專題12 科普新知-中考英語時文閱讀專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

中考英語熱點(diǎn)時文閱讀專題12科普新知姓名：_________班級：_________學(xué)號：_________題型主要內(nèi)容1閱讀理解介紹了洋蔥的用途和營養(yǎng)價值，也提供了幾種切洋蔥不流淚的方法。2閱讀理解介紹了筷子的歷史以及和筷子的發(fā)明有關(guān)的三個傳說，還介紹了制造筷子的多種材料。3閱讀理解介紹了人類進(jìn)化過程中臉部的變化。4閱讀理解通過《白雪公主》的故事引出有毒的蘋果的話題。5閱讀理解介紹了20世紀(jì)70年代，一位名叫J.P.Guilford的心理學(xué)家進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)著名的關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的研究，名為“九點(diǎn)謎題”，這讓Guilford得出了一個籠統(tǒng)的結(jié)論：創(chuàng)造力需要你跳出框框。但是后來有人通過研究證明這個結(jié)論是一個誤導(dǎo)。6閱讀理解講述了動物也會撒謊，撒謊可以幫助它們生存。7閱讀理解講述了新冠肺炎疫情期間挽救人命的口罩，如今卻成了野生動物的“殺手”。作者呼吁人們使用口罩后，勿隨意丟棄。8完形填空講述了植物之間的交流方式。9語法填空介紹了中國人喜歡喝熱水的原因。01Whetheryellow,redorwhite,theonionisavegetablethatyoumaynotknowwell.Thelistofusesincookingforitisendless.Peoplehaveusedonionstoaddflavor(味道)totheirfoodsforthousandsofyears.Besidesonions’greattaste,theyareverygoodforyou.Theyhavespecialchemicals(化學(xué)物質(zhì))thatimproveyourabilitytofightoffsicknessandyouhavefewerchancesofgettingadisease.Nomatterhowgoodonionsareforyou,itisdifficulttocutanonionwithoutyoureyesfillingwithtears!Whenyoucutintoanonion,irritatingchemicalsinsidetheonionwillgetintotheair.Theytouchyourwholeevesandcausepain.Youreyesmaketearstowashawaythechemicalsandprotectyoureyes.Luckily,cooksandscientistshavediscoveredsomewaystokeepyoufromcryingwhenyoucutuponions:●Cuttheonionunderrunningwater.Thewaterwillwashawaythechemicalsbeforetheycanreachyoureyes.●Useafantoblowairovertheonionasyoucutit.Theairwillblowthechemicalsawayfromyoureyes.●Puttheonioninafridgeforanhourbeforecutting.Thishelpsmakethechemicalsintheonionmoveslowly,sotheymaynoteverreachyoureyes.Ifyoutryoutthesegoodideasandstillcrywhilecuttingonions,don’tworry.Scientiststhinkifyoucutmoreonions,yourbodywillbecomemoreresilienttotheonion’schemicals.Sothetearswillnotlastlong.Ifyouthinkabouthowhealthyonionsare,youmightevencallthosetears“happytears”.1．Whycanonionshelpyoufightoffsickness?A．Becausetheyhavedifferentcolors. B．Becausetheyhavemanyusesincooking.C．Becausetheyhavegreattaste. D．Becausetheyhavespecialchemicals.2．Whydoyoureyesmaketearswhenyoucutonions?A．Toimprovephysicalcondition. B．Topreventcommondiseases.C．Towashawayirritatingchemicals. D．Tocauseterriblepain.3．Whatcanyoudotostopcryingaccordingtothetext?①Cuttheonionunderrunningwater.②Useafantoblowairovertheonionwhilecutting.③Covertheonionwithapieceofclothasyoucutit.④Puttheonioninafridgeforanhourbeforecutting.A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④4．Inwhichsectionofamagazinecanyouprobablyreadthetext?A．LifeandHealth. B．LanguageandCulture.C．BusinessWorld. D．NationalNews.02It’ssaidthatChinauses45billionpairsofchopsticksayear.Here’ssomeinformationaboutchopstick’shistory.Chopstickshavealonghistoryofmorethan3,000yearsinChina.TherecordedhistoryofchopsticksisasearlyastheShangDynasty(1600-1046BC).AccordingtoanarticleaboutChinesehistory,theemperoroftheShangDynasty(商朝)usedchopsticksmadeofivory.Legends(傳說)abouthowchopstickswereinvented▲OneisaboutJiangZiya.Hewastoldbyabirdtousebamboostickstopickupmeat.Whensmokecamefrombamboosticks,hefoundoutthathiswifewantedtousepoisonous(有毒的)foodtokillhim.▲AnotherisaboutDaJi.SheusedtopleaseEmperorZhoubypickinguphotmeatwithhairsticks.▲ThethirdoneisaboutDaYu.Heinventedwoodenchopstickstopickuphotfoodtosavetimeoverthemealwhilepreparingforfloodcontrolwork(控制洪水).Materialsofchopsticks●Bamboohasbeenthemostpopularmaterialusedforchopsticksbecauseitisnotexpensive,easy-to-get,resistant(有抵抗力的)toheat,andhasnoterribleodorortaste.