新概念英語第4冊翻譯精粹

新概念英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂

第4冊翻譯精粹

ABriefintroductiontoTranslation

翻譯原理入門

I.Definition翻譯的定義

Translation,speaking,impliesrenderingfromonelanguageintoanotherofsomethingwrittenorspoken.Itis,

essentiallythefaithfulrepresentation,inonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorspokeninanother.Itisthereplacementof

textualmaterialinonelanguage（SL-thesourcelanguage）byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage（TL-target

language）.

II.Qualificationsofatranslator翻譯者必備的素質(zhì)

1）Atranslatormustbewellacquaintedwiththesourcelanguage.

Weareinclinedtofeeltooconfidentofourcomprehensionwhenwearereadingforeignliteraryworks.Wethink

weknowitfromAtoZ,yet,whenwestarttranslatingitwefinditdifficultandtherearemanypointsmisunderstood.We

areplayingthefoolwithourselvesbecauseofcarelessreading,Therefore,translationservesasthebestpossible

approachtothestudyofforeignlanguages.

2）Atranslatormustbewellacquaintedwiththetargetlanguage.

Let*stakeYanFuforinstance:WhenYanFu,afamoustranslatorintheQingDynasty,wastranslating"Evolution

andEthicsandotherEssays",thetitleturnedouttobethecrux（癥結(jié)）thatcausedhimtocudgelhisbrains（絞盡腦汁）

dayandnightandlookpaleforit.Hiswifeworriedverymuchrepresentationofthetitleforquitetimeandeventually

hadittranslatedinto《天演論》whichhassincedeservedhighpraiseuptillnow.

3）Atranslatormustbearmedwithnecessaryprofessionalknowledge.

4）Atranslatormustbearmedwiththeabilitytolivehispart.

AsfamousplaywriterMaryannpointedout:"atranslatormustenterintothespiritofcharacter（regardhimselfas

onethatplaysaroleinaplay）.Thatistosay,heseems

1.presentattheveryspot.（親臨其境）

2.involvedintheveryoccurrence.（親歷其事）

3.witnessingtheverypartiesconcerned.（親睹其人）

4.interatingtheveryutterances.（親道其法）

5.experiencingtheveryjoyandannoy.（親嘗其甘，親領(lǐng)其苦）

6.sharingtheverywealandwoe.（親享其福，親受其哀）

7.partakingofthegleeandgrief.（親得其樂，親感其悲）

5）Atranslatormustbearmedwiththeexcellentabilityofexpressivenessandvividimagination.

"Toilingyourselfandendurehardshipforobtainingawell-chosenword"justasthefamouspoetDuFudid"Never

giveupuntilanamazingpoeticmasterpieceisgained".（"為求一字穩(wěn)，耐得五更寒”，象詩圣杜甫那樣具有“語不

驚人死不休”得精神與毅力）

III.CriteriaofTranslation翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Speakingofcriteriaoftranslation,asearlyasintheTangDynasty,thelearnedMonkXuanZhuangdesignedcriteria

oftranslationwithemphasisplacedonaccuracyandgeneralknowledge.IntheQingDynasty,YanFuestablishedathree

characterstandardintranslation：“信”faithfulness,“達(dá)"expressivenessand"雅“elegance,whicharesimilarto"triness”

byHerbertRotheinstein（赫伯特?羅森斯坦）。Faithfulness,expressivenessandgracefulnesswhichareconsideredthe

goldenrule（金科玉律）inthefieldoftranslation.

AftertheMay4thMovement,LuXunproposed:faithfulness"信"andsmoothness，順“asthecriteriaoftranslation.

ShortlyafterthebirthofNewChina,quitealotoftranslatorsputforwardvariouscriteria,suchas"忠實”、“通順”、

“準(zhǔn)確”、流暢，重神韻而不是行貌（沈雁冰），“神似”與“形似”（許淵沖）andsoon...

