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IntroductiontoNeurologyEnglishcourseware目錄CONTENTSThebasicstructureofthenervoussystemThefunctionofthenervoussystemNeurologicaldisordersDiagnosisofneurologicaldiseasesTreatmentofneurologicaldisordersPreventionofneurologicaldiseases01CHAPTERThebasicstructureofthenervoussystemNeuronsarethebasicfunctionalunitsofthenervoussystemNeuronshaveacellbody,dents,andanaxonTheaxisisthelongprojectionthattransferselectricalimpulsestoothernervesoreffectorganizationsTheyarespecializedcellsthatprocessandtransitinformationthroughelectricalandchemicalsignalsNeuronAsynapseisthegapbetweentheaxonofoneneuronandthedentesorcellbodyofanotherneuronItisaspecializedstructurethatallowscommunicationbetweenneuronsAtthesynapse,theelectricalimpulsetransmittedbytheaxisisconvertedintoachemicalsignalthatisreceivedbythedentesorcellbodyofthenextneuronTheneurotransmitterreleasedbytheaxondiffusesacrossthesynapticclearandbinstoreceiversonthenextneuron,initiatinganewelectricalimpulseSynapseNeurologicalcells01Neurologicalcellsarenonneuronalcellsthatsupportandprotectneurons02Theyprovidephysicalsupport,insulation,andnutrientstoneurons03Astrocytesandmicrogliaaretwotypesofneurologicalcells04Astrocytesregulatetheflowofnutrientsandionsinthebrain,whilemicrogliaphagocytosedebrisandparticleinimmuneresponses02CHAPTERThefunctionofthenervoussystemThenervoussystemprocessesinformationfromtheenvironmentandinternalorganizations,allowingustosenseandperceivetemperature,touch,paint,vibration,andotherstimuliSensationandperceptionThenervoussystemalsoprocessesinformationfromTasteBudsandOlfactoryreceivers,allowingustodetectandapprovetheflamesandodorsoffoodandothersubstancesTasteandsmallFeelMotorcontrolThenervoussystemcoordinatesthecontractofmusclestoproductmovement,allowingustomoveourbodiesinacoordinatedandpurposefulmannerReflexesThenervoussystemalsorespondsquicklytohiddenchangesintheenvironment,suchasahiddenpaintorahotsurface,byautomaticallydrawingtheaffectedbodyparttoprotectitfromharmMotionHomeostasisTheautonomousnervoussystemregulatestheinternalenvironmentofthebody,maintaininghomeostasisbycontrollingheartrate,bloodpressure,aspiration,digestion,andothervitalfunctionsEmotionalresponseTheautonomousnervoussystemalsomediatesouremotionalresponses,suchasthe"rightorflight"responsetodangerortherelaxationresponsetorestandrelaxationAutonomousnervoussystemThenervoussystemprocessesinformationandstoresmemories,allowingustolearnnewskills,rememberpastevents,andmakedecisionsbasedonpastexperiencesLearningandmemoryThenervoussystemmaintainsourlevelofarousalandconsciousness,keepingusawakeandawareofoursurroundingatalltimesArousalandconsciousnessCognitiveandemotional03CHAPTERNeurologicaldisordersCerebralApoplexyreferstoarecentonsetoffocalorglobalcerebralischemia,resultingincorrespondingneurologicaldefectsCerebrolApoplexyisoftencausedbyastrolysis,thrombosis,electromagnetism,andotherreasons,leadingtoblockageofbloodflowinthebrainThemainsymbolsofcerebralApoplexyincludeincludedadditionalonsetofheadache,invoicing,hemiplegia,andothersymbolsItisthemostcommontypeofstrokes,accountingforabout80%ofallstrokesCerebralApoplexy01Parkinson'sdiseaseisachronicneurogenicdiseasethatmainlyaffectsthemotorsystem02ThemainsymptomsofParkinson'sdiseaseincludesymptoms,musclestiffness,slowmovement,andbalanceproblems03ThereasonofParkinson'sdiseaseisnotfullyunderstood,butitisgenerallybelievedtoberelatedtogeneticandenvironmentalfactors04ThetreatmentofParkinson'sdiseasemainlyincludesdrugtherapyandsurgicaltherapyParkinson'sdisease輸入標(biāo)題02010403AlzheimerdiseaseAlzheimer'sdiseaseisacommonneurogenicdiseaseintheelderly,whichmainlyaffectsmemoryandthinkingabilityThetreatmentofAlzheimer'sdiseasemainlyincludesdrugtherapyandcognitivebehavioraltherapyThecauseofAlzheimer'sdiseaseisnotfullyunderstood,butitisgenerallybelievedtoberelatedtogeneticandenvironmentalfactorsThemainsymptomsofAlzheimer'sdiseaseincludememoryloss,fusion,differentiation,andothersymptoms04CHAPTERDiagnosisofneurologicaldiseases123Checkingtheoverallconditionofthepatient,includingvitalsigns,weight,height,andbodymassindexGeneralexaminationExaminingthenervoussystem,includingcranialnerves,motorfunction,sensitivity,andcoordinationNeurologicalexaminationCheckingotherorganizationsandsystemsthatmaybeaffectedbytheneurologicaldiseaseSystemicexaminationPhysicalexaminationUsingcomputedtomographytocreateimagesofthebrainandotherpartsofthenervoussystemCTscanUsingmagneticresonanceimagingtocreatedetailedimagesofthebrainandspinalcordMRIscanUsinghighfrequencysoundwavestocreateimagesofthebrainandotherpartsofthenervoussystemUltrasoundNeuroimagingexaminationElectroencephalogram(EEG)01MeasuringelectricalactivityinthebrainusingelectrodesplacedonthescaleElectromyogram(EMG)02MeasuringelectricalactivityinmusclesusingelectrodesinsertedintothemuscleNerveconductionstudy03MeasuringthespeedandexampleofelectricalimpulsestravelingthroughnervesusingelectrodesplacedontheskinNeuroelectrophysiologicalexamination05CHAPTERTreatmentofneurologicaldisordersMedicationsaretheprimarytreatmentformostneurologicaldisordersAnticonvulsantsareusedtocontrolseizesinepisodeAntidepressantsandantipsychoticsareusedtomanagethesymptomsofmentalIllnessMedicationscanbeadministeredorally,intravenously,orintraventrically01020304DrugtherapySurgeryisindicatedforsomeneurologicaldisorders,suchasbraintutorsandseveralepisodesSurgicalprocedurescanincludebrainbiopsy,restorationofatutor,orimplementationofelectrodesfordeepbrainstimulationPostoperativecareandrehabilitationareessentialforrecoverySurgicaltreatment
RehabilitationtherapyRehabilitationtherapyisessentialforpatientswithlongtermorpermanentneurologicaldisabilitiesTopicsincludephysicaltherapy,occupationaltherapy,speechtherapy,andcognitivebehavioraltherapyThegoalofrehabilitationtherapyistomaximizefunctionandindependencewhilemanagingsymptoms06CHAPTERPreventionofneurologicaldiseasesControltensionRegularlymonitorbloodpressure,maintainahealthydiet,reducesaltandfatintake,andexerciseregularlytokeepbloodpressurewithinthenormalrangeControldiamondsMaintainahealthydiet,exerciseregularly,andtakemedicineassubscribedtocontrolbloodsugarlevelsControlcholesterolAdoptahealthydiet,maintainanormalweight,andtakemedicineassubscribedtocontrolbloodcholesterollevelsControlriskfactorsRaisepublicawarenessEmphasisontheimportanceoflifestylechangesandregularhealthcheckupsinpreventingneurologicaldiseasesStresstheimportanceofpreventionProvid
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