病Pearfireepidemicdisease梨火疫病葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola

桃縮葉病Taphrinadeformans

桃穿孔病細(xì)菌穿孔病Xanthomonaspruni

霉斑穿孔病褐斑穿孔病棗銹病Phakopsoraziziphi-vulgaris

4.Thewholetreedisease蘋果花葉病Applemosaicdisease蘋果小葉病Applelobuledisease蘋果銹果病Applerustdisease棗瘋病JujubeWitche’sBroom葡萄病毒病Grapevirusdisease生理性病害---缺鐵Lackiron1.GrapeDownymildew

（葡萄霜霉?。〥ownymildewisamajordiseaseofgrapesthroughouttheword.Thefunguscausesdirectyieldlossesbyrottinginflorescences(花序),clustersandshoots.Indirectlossescanresultfromprematuredefoliation(落葉)ofvinesduetofoliarinfections.Thisprematuredefoliationisaseriousproblembecauseitpredisposesthevinetowinterinjury.Itmaytakeavineyardseveralyearstofullyrecoverafterseverewinterinjury.1.1SymptomsAttacksallgreenpartsofthevine.Initially,lesionsareyellowishandoily,andbecomeangular,yellowtoreddishbrownspots.Infectedshootsthickenandcurl,thenturnbrownanddie.Youngberriesbecomegraywheninfected.Rachisinfectioncanspreadintoolderberriescausingabrownrot.Allinfectedparts,exceptolderfruit,arecoveredwithwhitefungalgrowthduringmoistweather.主要危害葉片，也危害新梢、葉柄、卷須、幼果、果梗及花序等幼嫩部分，葉正面形成多角形的黃褐色病斑，葉背產(chǎn)生白色的霜霉?fàn)钗铩?.2pathogen該病由鞭毛菌亞門單軸霜霉屬真菌葡萄單軸霉Plasmoparaviticola侵染所致。病菌產(chǎn)生孢子囊及卵孢子。1.3diseaserecycle病菌主要以卵孢子(oospore)在病組織中或隨病葉等在土壤中越冬(overwinter)。氣候溫暖地區(qū)，也能以菌絲在芽鱗或未脫落的葉片內(nèi)越冬。卵孢子在潮濕的土壤表層存活最好，可長達(dá)2年。Thefungusoverwintersprimarilyininfectedleavesontheground.Itmaysurviveasmyceliuminbudsduringmildwinters.Nextspring,whentheconditionissuitable,oosporedisseminatesbywindandraintotheadultplant,sproutsandinvadeshost,causesinitiallyinfectionandreinfection.1.4theconditionofdisease1.4.1Plantdiseaseoccurrenceandpopularlycorrelatewiththeclimaticconditions,humidityisthemainfactor,thetemperature,theilluminationalsohasthecertainrelations.Everyincreasesoil,theairandthehostsurfacehumidityfactorandthedaytimedonothavethedirectlightaswellasthegloomyenvironment,likerains,thebadfog,thecloudydayandsoonareadvantageoustothegerminvasion.Themulti-rain,thehumidity,cooliseasytocauseplantdiseasetobepopular.病害的發(fā)生和流行與氣候條件密切相關(guān)，其中濕度是主導(dǎo)影響因子，溫度、光照也有一定關(guān)系。凡增加土壤、空氣和寄主表面濕度的因子和白天無直射光以及陰暗的環(huán)境，如降雨、大霧、陰天等均有利于病菌侵入。多雨、高濕、冷涼最易引起病害流行。1.4.2.Cultivationmanagement:lateexecutesthenitrogenousfertilizerormore,theshelfexcessivelylowly,asurfacedense,drainingwaterimpeded,overgrownwithweeds,deadwood,thefallenleafhaspilerandomly,ventilatebad,microclimatemoist,allcancauseplantdiseaseseriouslytooccurandbepopular.品種間的抗病性有明顯差異，一般來說，美洲種葡萄、夏葡萄、園葉葡萄、沙地葡萄、心葉葡萄較抗病，歐亞種葡萄高度感病。一般抗病性較強(qiáng)的品種有康拜爾早生、尼加拉、嵐-5、鎮(zhèn)3、留-8、留-9、商-23、白-35-1等。感病的品種有紅地球、巨峰、新玫瑰香、甲州、甲斐路、粉紅玫瑰、里查瑪特等。1.5Diseasecontrol1.5.1清除果園菌源秋季結(jié)合修剪，剪除架上病梢、病枝和病果，清除架下枯枝落葉，集中燒毀或深埋，減少越冬菌源。發(fā)病始期發(fā)現(xiàn)病花序、葉片及果粒及時摘除深埋。Thefungusoverwintersprimarilyininfectedleavesontheground.Itmaysurviveasmyceliuminbudsduringmildwinters.