Still,somepeoplemadediverseinterpretationstoYanFu'sthree-charactercriteriaoftranslationas:

“信"一beingfaithful

“達(dá)"—beingexplicit

“雅”一elegantinwords

WhichisdifferentfromYan'sowndefinition:

“信”一達(dá)旨（將原文說明）

“達(dá)”一前后引襯，以顯其意

“雅”一爾雅（用漢以前字法，句法）

IV.MethodsofTranslation翻譯的方法

IntranslationfromEnglishintoChinese,theprincipalmethodsusedare:

1.Literaltranslation（metaphase）

2.Literaltranslation（paraphrase）

3.Transliteration（translationaccordingtopronunciation）

Thelastone,however,isscarcelyusedunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.Transliterationismainlyusedintranslating

propernouns,suchasnamesofpersons,places,scientifictermsandetc.Whetheratranslationwillbefaithfultobethe

originalinalltheaspectsdependsonthepossibilityoffindingtheclosest,themostnaturalequivalence（為原文在文體

上找至U最切近、最自然的對等語）dependsontoagreatextentagoodcommandofthetransformationofthekey

sentenceandthechoiceofsurfacestructurebyatranslator（在很大程度上取決于譯者能否準(zhǔn)確地掌握核心句的轉(zhuǎn)化

以及對表層形式的選擇）.

heartbreaking令人心碎的令人心碎的

eye-popping使人膛目的使人膛目的

abelt-tightening勒緊褲帶的政策勒緊褲帶的政策

await-and-seeattitude等著瞧的態(tài)度等著瞧的態(tài)度

crackthecase破案破案

thirsttolearn渴望學(xué)習(xí)渴望學(xué)習(xí)

Theseexamplesarecomparativelyidealsentencewithgreataffinity,whichcanbetranslatedbywayofmetaphase.

eat（swallow）theleek（吃芹菜）一忍受恥辱

lieonone*sback（躺在背上）一仰臥

kiss-me（吻我）（野生）一三色紫羅蘭

kiss-me-quick（快來吻我吧）一額發(fā)

seewithhalfaneye（睜一只眼，閉一只眼）一一望便知

haveacigar（請抽煙?。┮荒愫?！

forget-me-not（不要忘記我）一勿忘我

V.PRACTICE:

1.Hebentsolelyuponprofit.

A.Surface：他只屈身于利潤之前。

B.Shallow：只有利潤才使他低頭。

C.Deep：他惟利是圖。

2.Weareheretodayandgonetomorrow.

A.Surface：我今天在這里，明天就到別處了。

B.Shallow：今日在世，明日辭世（死去）。

C.Deep：人生朝露。

3.JohnistalllikeIamthequeenofSheba.

A.Surface：約翰高得像是不巴皇后。

B.Shallow：約翰高的話，我就是小巴皇后。

C.Deep：要說約翰個頭高，沒那回事。

TranslationC,however,notonlybreakesthecrustoftheoriginal,butgainsaninsightintothedeepstructure

throughthesurfacestructure.

That'stosaywhenessence（內(nèi)容）isincontradictionwithform（形式）intranslationandtoharmonizethetwo,

essenceshouldbestressed.（在神與形矛盾而又無法同一時,應(yīng)重神似,有時不得不犧牲形式）

4.Theiraccentcouldn'tfoolanativespeaker.當(dāng)?shù)厝艘宦牽谝簦椭浪麄兪峭獾厝恕?/p>

5.Truthliesatthebottomofthedecanter（酒瓶）.酒后露真言。

6.Darknessreleasedhimfromhislastrestraints.一到天黑，他就原形畢露。

7.Howmuchdidyousuffer?

“Plenty,“theoldmansaid.一TheOldManandSea

“你吃了多少苦頭？”

“一言難盡。”老頭說。

一《老人與?！?/p>

8.HowmanywinterdayshaveIseenhim,standingblue-nosedinthesnowandeastwind!

在許多個冬日我都看見他，鼻子凍得發(fā)紫，站在飛雪和寒風(fēng)中。

9.ThethoughtthatHuckmighthavefailedwasintolerable,agonizing.

