神經(jīng)外科英文詞匯及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)筆記

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)解剖生理單詞音標釋義diaphragmasallae[?da??fr?m][sɑ:l]鞍膈dorsalthalamus[?d?:rsl]['θ?l?m?s]背側(cè)丘腦brachialplexus['bre?k?rl][?pl?ks?s]臂叢limbicsystem['l?mb?k]['s?st?m]邊緣系統(tǒng)limbiclobe['l?mb?k][lob]邊緣葉fasciculusgracilis[f?'s?kj?l?s]['gr?s?l?s]薄束graciclenucleus['gr?s?l]['nju?kl??s]薄束核lateralventricle['l?t?r?l][?v?ntr?k?l]側(cè)腦室terochlearnucleus['tr?kl?r]車神經(jīng)核ulnarnerve['?ln?][n?:rv]尺神經(jīng)cerebrum[s??ri:br?m]大腦，腦組織Cerebalarterialcircle[s?'ribr?l][ɑr?t?ri?l][?s?:rkl]大腦動脈環(huán)posteriorcerebralartery[pɑ:?st?ri?][s??ri:br?l][?ɑ:rt?ri]大腦后動脈internalcerebralveins[?n?t?:rnl][ven]大腦內(nèi)靜脈cerebralcortex[?k?:rteks]大腦皮質(zhì)anteriorcerebralartery[?n?t?ri?(r)]大腦前動脈cerebrocerebellum['ser?bro??ser?'bel?m]大腦小腦middlecerebralartery[?midl]大腦中動脈insula['?nsj?l?]島葉subthalamus[s?b'θ?le?m?s]底丘腦sacralplexus['se?kr?l][?pl?ks?s]骶叢thirdventricle[?v?ntr?k?l]第三腦室fourthventricle第四腦室ectospinaltract[tek't?sp?nl][tr?kt]頂蓋脊髓束pretectalarea[pri:'tekt?l]頂蓋前區(qū)parietallobe[p?'ra??t?l][lo?b]頂葉oculomotornucleus[??kj?l?'mo?t?]動眼神經(jīng)accessorynucleusofoculomotor[?k?s?s?ri][??kj?l?'mo?t?]動眼神經(jīng)副核oculomotornucleus動眼神經(jīng)核lentiformnucleus['lent?f?:m]豆狀核telencephalon[?telen'sef?l?n]端腦frontallobe[?fr?ntl:]額葉parasympatheticnerve[?p?r??s?mp?'θet?k]副交感神經(jīng)accessorynerve[?k?s?s?ri]副神經(jīng)accessorynueleus副神經(jīng)核radiculomedullary[r?d?kj?l?m?d'??l?r?]根髓動脈femoralnerve['fem?r?l]股神經(jīng)chordatympani['k?:d?]['t?mp?n?]鼓索hippocampalformation[?h?p?'k?mp?l]海馬結(jié)構(gòu)parahippocampalgyrus[pɑ:rɑ:?'po?k?mp?l]['d?a?r?s]海馬旁回cavernoussinus[?k?v?rn?s][?sa?n?s]海綿竇Substantianigra[s?b'st?n??r]['n?gr?]黑質(zhì)Rednucleus紅核Rubrospinaltract[rju:b'r?sp?nl][tr?kt]紅核脊髓束Posteriorcommunicatingartery[pɑ:?st?ri?]后交通動脈metathalamus[?met?'θ?l?m?s]后丘腦Posteriorfuniculus[fju:'n?kj?l?s]后索Trochlearnerve['tr?kl?r]滑車神經(jīng)Basilarsinus['b?s?l?][?sa?n?s]基底竇Basilarartery基底動脈Basalnuclei[?bes?l,-z?l]基底核Spinalnerve[?spa?n?l]脊神經(jīng)PosteriorSpinalartery脊髓后動脈AnteriorSpinalartery脊髓前動脈Spinothalamictract[spa?n?θ?'l?mi:k]脊髓丘腦束spinocerebellum[spa?no?s?r'bel?m]脊髓小腦Posteriorspinocerebellartract[spa?no?s?r'bel?]脊髓小腦后束Anteriorspinocerebellartract脊髓小腦前束diencephalon[?da?en'sef??l?n]間腦Sympathetictrunk[?s?mp??