對于常年嚴(yán)重發(fā)病的葡萄園應(yīng)考慮定植或更新抗病性較強(qiáng)的品種。Grapevarietiesvarygreatlyintheirsusceptibilitytodownymildew.Ingeneral,vinifera(Vitisvinifera)varietiesaremuchmoresusceptiblethanAmericantypes,andtheFrenchhybridsaresomewhatintermediateinsusceptibility.CabernetFranc,CabernetSouvignon,Catawba,Chancellor,Chardonnay,Delaware,Fredonia,Gewurytraminer,Ives,Merlot,Niagra,PinotBlanc,PinotNoir,Riesling,RougeonandSauvignonBlancarereportedtobehighlysusecptibletodownymildew.

1.5.2StrengthensthecultivationmanagementSevereannualpruningisaveryimportantpracticeforcontrolling

disease.Itisnecessarytopruneoutandburnallexcessgrowth.

Toimproveaircirculation,controlweedsandtallgrassesinthevineyardandsurroundingareas.適當(dāng)增施磷鉀肥，提高植株抗病能力。1.5.3SpraymedicinetoprotectplantintimingPrebloomspraysarenecessaryforcontrol.Promptlysprayprotectingagentbeforedisease,copperpreparationisthegoodmedicamentcontrolingthefrostmildew.可在發(fā)病前結(jié)合防治其他病害噴布1:0.7:200~240倍的波爾多液(Bordeauxmixture)。2.Jujubewitches’sbroomJujubewitchesbroomisthedestructivediseaseinjujubetrees.Thediseasedistributedaroundthewholecountry,especiallyinhebei,henan,andshandongprovince.Ifthediseaseoccurs,theyoungjujubetreewilldiein1-2years,andtheadulttreesin3-4years,leadingtolargeareajujubetreestobedestroyed.2.1symptomIngeneral,thejujubewitchesbroomhappenfromoneormoretwigs,andthenspreadtoothertwigsorthewholeplant.adenseclusteroftwigsgrowingfromacentralsource.Infectedbranches,theflowerorganbecometoleavesorsmalltwigs.Thediseasedtwigsareslim,andtheknotbecomeshort,theleavesaresmallandchlorosis.2.2CausalOrganism

Thepathogenofjujubewitchesbroommianlyisphytoplasma.Phytoplasmaisirregularlyspherical,thediameteris90-260nm,andoftenliveinconglobationandbunchinessTransmissionofphytoplasmastoplantsoccurswhenleafhoppersfeedfromplantphloem.Thebacteriaareintroducedintoplantphloemwithinsectsaliva.Inplants,phytoplasmasremainrestrictedtothephloemtissuewheretheysystemicallyspreadthroughouttheplant.Phytoplasmascauseseveresymptoms,suchas,stunting,phyllody（變?nèi)~?。?witchesbroom,yellowing,andyieldlossesinover300economicallyimportantplantspeciesworldwide.Theseorganismsarenottransmittedviaplantseeds,butmaybetransmittedtonext-generationleafhoppers.Themolecularandgeneticmechanismsunderlyingthediverseinteractionsbetweenplantpathogenicphytoplasmasandtheirplantorinsecthostsremainunknown.2.3DiseasecycleTherootsofinfectedjujubescancarrythepathogenalltheyearround.Sothephytoplasmacanoverwinterintherootsofjujube；inthenextyear,thephytoplasmainrootscanbetransportedtoovergroundpartofjujubewiththenutrientscausingwitchesbroom.Invadedphytoplasmamustmovetorootsalongthephloemandreproduceinrootsandthenmovetothebranchescausingdisease.Graftandinsectvecterallcantransmitphytoplasma,butvectortransmissionisthemainwaytotransmitphytoplasma.2.4Control2.4.1UsingresistantvarietiesResistantvarietiesisthekeymeasuretocontroljujubewitchesbroom.Usingresistantwildjujubeorresistantjujubeasstocktocultivateresistantjujubevarieties,orusingthepathogen-freesciontoreproducedisease-freestock.2.4.2Cultivationmanagementintensifyingthefertilizerandwatermanagement,improvingthesoilconditionbyincreasingtheorganicfertilizer,promotingthegrowthofjujubetreetoenhancetheresistancetophytoplasma2.4.3ControlthevectorinsectsSprayingtheinsecticideintimetokillthevectorinsect-leafhopper,ingeneral,theoptimaldateofsprayingtheinsecticidearethelastten-dayofApril,May,andJune.10%cypermethrin（氯氰菊酯）isincommonuse.2.4.4SurgerymeasureRing-cuttingthetrunkcanblockthemovementofphytoplasma,bythisway,thediseasecanbecontrolledoralleviatedSection2FruitDiseases蘋果輪紋病蘋果炭疽病蘋果青霉病蘋果霉心病蘋果煤霉病蘋果褐腐病梨黑星病梨輪紋病葡萄白腐病葡萄黑痘病葡萄黑腐病柑橘青霉病柑橘綠霉病桃褐腐病桃褐斑病棗黑腐?。s果）棗炭疽病1.1OccurringanddamageBrownRotisoneofthemostcommonandseriousdiseasesaffectingpeachfruits.Fieldlossesofnectarinescanbeextensiveifconditionsfavorablefordiseasedevelopmentoccurduringtheblossomingorpreharvestandharvestperiods.Lossesofpeachvarywithsusceptibilityofthecultivar.桃褐腐病又稱果腐病、菌核病，是我國南北方桃樹上的重要病害。溫暖潮濕地區(qū)蟲害嚴(yán)重的果園常流行成災(zāi)。可危害桃、杏、李、櫻桃等。1.BrownRot,Moniliniafructicola桃褐腐病1.2Sympotom（癥狀）Fruitrotstartswithasmall,roundbrownspot,whichexpandstoeventuallyrottheentirefruit.Infectedfruitturnsintoamummyonthetree.Exceptfruititcanalsoinfectflowerblossomsandshoots.Thediseasebeginsatbloom.Infectedflowerswiltandturnbrownveryquickly.Shootinfections(usuallyfromflowerinfections)resultinsmall(1to3inches),gummycankers,whichprovidethesourceofinfection（侵染）forfruitrot.Sporesfrominfectedflowersandcankersinfectabortingfruitandhealthygreenfruitduringlongwetnessperiods.Infected,abortedfruitremainattachedinthetreeandprovideanadditionalsourceofsporesformoreinfectionsinsteadofdroppingoffinanormalfashion.Infectionsinapparentlyhealthygreenfruitremaininactiveuntilthefruitbeginstoripen（成熟）.1.3Pathogen該病由子囊菌亞門核盤菌屬monilina和無性世代的叢梗孢屬monilia真菌侵染所致。病菌產(chǎn)生子囊盤和子囊孢子，并產(chǎn)生分生孢子。