一想到哈克可能失敗了,（我們）就難以忍受，痛苦不堪。

VI.TheprocessofTranslation翻譯的步驟

Aformaltranslationmustbecompletedthroughfivesteps:

1.Preparation準(zhǔn)備

2.analysis&understandingoftheoriginal分析與吃透原文

3.expressionintargetlanguage表達(dá)

4.proofreading校正

5.finalization定稿

?Preparationimpliesthatweneedtolayourhandsonthereferencematerialswhicharerelevanttotheworks.

?Comprehensionisthekeystepofatranslation;therefore,atranslatormustreadtheoriginaltimeandagain.

1）Glancing（skimming）overtheoriginaltextyouaregoingtotranslate.

2）Consultingyourdictionarytomakesuretheexactmeaningandimplicationofthenewwordsfoundinoriginaltext

throughthefirstreadingandthecontextualrelationship.

3）Thethirdreadingoftheoriginalshouldbeemphasizedontheunderstandingoftheauthor'sideologicalcontent,

artisticquality,writingtechniqueandstyle.

*linguisticanalysisincombinationwithlogicalanalysisoftheoriginal.

*Theprocessofcomprehensionisthatofunitybetweenthinkinginsourcelanguageandthatintargetlanguage

*Penetrationintotheartisticconceptionoftheoriginalthroughthelinguisticformandcrust.

?Expressionimpliesthechangeoftheoriginalfromonelanguageintoanother.Thisdependsonhowwellyoudigest

theoriginalandhowgoodyouraccomplishmentofthetargetlanguageare.

EveryChinesecharactershouldbewell-chosen,everysentencewell-organizedandeveryparagraphcarefullypolished.

精心選詞，苦心煉句，細(xì)心潤色每個段落

TheEnglishspeakingpeopleareproudofthecompactness（嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)）oftheirlanguage,whileweChineseareproudofthe

conciseness（簡潔）ofourmothertongue.

Englishsyntax（句法）emphasizesonhypotaxis"形合“whichmeansthatclauses,sentences,evenpartsofphrasesare

connectedbyconnectives（連接詞）.Thus,Englishsentencestructureiswell-knit.

UnlikeEnglish,Chineselanguageisstressedonparataxis（意合）whichmeansthatsentencesandthevariouspartsof

themarejoinedbymeaninginsteadofconnectives.

VII.ContextualRelationship

Thefollowinglinguistictermsareofsomeimportanceintheunderstandingofthisaspect.

1.Syntacticmarking:Themarkedworkedwordsthatdeterminethespecificmeaningofaword.

2.Semotacticmarking:Thecollocationandtherelationshipofthejuxtaposedwords（緊令R相連的詞）governsthe

specificmeaningaword.

3.Referentialclusters:Allthosewordsthatmeanagreathelptounderstandingandjudgingthespecificmeaningof

aword.

Example:

?IfwhenItellyou,dearestdear,thatyouragonyisover,andthatIhavecomeheretotakeyoufromit,andthatwego

toEnglandtobeatpeaceandatrest,Icauseyoutothinkofyourusefullifelaidwaste,andofournativeFranceso

wickedtoyou,weepforit,weepforit!

親愛的寶貝兒，我要告訴你，你的痛苦已經(jīng)結(jié)束，我來此把你帶出海，同往英格蘭共享人間清平，這會（如果

這樣做）使你想起你那虛度的年華，想起你的故土法蘭西對你如此不公。（倘若果真如此），（那么）親愛的，

你就哭吧，盡情的哭吧！

Withthehelp”倘若果真如此"那么"如果這樣做，...那么",thelogicalrelationshipofthecontextisclearly

showninthetranslation.

*Buttheactualachievementofthiscampaign,whichisstillmisunderstood,shouldneverbeunderestimated.It

broughtaboutthefirstdefeatofaGermanarmyintheSecondWorldWar.

這一戰(zhàn)役的實際成果，至盡仍為被人們準(zhǔn)確理解，但決不應(yīng)低估，因為在這場戰(zhàn)役中，德國軍隊遭到了第二

次世界大戰(zhàn)開始以來的首次失敗。

Polysemy（歧義）inEnglish-ChineseTranslation

（英漢翻譯中的歧義）

Thedifferenceshowninwordsofthetwolanguagesliesinthefollowingaspects:Englishwordsarecharacteristic

ofagreatvacillation（游移，性）andflexibility（靈￥舌'性與可塑'性）；themeaningofawordmayrangewidelyanddepends

muchonthecontextualrelationshipasissaid"Wordsdonothavemeaning,peoplehavemeaningforwords（詞本無義，

義隨人生）”.

