2002年真題及解析

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁/共頁2002年全國攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened1.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_3_，followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading6throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,11itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately12.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas13,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,15generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed20“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］bymeansof［B］intermsof［C］withregardto［D］inlinewith16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours23.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible[C]inexaggeratedstatements[D]ascasuallyaspossible25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech[D]DifferentHumorStrategiesText2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2023年年,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.27.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.[A]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures28.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.[C]havealittlecommonsense.[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.[C]improvefactoryenvironments.[D]cultivatehumancreativity.30.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.Text3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.31.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis_______[A]globalinflation.[B]reductioninsupply.[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofexports.32.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif______.[A]priceofcruderises.[B]commoditypricesrise.[C]consumptionrises.[D]oiltaxesrise.33.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries_______.［A］heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.［B］incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.34.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat_______.［A］oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.［C］energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.35.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath”.GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”O(jiān)nanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering”,totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse”.Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension”.36.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide37.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.38.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis.[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse[D]insufficienthospitalcare39.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey.[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.（41）Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.（42）Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.（43）Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.（44）Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous（self-governing）manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values”.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?（45）Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIIIWriting46.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“CulturesNationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould1.describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2.giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服裝）第一部分英語知識應(yīng)用試題解析一、文章總體分析本文主要推薦了計算機的發(fā)展對通信革命及人們的生存方式產(chǎn)生的影響。