●Wood:Cedar,sandalwood,teakandpinehavealsobeenused.●Jade(玉、翡翠)andmetal:Inthepast,thewealthypeoplehadchopsticksmadeofjade.Peoplealsousedsomemetalssuchasgoldandsilvertomakechopsticks.●Porcelain(瓷器)andplastic:Thesetwomaterialsareusedinmoderntimesbecauseofthedevelopmentoftechnology.5．Howmanylegendsarementioned(被提到)inthepassage?A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six.6．WhowantedtokillJiangZiyaaccordingtothepassage?A．DaJi. B．DaYu. C．Theemperor. D．Hiswife.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“odor”probablymeaninChinese?A．硬度 B．觸覺 C．氣味 D．視覺8．WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhybambooisusedtomakechopsticks?A．Bambooisresistanttoheat. B．Bamboogrowsfasteverywhere.C．Bambooisnotexpensivetoget. D．Bamboodoesn’ttasteterrible.9．What’sthepurposeofthepassage?A．Totellussomelegendsofusingchopsticks.B．Toexplainwhychopsticksarepopular.C．Totellushowtousechopstickstoeatmeals.D．Totellussomeinformationaboutchopsticks.03Weallknowthestrangefeelingofwatchingthetimechangeonaclock.Youneverseeitchangebecausethehandsmovesoslowly.Butofcourse,thetimeischangingallthetime.Humanfaces,likeclockfaces,arealsochanging.Andlikeclocks,thechangestakeplacetooslowlytobenoticed.Overmanythousandsofyears,though,hugechangesarepossible.Forexample,thehumanbraintripled(三倍)insizeandbegantothinkmore.Ourfacesbecameflatter(平坦的).Ifourheadsbecamelargerinthepast,howwillthingschangeinthefuture?Unlikethechangesofaclockface,thechangesinhumanfacesareverydifficulttopredict(預(yù)測).Oneofthemainreasonsforthisisthewayinwhichwecannowcontrolpartsofnature.Hundredsofthousandsofyearsago,allchangeswerenatural,butnowwecanactivelychoosewaysforourownevolution(進(jìn)化).Justafewhundredyearsago,mosthumanswereworkinginthefields,whereasnowadaysmoreandmorepeoplereceiveeducation.Thesearejustpredictions,andnoonecanbesurehowhumanbeingswillbecomeinthefuture.Butwithsuchhugechangesinourenvironment,itseemslikelythatwewilllookverydifferentinthefuture.10．Thechangesofhumanarehardlynoticedbecause________.A．humanfacesneverchange B．thehumanbrainbecomesbiggerC．thechangestakeplacetooslowly D．weneverthinkaboutthechanges11．Thethirdparagraphtellsus________.A．humanfacescan’tbecontrolledbyusB．humanfacesusedtobechangedbynatureC．itiseasytopredictthechangesinhumanchangesD．humancan’tchangethesizeofthebraininthefuture12．Fromthelastparagraph,wecanlearnthat________.A．thepredictionswillsurelybetrue B．peopleinthepastlikedtobeeducatedC．futurehumansmusthavelargerheads D．humanswillnotlookthesameastoday04InthestorySnowWhite,thejealousqueendecidestogetridofSnowWhiteonceandforallwithanappledippedindeadlypoison(毒藥).Thankstosomehelpfuldwarfsandahandsomeprince,SnowWhiterecovers(恢復(fù)).Butthequeendidn’tneedtogotoallthattrouble.Infact,apples,alongwithmanycommonfruitsweeatarealreadypoisonous!Butdon’tworry—itwon’tharmyou.It’sonlytheseedsyouneedtoavoid.AppletreesbelongtoaplantfamilycalledPrunus(薔薇科樹).Thisgroupalsoincludespeaches,cherriesandsoon.Theseedsandpits(果核)ofallthesefruitscontainachemicalcalledamygdalin(苦杏仁苷).Insideananimal’sstomach,amygdalinturnsintoastrongpoisoncalledcyanide(氰化物).Andcyanidecanmakepeopleandanimalsverysick,orevenkillthem.Still,don’tworryifyouaccidentallyswallowafewappleseeds.Eachseedhasonlyaverytinyamountofpoison.You’dhavetoeatalargebowlfulofseedstofeelanyeffect.Andyou’dneedtochewthemwell—thehard,shinyshellsofappleseedskeepthepoisonlockedinside.Unchewedseedsusuallypassrightthroughandcomeoutwholeinyourpoop(糞便).Butcowsandotheranimalsoftenchewupseedsalongwiththefruit,sotheycangetsickfromeatingapplesandplumsthatfalltotheground.Whywouldatreemakepoisonedseeds?Tostopanimalsfromnibblingonthem!Amygdalintastesterrible.It’salsofoundinleavesandotherpartsoffruittrees.Ifadeerorcowchewsonappleleaves,itgetsanastytasteandanupsetstomach.Animalssoonlearntoleavethosetreesalone.Thanks,amygdalin!13．