Consequently,wesometimesfinditdifficulttomakeappropriateadaptationsfromEnglishintoChinesewordsand

YanFuputit"Anewtermestablished,tendaysoramonthspent."

Let'sstartwiththeword"identity".

Theword“identity”iselucidated（闡明）indictionaryasfollows:

?samenessofessentialorgenericcharacterindifferentinstance;

?samenessinallthatconstitutestheobjectiverealityofathing;oneness;

?theconditionofbeingthesamewithsomethingdescribedorasserted;

However,inthemodemEnglish,themeaningof''identity"varieswiththechangingcontexts.

1.HealsohadbeendemandingthatallIrishmenlivinginBritainberequiredtocarryidentitycards.

當(dāng)時，他還一直在要求所有居住在不列顛的愛爾蘭人必須攜帶身份證。

2.Theirsexualidentity,likethatofallwomencompetitors,hadbeenofficiallyconfinedbytheOlympic"femininity

controlclinic.'1

她們的性別鑒定，像所有的女運動員的性別鑒定一樣，已由奧林匹克“女性醫(yī)務(wù)監(jiān)察部”正式核實。

3.LeehasagainandagainstressedtheneedforhistinynationtodevelopitsownSingaporean一asopposedto

Chinese一identity.

李光耀再三強調(diào)他的這個小小的國家有必要發(fā)展新加坡人自己的特點，以有別于中國人。

4.TheEuropeCommunistsareinthemiddleofanidentitycrisisandaretakingupthemaskofacertainreformism

歐洲共產(chǎn)黨人現(xiàn)處在黨性轉(zhuǎn)變的十字路口，她們現(xiàn)在正戴上某種改良主義的面具。

5.InPoland,loyaltytothechurchbecametheonlymeansofdefendingnationalidentity.

在波蘭，效忠教會成為保衛(wèi)民族意識的唯一手段。

6.Hongkongthusenjoytheidentity,thewealthandthetrappingofacity-state-withoutastate'sresponsibilityforits

long-rangedestiny.

這樣，香港就具備了一個城市國家的身份、財富和外貌，但卻不必對自己的長遠(yuǎn)命運負(fù)一個國家應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。

7.Ayoungnationstrugglingtoestablishitsidentityproducedleaders,suchasJeffersonandJackson,dedicatedtoa

democraticprocesswhich,however,excludedIndiansandblacks.

年輕的美國在奮力確定國家體制之際，產(chǎn)生了諸如杰弗遜和杰克遜那樣的領(lǐng)袖人物，他們致力于民主制度的建

立，卻排斥印度人和黑人。

8.Butinvestigatorssaytheyhavenocluestothewhereaboutsoftheallegedaccomplicesandarenotevencertainof

theiridentities.

然而，負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)查的官員說，他們還未獲得任何有關(guān)這些所謂同謀下落的線索，他們甚至還不知道這些人姓甚名

誰。

9.SinceIhadsaidgood-byetohimonThursday,wehadgonethroughgreateremotionsthananymysterystorycould

provide.Theunusualthingaboutthisthrillerwasthatthevillainchangedhisidentity.

自從星期四向他告別之后，我們經(jīng)歷了比任何驚險小說所描寫的都更為激動人心的場面，這種經(jīng)歷的異乎尋常

之處就是反派角色變化了本來面目。

10.Butpoliticswouldbehislifefromthenon.Inpolitics,andpoliticsalone,hewouldfindhisidentity.

從那時起，政治成為他的生命，他打算在政治生涯中，也只打算在政治生涯中，確立其名聲。

Notethedifferentmeanings''story''sharesinthedifferentcontexts:

1.Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofhisgeneration.（最重要的事件）

2.Itisquiteanotherstorynow.（另一回事）

3.LastDecember,thePostfirstreportedthatprobeswerebeingmadeineachofthosecities,butofficialsrefused

toconfirmthestory.（證實這件事）

4.Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.

