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400Must-Have400Must-HavefortheLYNNSTAFFORD-YILMAZLAWRENCEJ.MCGRAW-NewYork?Chicago?SanFrancisco?LisbonLondon?Madrid?MexicoCity?Milan?NewDelhiSanJuan?Seoul?Singapore?Sydney?TorontoCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinaCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:0-07-144328-Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGraw-HilleBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetraininggeorge_hoare@or(212)904-TERMSOFThisisacopyrightedworkandTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.(“McGraw-Hill”)anditslicensorsreserveallrightsinandtothework.Useofthisworkissubjecttotheseterms.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976andtherighttostoreandretrieveonecopyofthework,youmaynotdecompile,disassemble,reverseengineer,reproduce,modify,createderivativeworksbasedupon,transmit,distribute,disseminate,sell,publishorsublicensetheworkoranypartofitwithoutMcGraw-Hill’spriorconsent.Youmayusetheworkforyourownnoncommercialandpersonaluse;anyotheruseoftheworkisstrictlyprohibited.Yourrighttousetheworkmaybeterminatedifyoufailtocomplywiththeseterms.THEWORKISPROVIDED“ASMcGRAW-HILLANDITSLICENSORSMAKE COMPLETENESSOFORTOBEOBTAINEDFROMUSINGTHEINCLUDINGANYINFORMATIONTHATCANBEACCESSEDTHROUGHTHEWORKHYPERLINKOROTHERWISE,ANDEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMANYWARRANTY,ORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOIMPLIEDMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARlicensorsdonotwarrantorguaranteethatthefunctionscontainedinWARRANTIESMcGraw-Hillandworkwillmeetrequirementsorthatitsoperationwillbeuninterruptedorerrorfree.NeitherMcGraw-Hillnoritslicensorsshallbeliabletoyouoranyoneelseforanyinaccuracy,errororomission,regardlessofcause,intheworkorforanydamagesresultingtherefrom.McGraw-Hillhasnoresponsibilityforthecontentofanyinformationaccessedthroughthework.UndernocircumstancesshallMcGraw-Hilland/oritslicensorsbeliableforanyindirect,incidental,special,punitive,consequentialorsimilardamagesthatresultfromtheuseoforinabilitytousethework,evenifanyofthemhasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.Thislimitationofliabilityshallapplytoanyclaimorcausewhatsoeverwhethersuchclaimorcausearisesincontract,tortorotherwise.DOI:ThisThisbookisdedicatedtomylatefather,RichardJ.Zwier,anintelligent,unselfishman.akeencommandofboththevocabularyandidiomsofFormoreinformationaboutthisFormoreinformationaboutthistitle,click SixQuickHintsforSuccessonthe LESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONFood Evolutionand Petroleum LESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONTime Ancient MindandLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSON Social Military Social Military Warand WealthandSocial Personal GovernmentandLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSON AReasonable The Government Crimesat TheWaron LESSONLESSON LESSONLESSONLESSONLESSON Negative LESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONLESSONSocial Paintingand TheWritten Risky 400Must-HaveWordsforthe 