文章第一段從早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)之間發(fā)生了無數(shù)事情，異常是通信革命加快了步子。第二段接著提到20世紀(jì)計算機的浮上極大地改變了這一進程。第三段指出隨著計算機的發(fā)展，我們步入了一個信息社會。在計算機影響下，通信革命改變了我們的工作和休閑方式，也影響了我們的思量和感知方式。在結(jié)尾部分，文章提到，固然，關(guān)于這種通信革命在經(jīng)濟、政治、社會和文化各方面的影響是利大于弊還是弊大于利，還存在爭議。二、試題詳細(xì)解析1.[A]between在…當(dāng)中，在空間、位置或時光的中間[B]before在此之前早些時候，在…前面[C]since自從…以后，以前[D]later后來，稍后，隨后[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點是：時光副詞的用法辨析。解此題關(guān)鍵看兩個方面，一是理解文章第一句話的含義：人們曾對20世紀(jì)電視的發(fā)展以及15世紀(jì)和16世紀(jì)印刷術(shù)的傳揚舉行了比較。二是注重轉(zhuǎn)折連詞yet的用法，yet普通標(biāo)志著接下來的內(nèi)容與前面的內(nèi)容浮上了較大的不同，如：Shesaidshewouldbelate,yetshearrivedontime.（她說她會遲到，但她卻及時到達了）。文中第二句話結(jié)構(gòu)異常容易，主語和謂語都無法體現(xiàn)與第一句話的強烈對照，這時只能通過空格里填入的時光狀語來體現(xiàn)了，因此這個時光副詞應(yīng)與第一句話中的時光狀語inthe20thcentury和inthe15thand16thcenturies相呼應(yīng)并對照。接下來關(guān)鍵看這個時光副詞表示的是哪個時光段，15、16世紀(jì)之前，20世紀(jì)之后還是兩者之間。其實我們從下文中的the19thcentury也可以判斷出準(zhǔn)確答案是between，即“然而，在這兩個時段之間卻發(fā)生了無數(shù)事情”。2.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：固定句型?？崭袼诘木渥邮且粋€強調(diào)句型：itwas+時光狀語+that。四個選項中能與not搭配的惟獨until，notuntil表示“直到……才……”，囫圇句意是“直到十九世紀(jì)，報紙才成為電子時代到來前主要的……”。如：Itwasnotuntiltheafternoonthathebeguntotackletheproblem.（直到下午他才開始解決問題）。知識點補充：在這種強調(diào)狀語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示狀語的成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子。強調(diào)句子時可以是主語從句、賓語從句或狀語從句。如：ItwasataneveningpartythatIfirstmether.（強調(diào)地點狀語）；Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthattheycouldnotcrosstheriver.（強調(diào)緣故狀語從句，引導(dǎo)詞只能用because，不能用since，as或why）；Itiswhatyouwilldothatisessential.（強調(diào)主語從句）。3.[A]means方式，主意，手段[B]method主意[C]medium（表達或傳揚的）媒介[D]measure措施，步驟，主意[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識點是：名詞詞義辨析。本題相關(guān)部分是thenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_3_,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebook，其中inthewakeof意為“緊跟…之后，接踵而來”，如：Outbreaksofdiseaseoccurredinthewakeofthedrought.（那場旱災(zāi)過后，疾病肆虐）。因此囫圇句子的含義是“報紙繼宣傳冊和書之后成為電子時代到來前主要的__3__”從句意來看，空格處填入的名詞應(yīng)概括newspaper、pamphlet和book的共同特點，按照常識，報紙、宣傳冊和圖書都只能是傳揚信息的媒介（medium），而不是主意或措施。Medium可特指“大眾傳揚手段，包括報紙、雜志、廣播或電視等”，如：Commercialtelevisionisamediumforadvertising.（商業(yè)電視是一種廣告媒介）。詞匯補充：注重means和medium都可以表示借以成就某事或達到某目的人或物。means(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)可以指人或物，其含義為“手段”或“工具”。這個詞不僅用于詳細(xì)的東西，也可以用于抽象的意念。如：Thoughtsofoneindividualcouldbecommunicatedtoanotherbymeansofspeech（一個人的思想能夠借助于語言傳遞給另一個人）；medium的含義是“媒介，手段”，通過它能完成、傳輸或轉(zhuǎn)移某種事物的東西：如：Airisamediumofsound.（空氣是聲音傳揚的媒體）。method所表示的“主意”可以指做某件事的詳細(xì)步驟或程序，也可以指抽象概念“條理”，如：Todothis,scientistshavetodevisemethodsusingradarandunderwatertelevision.（為此，科學(xué)家還要設(shè)計出使用雷達和水下電視的主意）；measures表示“手段，策略，為達到目的采取的行動，權(quán)宜之計”，如：Theytookstrongmeasuresagainstdangerousdrivers.（他們對危害公眾的司機采取強硬的措施）。4.[A](inthe)process(of)在……過程中[B](inthe)company(of)在……陪伴下，與……同時浮上[C](inthe)light(of)按照，按照[D](inthe)form(of)以……的形式[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語義+介詞短語辨析。文章相關(guān)部分是newspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical，從結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)followinginthewakeof和介詞短語inthe4of是并列成分，都做主句的陪同狀語，newspaper，pamphletandbook，periodical也是三個平行的部分，它們之間的關(guān)系是通過inthewakeof和inthe4of兩個部分來體現(xiàn)的。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)followinginthewakeof…意為“隨著宣傳冊和書的浮上以后”，體現(xiàn)了時光上的先后。因此空格處的動詞構(gòu)成的短語應(yīng)既需要與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表并列含義，又需要體現(xiàn)newspaper和periodical之間的時光關(guān)系。