1.僵果及子囊盤

2.分生孢子梗分生孢子鏈及分生孢子

1.4RuleofdiseaseoccurringDiseaseCycle(侵染循環(huán))M.fructicolaoverwintersinorchardsasmyceliumonmummies,fruitstems,blightedblossomsandtwigs,andcankers.Sporodochiadevelopundercool,wetconditionsduringthewinterandearlyspring.Occasionally,cup-likeapotheciaofM.fructicolawhichproduceascosporescanbefoundonfruitmummiesunderthetree.影響發(fā)病的因素開花期低溫多雨易引起花腐、葉腐或枝腐，果實(shí)成熟期溫暖、潮濕、多雨、多霧易引起果腐。貯藏期間病健接觸也能傳病。果實(shí)皮薄多汁發(fā)病重。蟲害的發(fā)生程度和病害的危害輕重密切相關(guān)，蟲害多發(fā)病重。管理粗放，栽植過密、修剪不當(dāng)、通風(fēng)透光差病害發(fā)生重桃、杏、李混載也有利于發(fā)病。DiseaseCycle1.5PreventionandTreatment1.5.1Culturalpractices:Sanitationisessentialifyourorchardistobeconsideredalowriskforabrownrotepidemic.Thepracticeslistedbelow,iffollowed,shouldminimizebrownrotsporepopulationsandlimitthelikelihoodofanepidemicwhenconditionsarefavorableforrapiddiseasedevelopment.1.5.2ChemicalmanagementFungicidesareusuallyrequirediffruitripeningoccursduringaperiodofwarm,wetweather.Itisimportanttobeginsprayingjustbeforethefruitbeginstoripen.Lookforthefirsttingeofchangeintheyellowbackgroundcolor.Startingasprayprogramwhenrottenfruitisevidentwillresultinpoordiseasecontrol.Selectafungicidecontainingthiophanatemethyl,captan,orazoxystrobinthatislabeledforuseonpeaches.Thesefungicidesareonlyeffectiveifcompleteandthoroughcoverageofthetree(s)canbeobtained.Alwaysapplyallpesticidesaccordingtodirectionsonthelabel.2Pearscab（梨黑星?。?.1OccurringanddamageScabisthemostseriousdiseaseofapplesandpearsinallcountry.Althoughitiscostlytocontrol,neglectingorwronglyapplyingcontrolmeasuresma