WhydoesthewritermentionthestoryofSnowWhiteinthefirstparagraph?A．Toamusethereaders. B．Toprovideanexample.C．Toexpressanopinion. D．Toleadintothetopic.14．Accordingtothepassage,amygdaliniscontainedin______.A．A B．B C．C D．D15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nibble”meaninparagraphfour?A．pollute B．touch C．break D．eat16．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?A．Atreemakespoisonedseedstoprotectitself.B．There’stinyamountofpoisonineachappleseed.C．It’snotharmfulforanimalstochewupseedswithfruit.D．It’sjustOKtoswallowseveralseedswithoutchewingup.05Howdopeoplethinkdifferently?Thishasalwaysbeenunusual.Tosearchananswer,ascientistnamedJ.P.Guilfordstartedafamousstudyofcreativityinthe1970s,knownasthenine-dotpuzzle(九點(diǎn)謎題).Heaskedtheparticipants(參與者)toconnectallninedotsusingonlyfourstraightlines,withoutliftingtheirpencilsfromthepage.Alltheparticipantslookedforsolutionswithinthesquaretheyimagined.Only20percentmanagedtobreakoutofthesquareandcontinuetheirlinesinthewhitespacearoundthedots,whiletherestofthemwereblindedbytheboundaries(邊界)ofthesquare.TheresultsofGuilford’sstudyledhimtoaconclusion:creativityneedsyoutogooutsidethebox.Theideawaswidelyspreadsoon.Overnight,itseemedthatcreativityexpertseverywherewereteachingmanagershowtothinkoutsidethebox.Theideawassopopularthatnoonethoughtofcheckingthefacts.Noone,thatis,beforetwodifferentresearchteams—ClarkeBurmhamwithKennethDavis,andJosephAlbawithRobertWeisberg—didanotherexperiment.TomakesurethatGuilford’sstudyiscorrect,bothteamsdividedparticipantsintotwogroups.ThefirstgroupwasgiventhesameinstructionsastheparticipantsinGuilford’sexperiment.Thesecondgroupwastoldtodrawthelinesoutsidetheimaginedbox.Guesswhat?Onlyalittlemorethan20percentsolvedthepuzzle,whichisnobigdifferencefromtheresultofGuilford’sexperiment.Let’slookalittlemorecloselyatthesurprisingresult.Solvingthisproblemrequirespeopletothinkoutsidethebox.However,directandclearinstructionsto“thinkoutsidethebox”donothelpparticipantsimprovetheirperformance.Thewidelyspreadideathatout-of-the-boxthinkingmakespeoplemorecreativecan,insomeway,bedangerous.Afterall,withonesimplebutbrilliantexperiment,researchershadprovedthattheconnectionbetweenthinkingoutsidetheboxandcreativitywasamisunderstanding.17．Thenine-dotpuzzlestudyismainlyfocusedon________.A．howpeopledothingsinreallife B．whatpeopleseeintheexperimentC．howpeoplethinkindifferentways D．whatknowledgepeoplehavelearned18．Whydidthetworesearchteamsdothefollowingexperiment?A．TodiscoverthemainideaofGuiford’sstudy. B．ToshowdifferentviewsagainstGuiford’sstudy.C．TocollectsupportingdetailsforGuiford’sstudy. D．Todouble-checkthecorrectnessofGuiford’sstudy.19．Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat_________.A．boundariessometimesmakepeoplethinklesscreativelyB．clearinstructionsinfluencehowpeoplesolveproblemsC．fewpeopleperformedbetterwiththeclearinstructionsD．themethodsofnine-dotpuzzlestudyneedtobeimproved20．Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．PuzzleSolving:AKeyToCreativity B．Nine-DotPuzzle:AMagicTestC．ThinkingOutsidetheBox:AMisleadingIdea D．