5.He'llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.

6.ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericantelevision.

7.TheRitaHayworthstoryisoneofthesaddest.

8.AyoungmancametoScott'sofficewithastory.

9.Tellmethestoryofwhathappenedtoyou.

10.Thestoryoftheoperawasprintedintheprogram.

WordDiscrimination&Translation

Generallyspeaking,almostallofEnglishwordssharemeaningsinthreeaspects.

1.Thestructuralmeaning結(jié)構(gòu)意義

2.Thereferentialmeaning指示意義

3.Thesituationalmeaning語境意義

SinceanEnglishwordmaysharealotofmeaningsuchasextendedmeaning（弓I申意義），intentionalmeaning（內(nèi)

含意義）,connotativemeaning（內(nèi)涵意義）anddenotativemeaning（夕卜延意義）,themostreliablewayistodistinguish

bymeansofsituationalmeaning.

Pleaseweighthevariousmeaningof"green"collocatedwithdifferentwords.

agreeneye嫉妒的

agreenwound未愈合的傷口

agreenwinter溫暖的冬天

greencorn嫩玉米穗，甜玉米

greencorp青飼料作物

greenfeed青綠飼料

green-fingered具有高超種植花木蔬菜技能的

greenhand生手

greentea綠茶

greenwithenvy十分嫉妒

greenthumb園藝技能

greenasgrass幼稚，無經(jīng)驗

inthegreenwood（tree）處于佳境

ManyEnglishwordspossesssynonymswhichexpressmoreorlessthesamemeaning.Forexample:wife一woman,

betterhalf,helpmate,helpmeet,greymareandsquaw.

ThesameistruewithChinese

妻子，夫人，太太，老婆，老伴，屋里人，媳婦，那口子，內(nèi)人，內(nèi)子，內(nèi)助，內(nèi)當(dāng)家，內(nèi)掌柜的，婆姨，娘子,

渾家，嬌氣，仁妻，良人，玉雪，敞房，荊房，荊布，拙荊等等。

Similarly,therearealotofsynonymsto"laugh"asfollows:

smile微笑

grin咧嘴而笑，露齒笑

chuckle暗笑，輕聲笑

giggle癡笑，吃吃地笑

chortle哈哈大笑

laugh/titter傻笑，嗤嗤地笑

snigger嬉皮笑臉地笑

guffaw哄笑，放聲大笑

cackle尖聲笑，咯咯地笑

roar狂笑

Allthesewordssharethemeaningof"laugh1*2,buttheyaredifferentfromoneanotherinmanner,volume,degree,mood,

connotation,passion,andappeal（方式，音量，程度，心情，涵義，感情，以及感染力）.

*Tohaveone*stranslationfaithfultotheoriginalinaccuracy,onemustbewellacquaintedwiththeshadesof

differenceofsynonyms.

Translatethefollowingsentences,payingattentiontotheshadesofdifferenceoftheunderlinedwords.

1.Thechildcriedhimselftosleep.

那孩子哭著哭著就睡著了。

2.Shesobbedherselftosleep.

她抽抽咽咽地睡著了。

3.Thegirlsweptwithjoyaftertheirvolleyballteamwon.

女排獲勝后，姑娘們流下了高興的熱淚。

4.Hereyesarealwaysweepingforthelossofherbeauty.

因為美貌不在，她的眼里總是黯然神傷。

5.Sheweptcopiouslyoverthelossofherlover.

心上人離她而去，她悲痛欲絕。

6.Achildyourageshouldn'tsitaboutblubberingoveralosttoy.

像你這么大（歲數(shù)）的小孩，不應(yīng)該因為丟了玩具，就坐在地上哭哭啼啼。

7.Thereshecollectstheforceoffemalelungs,sighs,sobsandpassions.

她極盡女性之能事，長吁短嘆，泣不成聲，悲憤不已。

8.Thefilmsendswiththeheroinesobbiegdesperatelyasherloverwalksawayresolutely.