θ?t?k][tr??k]交感干Sympatheticnerve交感神經(jīng)Cervicalplexus[?s?:rv?kl]頸叢Interinalcarotidartery[k?'r?t?d]頸內(nèi)動脈Cervicalenlargement[?n?lɑ:rd?m?nt]頸膨大Tibialnerve['t?b?rl]脛神經(jīng)paleocerebellun[pe?'li:o??ser?'bel?m]舊小腦Commissuralfibers[k?'m???r?l]['fa?b?]連合纖維Associationfibers[??so??i?e??n]聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維Caudaequina['ka?d?]馬尾Vagusnerve['ve?g?s]迷走神經(jīng)DorsalnucleusofVagusnerve[?d?:rsl]迷走神經(jīng)背核Facialnerve[?fe??l]面神經(jīng)nucleusofFacialnerve面神經(jīng)核Brainstem[bren][st?m]腦干Reticularformationofthebrainstem[r?'t?kj?l?][f?:r?me??n]腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)Cerebralspinalfluid(CSF)[?spa?n?l][?flu?d]腦脊液Meningealsinus[m?'n?nd??rl][?sa?n?s]腦膜竇pons[pɑnz]腦橋Cerebralarachnoidmater[?'r?kn??d]腦蛛網(wǎng)膜Mediallemniscus[?mi:di?l][lem'n?sk?s]內(nèi)側(cè)丘系Medialgeniculatebody[d??'n?kj?l?t]內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體Mediallongitudinalfasciculus[?lɑ:nd???tu:dnl][f?'s?kj?l?s]內(nèi)側(cè)縱束Internalcapsule[?k?psul]內(nèi)囊Visceralmotornerve[?v?s?r?l][?mo?t?(r)]內(nèi)臟運動神經(jīng)Temporallobe[?temp?r?l]額葉Corticonucleartract[k?:t?k?nu:kli?(r)]皮質(zhì)核束Corticospinaltract[k?:t?'k?sp?nl]皮質(zhì)脊髓束Corpuscallosum[?k?:rp?s][kɑ:'lo?s?m]胼胝體claustrum['kl?:str?m]屏狀核Anteriorfuniculus[fju:'n?kj?l?s]前索Vestibularnerve[ves't?bj?l?]前庭神經(jīng)Vestibulospinaltract[vest?bj?lo?'spa?n?l]前庭脊髓束Vestibularnuclei前庭神經(jīng)核Vestibulocochlearnerve['vest?bj?lo?ko?kl?r?r]前庭蝸神經(jīng)Vestibulocerebellum[vest?bj?lo?s??r'bel?m]前庭小腦Commissureoffornix['k?m????r]['f?:n?ks]穹窿連和thalamus['θ?l?m?s]丘腦Radialnerve[?redi?l]橈神經(jīng)Flocculonodularlobe[fl?kj?lo?'n?dj?l?(r)]絨球小結(jié)葉Piamater[?pa??,?pi?]軟腦膜Trigeminallemniscus[tra?'d?em?nl][lem'n?sk?s]三叉丘系Trigeminalnerve三叉神經(jīng)MotornucleusofTrigeminalnerve[?mo?t?(r)]三叉神經(jīng)運動核MesencephalicnucleusofTrigeminalnerve[mesens?'f?l?k]三叉神經(jīng)中腦核Superiorolivarynucleus['?l??ver?]上橄欖核Maxillarynerve[m?k's?l?r?]上頜神經(jīng)epithalamus[ep?'θ?l?m?s]上丘腦Ascendingreticularactivatingsystem，ARAS[??s?nd??][r?'t?kj?l?][??kt??vet]上行網(wǎng)狀激動系統(tǒng)Hypoglossalnerve[?ha?p?'gl?s?l]舌下神經(jīng)Hypoglossalnucleus舌下神經(jīng)核Glossopharyngealnerve[?gl?so?f?'r?nd??rl]舌咽神經(jīng)Opticchiasma[?ɑ:pt?k][ka?'?zm?]視交叉Supraopticnucleus[sju:pr?'