同濟(jì)大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)英語考試大綱

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁/共頁同濟(jì)大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)英語考試大綱本考試對教材不作統(tǒng)一規(guī)定，凡符合下列評價(jià)目標(biāo)的課程及教材都相宜考生應(yīng)考復(fù)習(xí)。一、評價(jià)目標(biāo)考生應(yīng)控制下列語言知識和技能：(一)語言知識1．語法知識考生應(yīng)能熟練地運(yùn)用基本的語法知識。本大綱沒有專門列出對語法知識的詳細(xì)要求，其目的是鼓勵(lì)考生用聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐代替單純的語法知識學(xué)習(xí)，以求考生在交際中能更確切、自如地運(yùn)用語法知識。2．詞匯考生應(yīng)能控制8000-10000左右的詞匯以及相關(guān)詞組。(二)語言技能1．閱讀考生應(yīng)能讀懂不同類型的文字材料(生詞量不超過所讀材料總詞匯量的3％)，包括信函、書報(bào)雜志上的文章等。按照所讀材料，考生應(yīng)能：1)理解主旨要義；2)理解文中的詳細(xì)信息；3)理解文中的概念性含義；4)舉行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申；5)按照上下文預(yù)測生詞的詞義；6)理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及單句之間、段落之間的關(guān)系；7)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度；8)區(qū)別論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。2.翻譯(英譯中)考生應(yīng)能將所給的文字材料譯成漢語,理解準(zhǔn)確,譯文達(dá)意。3.寫作考生應(yīng)能準(zhǔn)確使用4－5千英語詞匯，熟練控制相關(guān)英語習(xí)慣用法；應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等，還應(yīng)能寫普通描述性、講述性和說明或議論性的文章。短文寫作時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：1)做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確，用詞恰當(dāng)；2)遵循文章的特定文體格式，做到行文流暢，詞匯豐盛，句式變化；3)合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其中央突出，內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、上下文連貫；4)按照寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)選用語言。二、考試形式、考試內(nèi)容與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)(一)考試形式考試形式為筆試。筆試考試時(shí)光為180分鐘。滿分為100分。(二)筆試考試內(nèi)容與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)筆試試題分四部分，包括詞匯,閱讀理解,翻譯(英譯中)和寫作。第一部分詞匯該部分共20小題，每小題0.5分，共10分。主要測試考生的詞匯量。要求考生按照所給的題目，從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案，或填空。第二部分閱讀理解該部分共25小題，每小題2分，共50分。主要考查考生理解詳細(xì)信息、控制文章大意、預(yù)測生詞詞義并舉行判斷等能力。要求考生按照所提供的五--六篇文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給出的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。第三部分翻譯(英譯中)該部分考查考生的理解和翻譯(英譯中)能力。要求考生把所提供的一或兩篇短文譯成中文.共20分。第四部分寫作該部分考查考生的書面表達(dá)能力。共1題，20分。本部分要求考生控制、應(yīng)用一定的英語寫作技巧，能即興寫作各種所學(xué)體裁的短文；提醒信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等。要求完成250-300個(gè)詞以上的英文短文。

同濟(jì)大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)英語考試樣題IVocabulary（10%）Foreachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoices.Choosethebestonetocompletethesentence.1.Thedirectionswereso____thatitwasimpossibletocompletetheassignment.A)ingeniousB)ambitiousC)notoriousD)ambiguous2.Our________hostalwaysenjoyshavingfriendstosharehisLucullansuppers.A)cursiveB)martialC)fractiousD)convivial3.Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren____aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.A)modifyingB)stimulatingC)acceleratingD)duplicating4.Thiskindofmaterialcan_____heatandmoisture.A)deleteB)compelC)repelD)constrain5.Thedamagetohiscarwas____;therefore,hecouldrepairithimself.A)considerableB)appreciableC)negligibleD)invisible6.The____ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.A)implementationB)expeditionC)demonstrationD)manifestation7.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastguardistomakesurethatallships_______followtrafficrulesinbusyharbors.A)cautiouslyB)dutifullyC)faithfullyD)skillfully8.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobe_______thewelfareofhisanimals.A)criticalaboutB)indignantatC)indifferenttoD)subjectto9.Thechairmanoftheboard_______onmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.A)compelledB)posedC)pressedD)tempted10.Usingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultin_______andlackofunityinstyle.A)conflictB)confrontationC)disturbanceD)disharmony11.Corruptpoliticianswhocondonetheactivitiesofthegamblersareequally_______.A)crypticB)esotericC)culpableD)occult12.Idon’tknowthedetailsforIjustgaveyourmanuscriptonlya(n)_______glance.A)cursoryB)cumbrousC)onerousD)obscure13.theRedCrosssocietyhelped_________familiestosurvivethewarinthePersianGulfA)demureB)destituteC)assiduousD)sedate14.themanfelt________whenthegirlturneddownhisproposalofmarriage.A)despondentB)fabulousC)dilapidatedD)fortuitous15.theboygavea______lookathisclassmate’stestpaperwhentheteacherturned.A)frivolousB)furtiveC)freneticD)frigid16.Rubberbootsare___________towater.A)imperiousB)impetuousC)imperviousD)impeccable17.Missilesweremountedatvariouspointsto_______theenemyaircrafts.A)integrateB)jeopardizeC)interceptD)interrogate18.Beingcareless,shehadherarm_____bythebarbedwire.A)laceratedB)lamentedC)juggledD)bemoaned19.Thewrestler’s_______maneuversmadeitdifficultforhisopponenttoobtainahold.A)hermeticB)proteanC)titanicD)procrustean20.Psychoanalysiscanhelpapatientrecalllong-forgottenexperienceslostinthe______recessofhismind.A)labyrinthineB)chimericalC)iridescentD)mercurialIIReadingComprehension(50%)Passage1Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccomplishedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinvent-orsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopterminsulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicons,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.Despitethesefindings,weareurgedtosupportmonopolypoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlytheprodigiousassetsofthegiantcorporationorconglomeratecanaffordthekindofexpendituresthatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectofthecompetitiveprocessisnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation--ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem--mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholderswhomightbemoreconcernedwithcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoassumethatthemonopolisticproducershouldbeequatedwithbountifulexpendituresforresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Furthermore,thefirmwithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesanddifferentproducts,sincewithlittlevestedinterestincapitalequipmentorplantitisnotdeterredfromin-vestmentininnovation.Insomecases,whereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures;thereareinstancesinwhichthey,too,mustcompete,asagainstanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.16.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury________.A.arenotnecessarilyproducedasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment.B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustries.C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams.D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates.17.Itistheauthor'sbelief,asexpressedorimpliedinthepassage,that________.A.monopolypowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.B.governmentalprotectionformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.C.industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchange.D.firmswithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.18.Managementandstockholdersmightbedeeplyconcernedwithcostcuttingratherthaninnovationif_______.A.theircompanyisfacedwithstrongcompetitioninafieldnotdominatedbyoneoftheindustrialgiants.B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustry.C.theyarepartofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandaretherecipientsoffederalfundsforproductdevelopment.D.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscentury.19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisneitherexpressednorimpliedinthepassage?A.Importantinventionshavebeenproduced,inhepast,byindividualsaswellasbycorporateteams.B.Thefederalgovernment'sresearchfundsarefunneledintopureresearchaswellasmilitaryresearch.C.Thedevelopmentoftheautomatictransmissionisnotcreditedtoorganizedindustrialresearch.D.Industrialgiantsmaydeliberatelysuppressinnovationstoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescence.20.Theauthor'spurposeinthispassageisto____.A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentalsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch.B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry.C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation.D.showthatAmerica'sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness.IIITranslationfromEnglishintoChinese(20%)Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourse,overadeepoceanofanguish,reachingtothevergeofdespair.Ihavesoughtlove,first,becauseitbringsecstasyecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,next,becauseitrelieveslonelinessthatterriblelo