400400Must-HaveWordsfortheTOE?willhelpyouimproveyourscoreontheTOEFLtest.Inparticular,thisbookwillbuildyourTOEFLvocabularyforthenewInternet-basedTOEFLof2005.Thisbookisdesignedforeaseofuseasaself-studyguide.Itschapterswerewrittenforeasycompletioninonesitting—about25minutes.400Must-HaveWordsisalsohighlyeffectiveintheTOEFL-prepclassroom.Eachchapterbeginswithalistof10targetwords.Thesewordsareasareanycommonlyusedpartsofspeechrelatedtothetargetword.Followingthesedefinitions,thewordsarepracticedinthreeexercises.TOEFLPrepIandTOEFLPrepIIgivestraightforwardpracticeinavarietyofeasyexercisestyles.Thelastexercise,TOEFLSuccess,includesaTOEFL-TOEFLSuccessreadingsincorporateall10targetwords,andmostalsosoyoucancheckyourwork.Asanextrafeature,thisbookincludesaspecialfrontsectioncalled“SixadviceforTOEFLsuccess.ThisbookwaswrittenbyELTprofessionalswhohelppreparestudentsfortheTOEFLtest.TheirselectionofwordsforthisbookwasbasedonextensiveexperiencewiththeTOEFLtest,informationaboutthecorpus(bodyofwords)thatisusedincreatingtheactualTOEFLtest,andTOEFLmaterialspublishedbyETS,thecreatorsoftheTOEFLtest.400Must-HaveWordsfortheTOEFL?isthebestbookonthemarkettoimproveyourvocabularyfortheTOEFLtest.Copyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.ClickherefortermsofSixQuickHintsforSuccessSixQuickHintsforSuccessontheTrytounderstandareadingorlectureasawhole.UnlikeearlierversionsoftheTOEFL,thenewversiontestswhetheryoucanseehowideasinteractinalongerreading.Takenotes.Especiallyinthelisteningsection,youwillneednotestorememberwhatyouhaveheard.Note-takingwillalsohelpyouconcentrate.Youcanpracticebytakingnotesofnewsstories,doc-umentaries,orlectures.Studygrammarincontext,notbyitself.UnlikeearlierversionsoftheTOEFL,thenewversionhasnogrammarsection.Yourknowledgeofgrammarisusefulinhelpingyouunderstandthereadingsandlectures,notinansweringgrammar-specificques-Practicewritingessaysthatexpressyouropiniononatopic.foryouropiniononvariousdailytopics.Thesearetimed.Practicewritingunderatimelimit,shapingyourthoughtsintoawell-roundedessay.Buildupyouracademicvocabulary.Yourabilitytocomprehendyourvocabularybyreading,makingflashcards,andwritingsen-tencesusingnewwordsincontext.Astrongvocabularywillhelpyounotonlyinyourreadingcomprehension,butalsoinlistening,writing,andspeaking.Commityourattentiontothetest.Someofthetopicscoveredinthetestmaynotactuallyinterestyou.Still,yourfocusedenergywillimproveyourtestscore.Agreewithyourselfnottothinkaboutothertopicsduringthetest.Forceyourselftokeepyourat-tentiononthetestedmaterial.Copyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof400400Must-HavefortheCopyrightCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.ClickherefortermsofLESSON 1FoodLESSON 1FoodTargetDefinitionsand1.abandon Tosavetheirlives,thesailorshadtoabandonthesinkingadverselyadv.Inaharmfulway;Excessiverainfallearlyinthespringcanadverselyaffecttheplant-ingofcrops.UsagetipsAdverselyisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechadversityn,adverseaggregate GatheredintooramountingtoaItisimpossibletojudgelastyear’sperformancewithoutknowingtheaggregatesalesnumbers.UsagetipsAggregateisoftenfollowedbyatermlikesum,total,Partsofspeechaggregatev,aggregateCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof44.cultivationn. Preparingthelandtogrowcrops;improvementforagriculturalpurposes44.cultivationn. Preparingthelandtogrowcrops;improvementforagriculturalpurposeswereabletosettleinoneplace.Partsofspeechcultivate5.fertilizev.TosupplywithnourishmentforplantsbyaddinghelpfulsubstancestothesoilPartsoffertilizern,fertilizationJacob’slongabsenceintensifiedhiscertaintythatheshouldmarryPartsofspeechintensificationn,intense7.irrigation ThesupplyingofwatertodryIndryareasofthecountry,youcanseeditchesalloverthefarm-landforirrigation.8.obtainv.Togainpossessionof;toAfteraseriesofdifficultinterviews,hefinallywasabletothe9.photosynthesisn.Theprocessbywhichgreenplantsmaketheirenceoflight.Oxygenisaby-productoftheprocessofPartsofspeechphotosynthesize10.precipitation