?pt?k]視上核Opticnerve視神經(jīng)Paraventricularnucleus[pɑ:r?vent'r?kj?l?]視旁核Pinealbody[pa??ni:?l]松果體Projectionfibers[pr??d??k??n]投射纖維Laterallemniscus[?l?t?r?l]外側(cè)丘系Lateralfuniculus[fju:'n?kj?l?s]外側(cè)索Lateralgeniculatebody[d??'n?kj?l?t]外側(cè)膝狀體Reticulospinaltract[r?'t?kj?l?spa?n?l]網(wǎng)狀脊髓束Caudatenucleus['k?:de?t]尾狀核Corpusstriatum[?k?:rp?s][str'?e?t?m]紋狀體Cochlearnerve['k?kl?r]蝸神經(jīng)Cochlearnuclei蝸神經(jīng)核Infeiiorolivarynucleus[?n?f?ri?(r)]['?l??ver?]下橄欖核Mandibularnerve[m?n'd?bj?l?]下頜神經(jīng)hypothalamus[?ha?po?θ?l?m?s]下丘腦cerebellum[ser?'bel?]小腦Cerebellarhemisphere[?ser?'bel?m][?hem?sf?r]小腦半球Tonsilofcerebellum[?tɑ:nsl]小腦扁桃體Cerebellarnuclei小腦核Cerebellarcortex[?k?:rteks]小腦皮質(zhì)vermis['v?:m?s]小腦蚓Fasciculuscuneatus[f?'s?kj?l?s]楔束Cuneatenucleus['kju:n??t]楔束核neocerebellum['ni???,ser?'bel?m]新小腦Amygdaloidbody[?'m?gd??l??d]杏仁體Olfactorybrain[ɑ:l?f?kt?ri]嗅腦Olfactorynerve嗅神經(jīng)Medullaoblongata[m?'d?l?][?bl??'ɡɑ:t?]延髓Ophthalmicnerve眼神經(jīng)Lumbarplexus[?l?mb?(r)][?pl?ks?s]腰叢Lunbosacralenlargement['l?mbo?se?kr?l]腰骶膨大Axillarynerve[?ks?l?r?]腋神經(jīng)Saphenousnerve[s?'fi:n?s]隱神經(jīng)Cerebralduramater['dj?r?]硬腦膜archicerebellum[?ɑ:rk?ser?'bel?m]原小腦Abducentnerve[?b'dju:s?nt]展神經(jīng)Abducensnucleus[?b'dju:s?nz]展神經(jīng)核Occipitallobe[?k's?p?t?l]枕葉Mediannerve正中神經(jīng)mesencephalon[?mesen'sef??l?n]中腦Centralcanal[?s?ntr?l][k??n?l]中央管Postcentralgyrus[po?st'sentr?l]['d?a?r?s]中央后回Precentralgyrus[p'r?sentr?l]中央前回Vertebralartery[?v?:tibr?l]椎動脈Pyramidaltract['p?r?m?dl]錐體束Autonomicberve[??:t?'n?m?k]自主神經(jīng)Sciaticnerve[sa???t?k]坐骨神經(jīng)腦水腫、腦疝、腦死亡brainedema[?'di:m?]腦水腫Intracranialpressure，ICP[??ntr?'kre?n?rl][?pr???]顱內(nèi)壓ionicbrainedema[a??ɑ:n?k]離子性腦水腫Hydrocephalicbrainedema[ha?dro?se'f?l?k]腦積水性腦水腫Brainhernia[?h?:rni?]腦疝Cerebraldeath[d?θ]腦死亡Ischemiccerebraledema[?s'ki:m?k]缺血性腦水腫Osmoticbrainedema[?z'm?t?k]滲透壓性腦水腫papilledema[p?p?l?'di:m?]視乳頭水腫Waterchannelprotein，aquaporin，AQP[?pro?ti:n]['?kw?p?r?n]水通道蛋白Cytotoxicbrainedema[sa?t?'t?ks?k]細胞毒性腦水中Vasogenicbrainedema血管源性腦水腫Subfalcialherniation[s?b'f?s?rl][?h?:n?'e???n]大腦鐮下疝Transtentorialherniation小腦幕切跡疝UpwardTranstentorialherniation[??pw?rd]小腦幕切跡上升疝神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)查體Proprioceptivesensations[?pro?pr?r'sept?v][s?n?se??n]本體感覺Patellarclonus[p?'tel?]