CreativeThinking:AnUnusualTopic06①M(fèi)ostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureagree?Animalscan’ttalk,butcantheylieinotherways?Cantheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehavior?Animalexpertsmaynotcallitlying,buttheydoagreethatmanyanimals,frombirdstochimpanzees,behavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.Why?Dishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive.②Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranimals.Forexample,abirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsyoung.Whenapredatorgetsclosetoitsnest,theploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.How?Itpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthe“hurt”adult,leavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest.③Anotherkindofbird,thescrubjay,buriesitsfoodsoitalwayshassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhereothersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtoknowwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklater,unburythefood,andburyitagainsomewhereelse.④Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.How?Theydon’tmakenests.Buttheygetintootherbirds’nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.Whenthebabybirdscomeout,theiradoptiveparentsfeedthem.⑤Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky.Afterafight,thelosingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpputsoutitshand,too,thechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner’shandandstartfightingagain.⑥Chimpsaresneakyinotherways,too.Whenchimpsfindfoodthattheylove,suchasbananas,itisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenotherchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatway,otherchimpsdon’thearthem,andtheydon’tneedtosharetheirfood.⑦Aschildren,manyofuslearnthesaying“Youcan’tfoolMotherNature.”Butmaybeyoucan’ttrusther,either.21．Aploverprotectsitsyoungfromapredatorby________.A．gettingclosertoitsyoung B．drivingawaytheadultpredatorC．leavingitsyounginanothernest D．pretendingtohaveawound22．By“Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky”(Paragraph⑤),theauthormeans________.A．chimpsarealwayshonest B．chimpsaresometimesdishonestC．chimpsarereadytofightothers D．chimpscanbeselfish23．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Cuckoosfooltheiradoptiveparentsbymakingnonests.B．Thelosingchimpwonthefightbytakingthewinner’shand.C．Somecleverscrubjaysoftenstealtheirfoodback.D．Somechimpslowertheircrytokeepfoodawayfromothers.24．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Howdoeshonestyhelpanimalssurvive? B．Doanimalslie?C．DoesMotherNaturefoolanimals? D．Howdoanimalslearntolie?07Thesedays,wearingafacemask(口罩)isacommonthingtodo,andithelpspreventdiseasesduringCOVID-19.However,thatalsomeanssingle-usefacemasks,gloves,andotherPPEarethenewestformsofrubbishoncitystreets,beaches,andintheocean.Thisisbadforall,andtherearemanyreasons.Andoneoftheworstonesisthatthelitteredfacemaskscanseriouslyhurtanimals.AshleyFruno,amemberofananimalrightsgroupsaid,“Facemasksaren’tgoingawaysoon.”Sowhenwethrowthemaway,theycanbebadfortheenvironmentandtheanimalsthatliveonthesameplanetasus.Monkeyshavebeenfoundbitingthestraps(帶子)ofusedmasksinthehillsoutsideMalaysia’scapitalKualaLumpur.Thismaymakethemlosetheirbreathorevendie.InBritain,aseabird’slegshavebeenfoundtangled(纏住)inthestrapsofamaskforuptoaweek.Itwasapainfulexperiencefortheseabird.It’shardtobelievethatfacemasksthatoncesavedpeople’slivesarenowkillingwildanimals.Alargenumberoffacemasksaremovingtothelivingplacesofanimals.Ifyouwearasingle-usefacemask,makesureofthrowingitawayproperly.Neverlitteritontheground,orthrowitawayoutside,asthewindcouldblowitaway.Pleasedon’tletthemasksbecomeanight-mareforwildlife.Thankyoufordoingyourparttokeepallanimalssafe!25．