WaterthatfallstotheEarth’sInthePacificNorthwest,thehighlevelofprecipitationensuresrich,greenplantlife.5FoodTOEFLPrepICompleteeachsentencebyfillingintheblankwiththebestword5FoodTOEFLPrepICompleteeachsentencebyfillingintheblankwiththebestwordfromthelist.Changetheformofthewordifnecessary.Useeachwordonlyonce.1.Through ,greenplantscreateorganicmaterialswithhelpof2.Thecoastalcitygetshalfofits uary,February,and3.Farmersusevariousmethodsofland 4.Whentheyheardthehullcrack,allbuttwoofthesailors 5.Inexperiencedgardenersmaynotrealizehowimportantitisthey theirTOEFLPrepIIFindthewordorphrasethatisclosestinmean-ingtotheoppositeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writetheletterintheblank. obtain 2.intensify 3.irrigation 4.aggregate 5.adverselyTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionsthatfollow.IncountrieslikeNigerandMauritania,thecultivationoflandhaschangedlittleinthepastseveralcenturies.Bonus“therefore,”“forthisreason.”6Severalagenciesandorganizationshaveintensifiedtheireffortsto6Severalagenciesandorganizationshaveintensifiedtheireffortstomethodsoffertilizationandsoilmanagement.Withamplesunlightforphotosynthesisandmodernirrigationtechniques,sustainablefarmingtechniquesshouldallowfarmerstoboostaggregateproductioninordertomeetdemand.Still,croprevitalizationfacesanunexpectedadversary:institutionaltoabandonoldfarmingtechniquesinplaceofnew,theycan’treadilyobtainthegovernmentalcooperationtheyneed.Thebiggesthurdlesarepoliticalcorruption,incompetence,andtheabsenceofamarketingLesson FoodTOEFLPrep1.photosynthesis2.3.4. 5.TOEFLPrep 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.TOEFL1. 2.LESSON 2TargetLESSON 2TargetDefinitionsandByplacingsensorsinearthquake-proneareas,scientistscanantici-patesometremorsintimetowarnthepublic.2.catastrophicadj.Extremelyharmful;causingfinancialorphysicalThearchitectdiedinacatastrophicelevator3.collidev.TocometogetherwithgreatorviolentAsusual,theirholidaywasruinedwhentheirin-laws’viewsonpoli-ticscollidedwiththeirown.Copyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof84.eruption 84.eruption TheeruptionofMountSt.Helensin1980caused57deathsandimmeasurablechangetothefaceofthemountain.UsagetipsEruptionisoftenfollowedbyanofPartsofspeecherupt5.famine ThepotatofamineinIrelandinthemid-nineteenthcenturycausedlargenumbersofIrishpeopletoemigratetoAmerica.6.flood TheconstantrainandpoordrainagesystemcausedafloodinThepoliticalpartysentoutafloodofletterscriticizingtheir7.impactn.AstrongThespeechabouttheimportanceofeducationmadeanonUsagetipsImpactisusuallyfollowedbyonorPartsof impact8.persevereTokeepgoing,despiteobstaclesordiscouragement;maintainaPartsofspeechpersistv,persistent9.plungev.Togodownsuddenly;todecreasebyagreatamountinashorttimeHejumpedoffthedivingboardandplungedintotheThevalueofthecompany’sstockplungedafteritschiefexecutivewasarrested.9UsagetipsPlungeisoftenfollowedbyaninto9UsagetipsPlungeisoftenfollowedbyanintoPartsofspeechplunge10.unleash ToreleaseathingoranWhentheysawthestrangemanontheirproperty,theyHeisfromsuchanunemotionalfamily,hewillneverlearntoun-leashhisfeelings.TOEFLPrepIFindthewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheoppositeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writethelet-terintheblank. persevere 2.anticipate 3.famine 4.collide 