['kl??n?s]髕陣攣Brudzinskisign布魯金斯基征gaits[ɡet]步態(tài)Tactile[?t?ktl]觸覺Clusterheadache，CH[?kl?st?][?h?d?ek]叢集性頭痛Hemicrania[?hem?'kre?n?r]偏頭痛Hemicraniasimplex['s?mpleks]單純性偏頭痛Hemicraniaepilepsia['ep?leps?r]癲癇性偏頭痛orientation[??:ri?n?te??n]定向力Lightreflexes[?ri?fl?ks]對光反射Sweattest[sw?t]發(fā)汗試驗Episodictensionheadache[?ep??sɑ:d?k][?t?n??n]發(fā)作性緊張性頭痛reflexes[?ri?fl?ks]反射Beat-backtest[bit]反擊征試驗Nearreaction[n?r]輻輳反射Combinedsensation[k?m?ba?nd][s?n?se??n]復合感覺Abdominalreflex[?b?dɑ:m?nl]腹壁反射SensoryconductionVelocity，SCV[?s?ns?ri][k?n?d?k??n][v??lɑ:s?ti]感覺神經(jīng)傳導速度Sensorysystem感覺系統(tǒng)Sensoryaura[??r?]感覺先兆Gaitofsensoryataxia[??t?ksi?]感覺性共濟失調(diào)性步態(tài)sensoryaphasia[??fe??]感覺性失語Analreflex['enl]肛門反射Gowersmaneuver[m??nuv?,-?nju-]高娃試驗Achillesreflex[??k?liz]跟反射Heel-to-shintest[hil][??n]跟膝脛反射Bicepsreflex[?ba??s?ps]肱二頭肌反射Tricepsreflex[?tra??s?ps]肱三頭肌反射ataxia[??t?ksi?]共濟失調(diào)Ataxicgaits[?'t?ks?k]共濟失調(diào)步態(tài)coordination[ko???:rd??ne??n]共濟運動dysarthria[d?s'ɑ:θri:?]構(gòu)音障礙Ankleclonus[???k?l]踝陣攣Circumductiongait[?s?k?m'd?k??n]環(huán)行步態(tài)coma[?ko?m?]昏迷stupor[?stu:p?(r)]昏睡狀態(tài)Maritalhistory&Menstrualhistory[?m?r?tl][?m?nstru?l]婚育史與月經(jīng)史Dystrophicgait[d?'stro?f?k]肌營養(yǎng)不良步態(tài)Muscletone[?m?s?l][to?n]肌張力Basilararterymigraine基底動脈偏頭痛Immediaterecall[??midi?t][r??k?l]即刻記憶calculation[?k?lkj??le??n]計算力memory[?m?m?ri]記憶力Historyofpastillness[??ln?s]既往史Secondaryheadache[?sek?nderi]繼發(fā)性頭痛FamilialhemiplegicMigraine，F(xiàn)HM[f??m?lj?l][he'm?pli:d??k][?ma?gre?n]家族性偏癱性偏頭痛Consensuallightreflex[k?n'sen??rl]間接對光反射Scissorsgait[?s?z?rz]剪刀步態(tài)Cornealreflex['k?:n?rl]角膜反射Tensionheadache[?t?n??n]緊張性頭痛Recentmemory[?ris?nt]近記憶Neck-tonguesyndrome[n?k][t??]頸-舌綜合征Spasticgaits[?sp?st?k]痙攣步態(tài)Restingtremors['rest??][?tr?m?]靜止性震顫Spasticparalysis[p??r?l?s?s]痙攣性癱瘓Giantcellarteritis[?d?a??nt]['ɑ:t?ra?t?s]巨細胞動脈炎Kernigsign克尼格征Steppagegait[?stɑ:p?d?]跨閾步態(tài)Supraorbitalneuralgia[?su:pr?'?:b?t?l][n??r?ld??]眶上神經(jīng)痛Corticalspreadingdepression[d??pr???n]擴散性大腦皮質(zhì)抑制Benignparoxysmalvertigo[b??na?n][?p?r?k's?zm?l][?v?:rt?go?]良性發(fā)作性眩暈Two-pointdiscrimination[d??skr?m??ne??n]兩點辨別覺Rombergsign羅姆伯格征Twilightstate[?twa??la?t]朦朧狀態(tài)Nominalaphasia[?nɑ:m?nl]命名性失語Meningealirritation[m?'n?nd??rl][??r??te??n]腦膜刺激征Cerebrovasculardisease[?ser?bro?'v?skj?l?]