Whichofthefollowingbelongstothenewestformsofrubbishaccordingtothepassage?①single-usefacemasks②single-usegloves③single-useplastics④single-usecupsA．①③ B．①④ C．②③ D．①②26．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentencemean?A．Peoplewillstopwearingfacemasksinrecentyears.B．Facemaskscanbeblowntoafarplaceinashorttime.C．Facemaskscanbemadeintootherthingssoon.D．Ittakesalongtimeforfacemaskstodisappear.27．Howdoesthewritershowtheharmoflitteredfacemasksonanimals?A．Bygivingreasons. B．Bylistingnumbers.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Byaskingquestions.28．Whatcanweinfer(推斷)fromthepassage?A．Animalsliketoplaywithmasks.B．Facemasksareonlybadforanimals.C．Facemaskscanbeburiedundertheground.D．Whetherfacemasksaregoodornotdependsonhowpeopledealwiththem.29．Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthispassage?A．Inastorybook. B．Inatravelguide.C．Inasportsnewspaper. D．Inanenvironmentalmagazine.08Canplantstalk?Modemresearchhasfoundsomethingamazing:theydo30witheachother.Ithasbeenknownthatplantsusechemicals(化學(xué)物質(zhì))tocommunicatewitheachother.Thishappens31aplantgetsattacked(攻擊)byinsects.Theplant32chemicalsfromtheleavesthatarebeingeaten.Thisislikeawarning,oracallforhelp.Whenanotherplantgetsthechemicals,itstartstogiveoutitsownchemicals.Someofthesechemicalsdriveinsectsaway.Othersattract(吸引)the33.Thebeeskilltheinsects.More34,plantshaveanamazingsystemofcommunicationthatcanconnectnearlyevery35inaforest.Scientistscallthissystemthe“woodwideweb”.Thewoodwidewebconnectsdifferentplantstoeachother.Usingthewoodwideweb,plantscan36informationandevenfoodwitheachother.However,someplantsmayuseitto37chemicalstoattackotherplants.Perhapsonedayscientistswilllearnhowtocreatea“firewall”tohelp38theseattackswithinthewoodwideweb.Scientistsarestudyingtolearnmoreaboutthesecret39plantstalktoeachother.Maybeonedaywewillknowenoughabouttheircommunicationsothatweareableto“talk”withthemourselves.30．A．a(chǎn)gree B．fight C．communicate D．grow31．A．a(chǎn)nd B．when C．or D．so32．A．givesup B．givesin C．givesout D．givesaway33．A．bees B．rabbits C．bears D．lions34．A．heavily B．smoothly C．usually D．surprisingly35．A．a(chǎn)nimal B．plant C．wood D．flower36．A．search B．receive C．share D．collect37．A．spread B．sell C．store D．trade38．A．start B．plan C．lead D．stop39．A．voices B．words C．ways D．languages09閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（不多于3個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。InWesterncountries,peopleareusedtodrinkingcoldwaterwhenthey’re40(thirst).Andtheyalwaysreceiveaglassofcoldwateralongsidetheirmealsatarestaurant.41inChinawewouldgetacupofsteaminghotwaterorteainstead.Wedrinkhotwaterinfour42(season),nomatterwhattheweatherislike.It’ssaidthatChinesepeople43(drink)hotwatersincethousandsofyearsago.Beforethe44(twenty)centurydrinkinghotwaterwasthemaintreatment,especiallyduringwars.Anddrinkingraw(生的)waterwasasymbol45lowsocialstatus(地位).Thescholarsandrichpeoplealwaysdranktea.Later,teabecamearare(稀有的)productafteryearsofwar,sothey46(natural)gotintothehabitofdrinkingboiledwater.AccordingtoChinesemedicine,ourbodyhastwosourcesofenergy—YinandYang.IfYangbecomestoostrong,ourbodytemperaturewillgoup.Wefeel47(comfortable)andmaygetillnesses.Therefore,wehavetoreturnourbodytobalance.HotwaterisaYinbeverage,sowhenwe’resick,peoplearounduswilltellustodrinkalotofhotwater.Inwinter,itisknowntobegoodtodrinkhotdrinksjust48(avoid)catchingcold.SoifaforeignerinChinaasksforwater,there’sagoodchancethatheorshewill49(give)acupofhotwater.