影片結(jié)尾，當(dāng)她的心上人義無返顧地遠(yuǎn)去時，女主人公悲痛欲絕，傷心而泣。

9.Theheadmastersaidtoher,"Ifyouhavesomethingtosay,haveitoutclearly.It'snouseweepingandwailing

endlessly.n

校長對她說：“你要是有什么，明明白白地說出來吧。你這樣無休止地哭哭啼啼有什么用呢？”

10.Thewindwaswailinginthewoods.

風(fēng)在樹林中呼嘯。

Distinguishtheshadesofmeaningoftheunderlinedwordsorphrasesandtranslatethesentencesintoproper

Chinese.

1.Cometothetheaterwithmeandlaughoffyourworries.

我們一起去劇院，來它個一笑解千愁。

2.Atthismomentanothersmileofdeepmeaningpassedbetweenherandher.

此時此刻兩人會意地一笑。

3.Springawakened,allnaturesmiled.

春回大地，萬物復(fù)蘇。

4.Thewastersofabrookarelimpidandlaughinginthesummer'ssun.

夏日的陽光下，小溪清清，流水淙淙。

5.Hechuckledathimselffoshavingwornhiswife'sshirt.

看到自己錯穿了妻子的襯衫，他不禁啞然失笑。

6.Thegirlscouldn'tstopgigglingwhentheboyansweredthatCaoCaowasanoutstandingtennisplayer.

當(dāng)這個男孩回答曹操是個杰出的網(wǎng)球運動員時，姑娘們吃吃地笑個不停。

7.Whydoteenagegirlsgigglnsomuch?

為什么十幾歲的女孩那么喜歡傻笑？

8.Fatherusedtochortleoversuchfunnyjokes.

父親以前一聽到這樣的笑話，總會哈哈大笑。

9.Wewhisper,andhint,andchuckle,acdgrinatabrother'sshame.

（一旦）看到那個兄弟出了洋相，我們大家或者是竊竊私語，要不就是指指點點；或者暗自發(fā)笑：要不就是笑

得合不攏嘴。

10.Sincethefamousportrait,theMonaLisawaspaintedpeoplehavebeenfascinatedbythemysterioussmileonthe

faceandbythestrangebackgroundoffantasticrocks.

自從著名的《蒙娜麗莎》問世以來，人們就對她臉上神秘的微笑，奇形怪狀的巖石所構(gòu)成的非同尋常的背景

而心馳神往。

ChoiceofWords

Englishwordsarecharacteristicofpolysemyandpolysemouswordsoftensharemorethanonepartoftenshare

morethanonepartofspeech,whichtakestimetodeterminethefixedmeaninganditsgivenpartofspeechinthecertain

context,andevenmoretimetomakesfinaldecisionoftheChineseequivalencetotheoriginalword.Afterthethrough

analysisoftheoriginalsyntaxandthegeneralideaoftheoriginaltext,choiceofwordsbecomesthedeterminingfactor

toagoodtranslation.

Theword"and"seemseasyenough,theactualpractice,however,isverydifferentfromwhatasonemightimagine.

1.WarandPeace

戰(zhàn)爭與和平

2.eatanddrink吃吃喝喝

3.toworkarduouslyandskillfully

苦干加巧干

4.Thegirlscameovertalkingandlaughing

姑娘們有說有笑（又說又笑）地走過來。

5.SheisthePartySecretaryandmanageraswell.

她是黨委書記兼經(jīng)理。

6.Itwasnoteasytocarrysuchaheavyload,andduringthedogdays.

扛這么重的東西很不容易,更何況這么熱的天呢。

7.Theearthrotatesanditrevolves.

地球一面自轉(zhuǎn),一面公轉(zhuǎn)。

8.Thesuncameoutandthegrassdried.

日出草干

9.Readingthetextmanytimesandyouwillbeabletoreciteit.

課文多讀幾遍,你就會背了

10.HecameherebybikeandIwalkedhere.

他是騎車來的,而我是步行來的。

11.Hedidit,anddiditwell.

他做了,而且做得不錯。

12.Theytalkedandtalkeduntilsmallhours.