5.catastrophictogiveuptonotseesomethingcomingexcessofTOEFLPrepCirclethewordthatbestcompleteseachResidentsofHawaiimustacceptthepossibilityofavolcanic(eruption/herfeelingsofanger.Manypeoplethinkitiscruelto(collide/plunge)livelobstersintoboil-ingwater.Awell-writtenessayshouldmakesomekindof(catastrophe/onitsTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.AnswerthequestionsTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionsthatfollow.Naturechallengeshumansinmanyways,throughdisease,weather,andAtsunamiisaseriesofwavesgeneratedinabodyofwaterbyanimpulsivedisturbance.Earthquakes,landslides,volcaniceruptions,explosions,andeventheimpactofmeteoritescangeneratetsunamis.losingenergythroughbottomfrictionandturbulence.Still,justlikeanyotherwaterwaves,tsunamisunleashtremendousenergyastheyplungeontotheshore.Theyhavegreaterosionpotential,strippingbeachesofsand,underminingtrees,andfloodinghundredsofmetersinland.Theycaneasilycrushcars,homes,vegetation,andanythingtheycollideTominimizethedevastationofatsunami,scientistsareconstantlytryingmanyfactorscometogethertoproducealife-threateningBonusDespitethisWhichsentencebestexpressestheessentialinformationofthishundredyears.TsunamisdomoredamagetothelandthanTsunamiscanhaveanespeciallycatastrophicimpactoncoastald.Scientistscanpredictandtracktsunamiswithafairdegreeofcuracy,reducingtheirpotentialasanexampleofadestructivenaturalforced.asanintroductiontothetopicofcoastalLessonLesson TOEFLPrep 1. 2. 3.e4. 5.TOEFLPrep 1.eruption2.unleash3. 4.5.TOEFL1. 2.LESSON 3EvolutionandLESSON 3EvolutionandTargetDefinitionsand1.adaptv.Toadjusttothecircumstances;tomakesuitableDinosaurscouldnotadapttothewarmerUsagetipsAdaptisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechadaptationn,adaptern,adaptable2.diverse UsagetipsAn-lyadverb(e.g.,linguistically)oftencomesPartsofspeechdiversifyv,diversityn,diversification3.evolve Modern-daysharksevolvedfromtheirancestorEryops,whichlivedmorethan200millionyearsago.Copyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.ClickherefortermsofEvolutionandUsageEvolutionandUsagetipsEvolveisoftenfollowedbyintoor4.feature Part,ThebestfeatureofthiscarisitsheatedUsagetipsFeatureisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechfeature5.generation AgroupofpeoplebornataboutthesameAsoldermanagersretired,anewgenerationofleaderstookcontrolofthecompany.UsagetipsBeforegeneration,anadjectivelikenew,next,earlier,olderiscommon.GenerationisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechgenerationalbecauseit’sabasicpartofthatNojobcanbeinterestingallthetime.Boredomisinherentinanykindofwork.UsagetipsInherentisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechinherently7.migrationn.Movementfromoneplacetoanotherbyagroupofpeo-pleoranimalsThemigrationoffarmworkersfromonestatetothenextdependsprimarilyontheharvest.UsagetipsMigrationisoftenfollowedbytoor8.physicaladj.Relatedtothebody;relatedtomaterialsthatcanbeseenorfeltBecauseoftheshapeofitsthroat,anapedoesnothavetheabilitytoThemountainsformaphysicalbarrierbetweenthewestThemountainsformaphysicalbarrierbetweenthewestandtheUsagetipsPhysicalusuallycomesbeforethenounit9.process AseriesofstepsleadingtoaTogetagoodjob,mostpeoplegothroughalongprocessofletter-writingandinterviews.UsagetipsProcessisoftenfollowedbyofplusthe-ingformofaPartsofproceedv,process10.survive Aftergettinglostinthemountains,Gordonsurvivedbyeatingwildplantsandcatchingfish.UsagetipsSurviveisoftenfollowedbyaphrasewithPartsofTOEFLPrepIFindthewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheoppositeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writethelet-terintheblank. physical 