參考答案1．D2．C3．B4．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了洋蔥的用途和營養(yǎng)價值，也提供了幾種切洋蔥不流淚的方法。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theyhavespecialchemicals(化學(xué)物質(zhì))thatimproveyourabilitytofightoffsicknessandyouhavefewerchancesofgettingadisease.”可知，洋蔥能幫你戰(zhàn)勝疾病是因?yàn)樗鼈兒刑貏e的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Whenyoucutintoanonion,irritatingchemicalsinsidetheonionwillgetintotheair.Theytouchyourwholeevesandcausepain.Youreyesmaketearstowashawaythechemicalsandprotectyoureyes.”可知，當(dāng)你切洋蔥時，洋蔥內(nèi)部的刺激性化學(xué)物質(zhì)會進(jìn)入空氣中。它們會觸摸你的整個眼睛，引起疼痛。你的眼睛會分泌眼淚來洗掉化學(xué)物質(zhì)，保護(hù)你的眼睛。故選C。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“●Cuttheonionunderrunningwater.●Useafantoblowairovertheonionasyoucutit.●Puttheonioninafridgeforanhourbeforecutting.”可知，可以在流水下切洋蔥；切洋蔥時，可以用電風(fēng)扇在上面吹氣；也可以把洋蔥放在冰箱里一小時后再切。故選項(xiàng)①②④符合題意，故選B。4．推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了洋蔥的用途和營養(yǎng)價值，也提供了幾種切洋蔥不流淚的方法。由此可推測出，我們可以在雜志的生活與健康欄看到這篇文章。故選A。5．A6．D7．C8．B9．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了筷子的歷史以及和筷子的發(fā)明有關(guān)的三個傳說，還介紹了制造筷子的多種材料。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“OneisaboutJiangZiya.”，“AnotherisaboutDaJi.”和“ThethirdoneisaboutDaYu.”可知，文中一共提到了三個有關(guān)于筷子的傳說。故選A。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Whensmokecamefrombamboosticks,hefoundoutthathiswifewantedtousepoisonous(有毒的)foodtokillhim”可知，想殺姜子牙的人是他的妻子。故選D。7．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)“…ortaste”可知，空處的單詞和taste“味道”是并列關(guān)系，由此可推知odor的含義是“氣味”。故選C。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Bamboohasbeenthemostpopularmaterialusedforchopsticksbecauseitisinexpensive,easy-to-get,resistant（有抵抗力的）toheat,andhasnoterribleodorortaste.”可知，竹子用來做筷子的原因有：價格便宜、易獲得、耐熱，并且沒有糟糕的氣味或味道。選項(xiàng)B“竹子長得很快”不是用來做筷子的原因。故選B。9．推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了筷子的歷史以及和筷子的發(fā)明有關(guān)的三個傳說，還介紹了制造筷子的多種材料。因此可推知本文的寫作目的是給我們介紹一些和筷子有關(guān)的信息。故選D。10．C11．B12．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。本文主要介紹了人類進(jìn)化過程中臉部的變化。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Humanfaces,likeclockfaces,arealsochanging.Andlikeclocks,thechangestakeplacetooslowlytobenoticed.”可知，人臉，就像鐘面一樣，也在變化，像時鐘一樣，這些變化發(fā)生得太慢以至于無法被注意到，即因?yàn)槿四樧兓奶?，所以變化幾乎沒有被注意到。故選C。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Oneofthemainreasonsforthisisthewayinwhichwecannowcontrolpartsofnature.Hundredsofthousandsofyearsago,allchangeswerenatural,butnowwecanactivelychoosewaysforourownevolution.”可知，數(shù)十萬年前，所有的變化都是自然的，可推測人臉過去是自然變化的。故選B。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Butwithsuchhugechangesinourenvironment,itseemslikelythatwewilllookverydifferentinthefuture.”可知，隨著我們的環(huán)境發(fā)生巨大的變化，人類看起來會和現(xiàn)在不一樣。故選D。13．D14．B15．D16．C【導(dǎo)語】本文主要通過《白雪公主》的故事引出有毒的蘋果的話題。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Infact,apples,alongwithmanycommonfruitsweeatarealreadypoisonous!”可知這里通過白雪公主的故事，來引出蘋果有毒的話題。故選D。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theseedsandpits(果核)ofallthesefruitscontainachemicalcalledamygdalin(苦杏仁苷).”可知苦杏仁苷存在于薔薇科樹的種子和果核中。因此圖中果核部分含有苦杏仁苷。故選B。15．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“Amygdalintastesterrible.It’salsofoundinleavesandotherpartsoffruittrees.Ifadeerorcowchewsonappleleaves,itgetsanastytasteandanupsetstomach.”