他們談啊談啊,一直談到次日凌晨。

13.manyandmanyatime.

三番五次,許多次。

14.Theywalkedtwoandtwo.

他們成雙成對走過。

15.Therearemenandmen(booksandbooks).

各式各樣的人(書)

TohaveeverywordwellexpressedinChinese,onemustacquainthimselfwithrhetoric,especiallythepassiverhetoric

whoseessentialworkistohavewordswell-chosenwhichisjustinagreementwiththekeylinkofexpressionin

translation.Whetherawordiswell-chosenaffectsgreatlytheaccuracyofexpression.Forexample:

急音

goodwill口,0、

goodwife賢妻

goodmother慈母

goodgold真金

goodteacher良師

goodfriend好友

goodneighbor高鄰

goodheart好心

goodsense褒義

goodyear豐年

goodmatch勁敵，匹敵

gooddeeds善舉，善事

goodpoints優(yōu)點，長處

goodhusband盡職的丈夫

goodlook美貌

Thefollowingisdesignedtopracticeyourtranslationtechniqueonthechoiceofwords.Workcarefully,tryto

varyyourdictionintheChineseversion.

Althoughschoolmistresseslettersaretobetrustednomorenorlessthanchurchyardepitaphs,yetasitsometimes

happensthatapersondepartsthislife,whoisreallydeservingofallthepraisesthestone-cuttercarvesoverhisbones;

whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,child,wifeorhusband;whoactuallydoesleaveadisconsolatefamilytomourn

hisless;soacademiesofthemaleandfemalesexitoccurseverynowandthen,thatthenpupilisfullyworthyofthe

praisesbestowedbythedisinterestedinstructor.

一般說來，校長的信和墓志銘一樣靠不住，不過偶然也有幾個死去的人當(dāng)?shù)闷鹗硞冊谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷?，的確

是虔誠的教徒，慈愛的母親，孝順的兒女，盡職的丈夫，賢良的妻子，他們的家人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他。同

樣，不論在男生還是女生校園，偶然也有一兩個學(xué)生當(dāng)?shù)闷鹄蠋熀翢o私心的稱贊。

Translationshouldturnouttobefaithfultheoriginalbutnotrigid,flexiblebutnotexcessive.

翻譯應(yīng)該是忠實而不呆板，靈活而不過分。

Agoodtranslation,generallyspeaking,isabitlongerthantheoriginal(itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatgoodtranslation

mustbelongerthantheoriginal)primarilybecausetranslationmustfaithfullyturntheobviousformoftheoriginal

languageintotargetlanguage,andatthesametime,mustconveywhatimpliedintheoriginalcontext,especiallythat

closelyconnectedwiththebackgroundoftheoriginalcultureandhistoryinthetargetlanguage.

Thedifficultiestoreadersoftranslationlieinwhat'simpliedintheoriginal,translatorshouldmakesomeadaptationsin

thelightofspecificconditionstoenablereaderstounderstandmoreeasily.

Thewordsaddedintranslationmustbeindispensable（absolutelynecessary）eithersyntacticallyorsemantically.

I.Wordssuppliedforsyntacticconstruction

II.Wordssuppliedforsemanticcompletion

1.人民犯了法，也要受處罰，也要坐班房，也有死刑。

Whenanyoneamongthepeoplebreaksthelaw,hetooshouldbepunished,imprisonedorevensentencedtodeath.

2.其實地上本來沒有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

Foractuallytheearthhadnoroadstobeginwith,butwhenmanymenpassoneway,aroadismade.

3.Ybugotaprejudiceallright—againstaracethat*sblack.That*swhyIcalledyouwhiteracistthatnight.Butwhenyou

dealwithablackperson,Idon'tfeelanybadvices.

你這個人確有偏見。你（結(jié)構(gòu)性增補）對整個（語義性增補）黑人種族抱有偏見（結(jié)構(gòu)性增補）那天晚上，

我說罵你是個白人種族主義者，道理就在這兒。但是，當(dāng)你跟一個具體的（語義性增補）黑人打交道時，我倒

（修辭性增補；語氣補足詞）覺得你沒有什么惡意。

4.TheVsignitselfisachallenge,forthefamousChurchillianinventionthatusedtomeanAlliedVictoryisnolonger

valid.InsteadofhavingtodowithWar,Vtodayismadetomeanpeace.