2.migration 3.adapt 4.inherent 5.survivestaythesamestayinginoneplaceTOEFLPrepIIChoosethewordfromthelistthatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpartofeachsentence.WriteitintheEvolutionandMakingbreadinvolvesasequenceEvolutionandMakingbreadinvolvesasequenceofstepsthataboutthreeofThisagegrouptendstosupportcurrentHerthinkingabouteconomicshaschangedslowlythelastseveralTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionsthatfollow.ThemigrationfromAsiatoNorthAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitwasinherentinanygreatmigrationwithoutwheeledthatthisprocesswasremarkablyfast—about10north-southmilesperyear,onaverage.TheAmericaswerepopulatedatanastoundingpace,whenonethephysicallimitsofthehumanbodyandtheBonusStructure—Furtherthoughtmeans“l(fā)ookingdeeper;thinkingfeaturesoftheAmericancontinents.Legsofhumanscanmoveonlysofastunderthebestofcircumstances,andtheyworkevenslowerovermountainpassesordeserts.PopulationsspreadthroughthediverseregionsoftheAmericas(grasslands,easternforests,coastalswamps)andneededtoadapttotheirnewenvironments.Themigrants’lifestylehadevolvedovertheyearstothatofprofessionalnomadsensuringthattheywouldfindtheresourcesneededtosurvive.1.Whichsentencebestexpresses1.WhichsentencebestexpressestheessentialinformationinHumanmigrationacrosstheBeringStraitwasremarkablyslow.HumansreadilyadaptedtolifeintheBeringd.Lesson EvolutionandTOEFLPrep 1.e2. 3. 4. 5.TOEFLPrep 1.diverse2.process3.survive4.5.TOEFL 1. 2.LESSON 4TargetLESSON 4TargetdisposeDefinitionsand1.constraint TheconstraintsofmilitarylifekeptEileenfromseeingPrivateMor-rismorethanonceamonth.2.contaminationn.Beingmadelesscleanbyagermorhazardoussub-Thecontaminationintherivercamefromthefactorylocatedjust3.depletev.TogreatlydecreasethesupplyofaresourceormaterialTheprolongedwardepletedthecountry’snationaltreasury.PartsofspeechdepletionCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof4.disposeof4.disposeof Shedisposedofherunwantedpossessionsbeforemoving.Thetyrantcruellydisposedofallhisenemies.UsagetipsDisposeofshouldbelearnedasaunit.InthisdisposedoesnotoccurwithoutPartsofspeechdisposaln,disposable5.elementally Intermsofelements;Partsofspeechelementn,elemental6.emissionn.Sendingoutfromasmallspaceintothegeneralenviron-ment;asubstancedischargedintotheairTheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyregulatestheemissionofpollutantsintotheair.UsagetipsEmissionisusuallyfollowedbyanofPartsofspeechemit7.extinctionn.Completedisappearance;theendofexistenceHumanbeingshavecausedtheextinctionofmanyotherspecies.UsagetipsExtinctionimpliesanabsoluteend;anextinctthingcannotbebroughtbackintoexistence.Partsofspeechextinct8.reservoir AplacewherealiquidiscollectedandPartsofspeechreserve9.shrinkv.Tobecomereducedinsize,amount,orIfyoudryyourclothingonthe“highheat”setting,theymayPetroleum10.stableadj.Firmanddependable;showinglittleHefellPetroleum10.stableadj.Firmanddependable;showinglittleHefellbecausetheladderwasn’tPartsofspeechstabilityn,stablyTOEFLPrepIFindthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheop-positeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writetheletterinthe stable 2.contamination 3.extinct 4.disposeof 