?？芍参锖锌嘈尤受帐菫榱朔乐箘游锍缘羲鼈?，因此劃線單詞的意思是吃。故選D16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Butcowsandotheranimalsoftenchewupseedsalongwiththefruit,sotheycangetsickfromeatingapplesandplumsthatfalltotheground.”可知如果動物吃了果核和種子會生病。因此C選項(xiàng)是不正確的。故選C。17．C18．D19．C20．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了20世紀(jì)70年代，一位名叫J.P.Guilford的心理學(xué)家進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)著名的關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的研究，名為“九點(diǎn)謎題”，這讓Guilford得出了一個籠統(tǒng)的結(jié)論：創(chuàng)造力需要你跳出框框。但是后來有人通過研究證明這個結(jié)論是一個誤導(dǎo)。17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Howdopeoplethinkdifferently?Thishasalwaysbeenunusual.Tosearchananswer,ascientistnamedJ.P.Guilfordstartedafamousstudyofcreativityinthe1970s,knownasthenine-dotpuzzle(九點(diǎn)謎題).”可知，“九點(diǎn)謎題”這項(xiàng)研究主要關(guān)注的是人們是如何用不同的方法思考的，故選C。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“TomakesurethatGuilford’sstudyiscorrect,bothteamsdividedparticipantsintotwogroups.”可知，這兩支研究隊(duì)做實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是為了再次驗(yàn)證Guiford研究的正確性，故選D。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Thesecondgroupwastoldtodrawthelinesoutsidetheimaginedbox.Guesswhat?Onlyalittlemorethan20percentsolvedthepuzzle,whichisnobigdifferencefromtheresultofGuilford’sexperiment.”可知，就算有明確的指示，第二隊(duì)也只有20%多一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的人解決了這個謎題，換句話說，即使有明確的指示也幾乎沒有人做的更好，故選C。20．標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了20世紀(jì)70年代，一位名叫J.P.Guilford的心理學(xué)家進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)著名的關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的研究，名為“九點(diǎn)謎題”，這讓Guilford得出了一個籠統(tǒng)的結(jié)論：創(chuàng)造力需要你跳出框框。但是后來有人通過研究證明這個結(jié)論是一個誤導(dǎo)。所以選項(xiàng)C“跳出思維定勢：一個誤導(dǎo)性的想法”是最好的標(biāo)題，故選C。21．D22．B23．D24．B【導(dǎo)語】本文主要講述了動物也會撒謊，撒謊可以幫助它們生存。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句話“Forexample,abirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsyoung.”可知啄木鳥保護(hù)孩子不受獵食動物侵害是通過假裝受傷，故選D。22．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第五段的最后一句“Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner’shandandstartfightingagain.”（一個輸了的大猩猩抓住獲勝的大猩猩的手又開始打斗了）可知，這句話的意思是大猩猩也可能不誠實(shí)，故選B。23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第六段“Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatway,otherchimpsdon’thearthem,andtheydon’tneedtosharetheirfood.”可知，一些大猩猩放低它們的叫聲，這樣讓別的大猩猩得不到食物，故選D。24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)全篇文章的內(nèi)容和第一段第二行的句子“Cantheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehavior?”可知這篇文章講的是動物也會撒謊，故選B。25．D26．D27．C28．D29．D【導(dǎo)語】本文主要講述了新冠肺炎疫情期間挽救人命的口罩，如今卻成了野生動物的“殺手”。作者呼吁人們使用口罩后，勿隨意丟棄。25．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“thatalsomeanssingle-usefacemasks,gloves,andotherPPEarethenewestformsofrubbishoncitystreets,beaches,andintheocean.”可知一次性口罩、手套和其他個人防護(hù)裝備是最新的垃圾形式。故選D。26．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)“Facemasksaren’tgoingawaysoon”可知口罩不會很快消失，即要花費(fèi)很長時間才能消失。故選D。27．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Monkeyshavebeenfoundbitingthestraps(帶子)ofusedmasksinthehillsoutsideMalaysia’scapitalKualaLumpur...InBritain,aseabird”可知作者通過猴子和海鳥的例子講述了亂扔口罩對動物的危害。故選C。28．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Thesedays,wearingafacemask(口罩)isacommonthingtodo,andithelpspreventdiseasesduringCOVID-19”以及“Pleasedon’tletthemasksbecomeani