V形手勢（語義性增補）本身就是一種挑戰(zhàn)。因為丘吉爾的這個著名的發(fā)明，當(dāng)年（語義性增補）曾作為盟國

勝利的標(biāo)志。這層意思現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在，今天（修辭性重復(fù)）V形手勢語是被用來表示和平。

5.Myaudiencesvaryfromtenstothousands.Iexpectedoppositionbutgothardlyany.

我的聽眾從幾十人到幾千人不等（修飾性增補），我希望有持有異議的人站起來跟我辯論（語義性增補），但幾

乎沒有遇到過（結(jié)構(gòu)性增補）。

6.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistencean

emptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries;ifthereintimationsofsomethingbehindandbehindarenotevilhumorborn

ofmaddenus;if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.

------FromNewConceptEnglish《新概念英語》（Book4）lesson29

但是，即使這個世界不僅僅是個拙劣的玩笑，生命不僅僅是（結(jié)構(gòu)性重復(fù)）星體交織的寒光中的一點平庸的火

花。人生也不僅僅是（結(jié)構(gòu)性重復(fù)）喧噪于神秘之鄉(xiāng)的空虛的一笑；即使這一切發(fā)自那既不渴望也不可及的某

種事物的啟示，不是由于內(nèi)在的失調(diào)而迸發(fā)的邪惡之念，也不是（結(jié)構(gòu)性重復(fù)）魔鬼用來嘲弄和激怒我們的奇

談怪論。一句話，倘若美具有某種意義，我們還是不要試圖去了解它的意義為好。（修辭性增補：語氣補足詞，

落在句尾，使句子更完整）。

7.WhatisfearedasfailureinAmericansociety,is,aboveall,aloneness,Andalonenessisterrifyingbecauseitmeans

thatthereisnoone,nogroup,noapprovedcausetosubmitto.

在美國社會中作為失敗而為人們所（語氣及結(jié)構(gòu)上的增補）恐懼的，莫過于孤獨了。而孤獨之所以可怕，就因

為沒有一個可服從的人，沒有一個可服從的群體，沒有一個可服從的可公認(rèn)的事業(yè)（“可服從的”重復(fù)了三次,

皆因結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要）。

8.Long,anxiousdayspassed,duringwhichIhopethatDavewouldseethatwhitewasnotalwayswhitenorblack

alwaystotallyblack.Timewasrunningout;hisdecisioncouldnotbeindefinitelypostponed.

我過著漫長，焦急的日子，一直（語義增補詞）希望戴夫能明白世事（語義結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要）并非處處都是皂白

分明。時光流逝，他不能無限期地拖下去，遲遲不作決定（結(jié)構(gòu)性增補）。

III.Supplyoverlappingwordsornumeralstoexpressthepluralformofnouns.

UnliketheEnglishlanguagewhichhasthechangeofpluralformofnounsaswellasthatofverbtenses,theChinese

languagehasnochangeofpluralform.Itisusuallyexpressedbysupplyingoverlappingwordsornumerals,suchas“朵

朵鮮花”，“百花齊放”，“陣陣寒風(fēng)”，“徐徐涼風(fēng)”，“微風(fēng)習(xí)習(xí)”，“們”，“諸位”，“大家”，“大伙”。

songs陣陣歌聲

flowers鮮花朵朵

ripples層層漣漪

cheers陣陣喝彩

achillywind涼風(fēng)習(xí)習(xí)

amurmuringstream(book)淙淙流水

deadlystill萬籟俱寂

gallopinghorses萬馬奔騰

agoldenopportunity天賜良機

throughoutages千秋萬代

EvenHomersometimesnods.智者千里，必有一失。

Flowersofallsortsarebloominginariotofcolor.百花爭艷，萬紫千紅。

Theaudienceleftoneafteranother.聽眾魚貫而出。