四個選項從意義上來看，惟獨B符合。5.[A]gathered(up)收集，蜷縮，概括[B]speeded(up)加速[C]worked(up)逐步建立，逐步發(fā)展，逐步引起，收拾[D]picked(up)拾起，染上，學(xué)到，收拾，收聽到，好轉(zhuǎn)[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識點是：動詞短語辨析。本題要求考生判斷哪個動詞可以與up搭配，構(gòu)成短語動詞，且符合文意。該動作的發(fā)出者是前面的主語communicationrevolution。按照語義，恰當(dāng)選項是speededup，表示“通信革命加速發(fā)展”。文中所在句子用了強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)Itwasduringthesametimethat，強調(diào)時光狀語19世紀(jì)，表明在這一時期不但報紙成為主要媒介，而且通信革命也取得了重大的成績：運輸業(yè)、鐵路、電報、電話、無線電、電影都在發(fā)展。知識點補充：與up搭配組成的短語動詞還包括：beatup（毒打），chokeup（說不出話），dressup（盛裝），endup（結(jié)束），holdup（阻止，妨礙），mixup（混淆），playup（強調(diào)），signup（簽約），takeup（從事），washup（洗餐具）等。例句補充：Thechildgathereduphistoysandputthemaway.（孩子把他的玩具收拾起來放好）；Iworkedupthisbusinessfromnothing.（我在一無所有的情況下把這個事業(yè)逐步發(fā)展起來的，或，我白手起家）；Tradehasbeenslackforthepastsixmonths,butitisnowpickingup.（過去六個月里商業(yè)向來很蕭條，但現(xiàn)在情況正在好轉(zhuǎn)）。6.[A](lead)on引導(dǎo)，率領(lǐng)……繼續(xù)前進[B](lead)out開始，領(lǐng)舞伴起舞[C]over不與lead搭配[D](lead)off（begin）開始[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點是：短語動詞搭配+副詞詞義辨析。事實上本題和下一個題目可以一起解答。因為第六空和第七空是所在句子整體中不可分割的兩個部分?？忌紫刃枧袛噙x項中哪個副詞可以與lead和through搭配。首先排除over，它不能與lead搭配。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格所在部分中的beginningwith…和leading…都是現(xiàn)在分詞狀語成分，說明通信革命是怎樣加速發(fā)展的：開始于運輸和鐵路，接著通過電報、電話、收音機和電影的發(fā)展，直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機。四個選項惟獨副詞on可以表示“繼續(xù)，向前”的含義，用在句子中強調(diào)“電報、電話、收音機和電影行業(yè)推進通信革命的繼續(xù)發(fā)展”。7.[A]of…的，屬于…的；有關(guān)…的[B]for為了；代表；以…為目的地；因為[C]beyond超出（理解、范圍、眼界）之上[D]into進入…之內(nèi)；成為…狀態(tài)[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：介詞用法辨析。按照上一題的分析，句子空格處需要一個介詞和前面的beginwith，leadonthrough一起來表達通信革命發(fā)展的全過程。選項中惟獨into符合，而且它和前面的leading相呼應(yīng)，表達“進入20世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機時代”。[A]concept觀念，概念[B]dimension長度，寬度，高度，尺寸，大小[C]（in）effect實際上，事實上，簡直是[D]（in）perspective準(zhǔn)確地、如實的（看見事物）[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：句內(nèi)語義+介詞短語搭配。本題要求考生判斷哪個名詞和介詞in搭配構(gòu)成副詞短語?？崭袼诰渥邮荖oteveryoneseesthatprocessin8（并不是每個人都…地看待這個過程）。首先排除concept和dimension，它們普通不和in搭配，即使搭配了，所表達的含義“在觀念上看待這個過程”和“在尺度上看待這個過程”也不符合文意。ineffect為固定搭配，如：Theyhavenoformalcontract,butheis,ineffect,hermanager.（他們之間沒有正式合同，但他實際上是她的經(jīng)理），但它在文中能表達的含義“實際上看待這個過程”也不符合邏輯；惟獨inperspective放入句中，表示“并不是每一個人都能準(zhǔn)確地看待這一問題”。知識點補充：inperspective和inone’srightperspective都是固定搭配，都表示“準(zhǔn)確、如實地（看見事物）”，如：seeproblemsintheirrightperspective（如實地看待問題）。另外，該句中，代詞everyone與not搭配使用，表部分一定，意思是“不是每個人”。類似的代詞或副詞還有all，both，every，everyday，everybody，many，everything，entirely，absolutely，always，completely，often，wholly等，它們和not一起表達出“并非都是，不是每個都是”的含義。如：Bothofthemarenotmybrothers.（他們兩個不全是我的兄弟）。Idonotrememberallthoseformulas.（這些公式我并非一致記得）。9.[A]indeed實際上，確實（表強調(diào)）[B]hence因此，所以，（表因果關(guān)系）[C]however然而，（表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）[D]therefore因此，（表因果關(guān)系）[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識點是：邏輯關(guān)系。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格所在句子是一個it做形式主語的殘破的主語從句Itisgenerallyrecognizedthattheintroductionofthecomputerradicallychangedtheprocess?？崭裼蓛蓚€逗號隔開，在主語從句中是插入語。從四個選項看，這里需填入一個邏輯銜接詞，表明這個句子和其前文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。從語義上看，第一段主要論述在15、16世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)之間發(fā)生了無數(shù)事情，如：報紙等媒介的浮上和通信革命的發(fā)展。第二段一、二句綜合指出準(zhǔn)確看待這個過程很重要。從空格所在這一句開始，文章提出“計算機的浮上極大地改變了這個進程”，可以判斷這里的邏輯關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折。選項中惟獨however表轉(zhuǎn)折。知識點補充：像however這類