5.shrinkTOEFLPrepCirclethewordthatbestcompleteseachcietyevenmore.ArecognitionthattheEarthisroundwasoneofthe(elemental/shrunken)advancesinthoughtduringthetimeperiod.MotherTeresa,whohelpedthepoorestofthepoor,hadagreat(disposal/reservoir)oflovewithinherspirit.housegases.Bytheendofthestorm,thehikershad(depleted/reserved)theiremergencyTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionthatfollows.Humanconsumptionoffossilfuelsisexpectedtofullyundergroundreservoirsofoilcontinuetoshrink,wehavenochoicebuttofindalternatives.Onepromisingsource,withmuchcleaneremissions,iscalledbio-diesel.Bio-BonusOnepromisingpointofthisdieselisoftenmadefromsoybeanoil,althoughitcanbedieselisoftenmadefromsoybeanoil,althoughitcanbemadefromanybemadefromusedcookingoilsthathomesorrestaurantswouldotherwisedisposeof.Bio-dieselcanbeusedwithoutconstraintinanyvehiclethatrunsondiesel—nomodificationsareneeded.Presently,dieselenginescantakeupto20percentsoyintheirsoy-dieselblend.Astheneedforbio-dieselincreasesandthetechnologyimproves,wemaysoonwitnessasbio-dieselisamorestablesourceofenergythanpetroleum,andreducescontaminationofourairandletterofoneofyoura.Humanshaveshownlittleself-restraintintheirconsumptionfossilLesson PetroleumTOEFLPrep 1. 2.e3. 4. 5.TOEFLPrep1.constraint2.elemental3.reservoir 5.TOEFLa,c,???CopyrightCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.ClickherefortermsofLESSON 5TimeLESSON 5TimeTargetDefinitionsand1.adjustv.Tochange;togetaccustomedtonewtimezone.2.arbitraryadj.Chosensimplybywhimorchance,notforanyspecificThedecisiontobuildaschoolinBlackberryTownship3.denominatorn.ThenumberwrittenbelowthelineinafractionInthefraction2,thenumber2isthedenominator.UsagetipsThephraselowestcommondenominatormeans“themostbasicandunsophisticatedthingsthatmostpeopleshare.”Partsofspeechdenominatev,denominationn,denominationalCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof4.exponentially 4.exponentially Ataveryfastlastseveraldecades.UsagetipsExponentiallyistakenfrommathematics,whereanexponentisanumberindicatinghowmanytimessomethingismultipliedbyitself.Forexample,43containstheexponent“3,”indicating444.Partsofspeechexponentn,exponential5.infinitesimal Immeasurablywaterwassafetodrink.Partsofspeechinfinitesimally6.maximize AcoachhelpseachathletemaximizehisorherPartsofspeechmaximumn,maximum7.parallel ThestreetwhereIliverunsparalleltothemainroadthroughUsagetipsParallelisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechparalleln,portion ApartinrelationtotheTheaverageemployeespendsalargeproportionofeachworkdayansweringe-mails.UsagetipsProportionisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechproportionateadj,proportionallyhappensinacertaintime.PostalratesinJapanareamongthehighestintheTimeSomegrassesgrowattherateofoneinchperTimeSomegrassesgrowattherateofoneinchper10.sequence Partsofspeechsequencen,sequentiallyTOEFLPrepICompleteeachsentencebyfillingintheblankwiththebestwordfromthelist.Changetheformofthewordifnecessary.Useeachwordonlyonce.1.Studentsfeltthattheexamwasunfairandthegradingsystemrather 2.The fordbasic3.Politicianspromisedgreatchangesinthecomingyear,butanyprovementinpeople’sliveswas 4.Shequicklyovercamehercultureshockandfounditeasy tothenew5.Youcanaddtwofractionsthathavethesame TOEFLPrepIIFindthewordorphrasethatisclosestinmean-ingtotheoppositeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writetheletterintheblank.(a)mix arbitrary 2.maximize 3.sequence 4.infinitesimal 5.parallelTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.AnswerthequestionsthatTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionsthatfollow.Timeis,asweallknow,money.Suchvaluationoftimeleadspeopletoextremeeffortstomaximizetheiruseoftime.Somepeopleobsessknowingtheexacttime.Theybuyclocksandwatchesthatpeopleshareacommongoal:Theywanttousetimeeffectively.Sinceabout1982,thisefficiencyhasincreasedBonusAsweallknowisawriter’sdeviceforappealingtoexponentiallyeachyear,thankstocomputersandtheirabilitytoparallel.Ratherthanbeingsetarbitrarily,eachtaskisgivenapriorityinthecomputer’soperatingsystem,andtimeisspentinproportiontothedifferentclockcycles,therebyincreasingtherateofoutputfromaprocess.1.Whydoestheauthormentioncomputermultitaskinginthisd.becauseitisagoodexampleoftheefficientuseofd.difficultyLesson TimeTOEFLPrep 1.arbitrary2.rate3.infinitesimal4.5.TOEFLPrep 1.e2. 3. 4. 5.TOEFLSuccess1. 2.LESSON 6LESSON 6TargetDefinitionsand1.accuracy Precision;Theresearchdepartmentchecksallourarticlesforaccuracyoffactsbeforeweprintthem.UsagetipsAccuracyisoftenfollowedby2.adjacent NextEventhoughthevillagesareadjacenttoeachother,theirresidentsspeakdifferentlanguages.UsagetipsAdjacentisoftenfollowedbyPartsofspeechpress pouringtheconcrete.Partsofspeechcompressionn,compressedCopyright?2005byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsof4.feasiblyadv.4.feasiblyadv.Practically;inawaythatcanwhereitisneeded—onland.5.gutv.ToemptyorhollowInordertoremodelthehouse,wemustfirstgutitandthrowawayalltheoldfixtures.UsagetipsGutalsomeans“thestomachofananimal”;thisverbmakesanimage,thattheinsideofabuildingisliketheinsideofanPartsofspeechgutn,egrallyadv.InawholeorcompleteWritingandspellingaretaughtintegrallyaspartofthereading7.overlapv.Tolieoverpartofsomething;tohaveelementsincommonOneofthetwoassistantswilllikelygetfired,sincemostoftheirdu-tiesintheofficeoverlap.Partsofspeechoverlap8.retainv.TokeeporTherainfellsoheavilythatthebanksoftherivercouldnotallthePartsofspeechretainern,retention9.seep Topassslowlyforalongtime,asaliquidorgasUsagetipsSeepisoftenfollowedbyintoorAncient10.structure MostcompanieshaveasocialstructurethatAncient10.structure Mostcompanieshaveasocialstructurethatcan’tbeunderstoodbyPartsofspeechstructurev,structuraladj,structurallyTOEFLPrepICompleteeachsentencebyfillingintheblankwiththebestwordfromthelist.Changetheformofthewordifnecessary.Useeachwordonlyonce.1.Shehadnoideahowtheycould takeabigvacationremodeltheirhouseinthesame2.Dailymeditationisused partoftherecovery3.Therivalpoliticianswereraisedin 4.Ifyoubuild.TOEFLPrepIIFindthewordorphrasethatisclosestinmean-ingtotheoppositeofeachwordintheleft-handcolumn.Writetheletterintheblank. seep 2.gut 3.retain 4.compress 5.overlapstaycontainedthrowTOEFLSuccessReadthepassagetoreviewthevocabularyyouhavelearned.Answerthequestionsthatfollow.OrganicproductsfromancientlifeareanintegralpartoftheEarth’sOrganicproductsfromancientlifeareanintegralpartoftheEarth’sisaprocessthatslowlyturnstheremainsofalivingobjectintostone.Inmatterhasbeenreplaced,amineralversionofthelivingobjectisleft.Petrifactionoftenoccursintreesthatarefoundadjacenttorivers,floodableareas,andvolcanoes,whichprovidethemudorashthatinitiallyseen.Today,itisfeasibletopetrifywoodinasimplelaboratoryprocess.andbones.Onetypeoffossil,calledatracefossil,mayBonusInthiscontext,todaymeans“atinhistory.”O(jiān)nesuchproductiscoal,asolidfuelofplantorigin.Itdevelopsoverdepletedofoxygen,andcoveredbylayersandlayersofsandandmud.TheseoverlappinglayerssettlewiththeEarth’smovementsandarecompressedovertime.Preservedlife-forms,includingpetrifiedmatterandfossils,teachusaboutancientlife.Theprimaryfunctionforpreservedlife-formsisscientificdiscovery.ScientiststrytoreplicatenaturalprocessesthatpreserveancientAncientorganicmatterprovidesthemostconcentratedformsofergyknowntomadewetcompletelycoveredadjacenttodepletedAncientAncientL