腦血管病Torsionspasm[?t?:r?n][?sp?z?m]扭轉(zhuǎn)痙攣Snoutreflex[sna?t]努嘴反射dermatographia[d?:m?t?'gr?f?r]皮膚劃痕癥hemiballismus[hem?b?'l?zm?s]偏身投擲Migraineequivalentsyndromes[??kw?v?l?nt]偏頭痛等位癥Superficialreflex[?su:p?r?f??l]淺反射Superficialsensation淺感覺Graspreflex[gr?sp]強握反射Tactilesensation[?t?ktl]輕觸覺Decerebraterigidity[di:'ser??bre?t][r??d??d?ti]去皮質(zhì)強直Brachiradialisreflex[bre?t??r're?d?rl?s]橈骨膜反射Deepreflex深反射Deepsensation深感覺Physiologicalreflexes[?f?zi??lɑd??k?l]生理反射baragnosis[b?r?ɡn'ɡo?s?s]失辯重能dyslexia[d?s?l?ksi?]失讀癥Agraphia[?'ɡr?f?r]失寫癥stereognosis[?ster??g'no?s?s]實體覺astereognosis[?s'teri:o?ɡno?s?s]實體覺缺失Visualaura[?v??u?l][??r?]視覺先兆Visualacuity[??kju?ti]視敏度Visualfields[fild]視野somnolence['sɑ:mn?l?ns]嗜睡狀態(tài)athetosis[?'eeto?s?s]手足徐動Pilomotorresponse[pa?lo?'mo?t?][r??spɑ:ns]豎毛反應Accommodationreflex[??kɑ:m??de??n]調(diào)節(jié)反射Cremastericreflex[k'remɑ:st?r?k]提睪反射Posturaltests[?pɑ:st??r?l]體位性試驗mydriasis[m?'dra??s?s]瞳孔散大miotic[ma?'?t?k]瞳孔縮小Painfulophthalmoplegia[?penf?l][?f?θ?lm?'pli:d??r]痛性眼肌麻痹headache頭痛dizziness[?d?z?n?s]頭暈graphesthesia[ɡrɑ:fes'ei:z?r]圖形覺graphanesthesia[ɡr?fe?'nesθi:z?r]圖形覺缺失Temperaturesensation[?tempr?t??(r)]溫度覺Migrainewithoutaura，MO無先兆偏頭痛Choreicmovements[k?:'ri:?k]['mu:vm?nts]舞蹈樣運動Suckreflex[s?k]吸吮反射Patellarreflex[p?'tel?]膝反射Jaw-jeckreflex[d??]下頜反射Migrainewithaura，MA先兆偏頭痛Aurasymptoms先兆癥狀Historyofpresentillness現(xiàn)病史GaitofcerebellarAtaxia小腦性共濟失調(diào)步態(tài)Cerebellarmutism[?mju?t?z?m]小腦性緘默癥Shock[?ɑ:k]休克Vascular-supraspinal-myogenicmodel，VSM[ma??'d?en?k]血管-脊髓上-肌源模式Queckenstedt’stest壓頸試驗（奎肯施泰特試驗）Pressuresensation壓覺Eyelidsandpalpebralfissures['a?l?ds]['p?lp?br?l]['f???z]眼球位置與運動nystagmus[n?s't?gm?s]眼球震顫Oculocardiacreflex['?kj?lo?kɑ:d??k]眼心反射Abnormalmovements[?b?n?:rml]異常運動confusion[k?n?fju??n]意識混濁Intentiontremors[?n?t?n??n][?tr?m?]意向性震顫Primaryheadache[?pra?meri]原發(fā)性頭痛Remotememory[r??mo?t]遠記憶hyperkinesis[?ha?p?k?'n?s?s]運動功能亢進hyperopia[?ha?p?'ro?p?r]遠視Kineticdeviationtest[k??n?t?k,ka?-][?divi?e??n]運動偏離試驗Motoraura運動先兆Motoraphasia運動性失語癥Motortremors運動性震顫Motorevokedpotential[p??t?n??l]運動誘發(fā)電位delirium[d??l?ri?m]譫妄狀態(tài)Tandemposition[?t?nd?m]站立姿勢Palmomentalreflex掌頦反射clonus['kl??n?s]震顫Finger-to-nosetest[?f??ɡ?]指鼻試驗baragnosis[b?r?ɡn'ɡo?s?s]重量失認Chiefcomplaint[t?if][k?m?plent]主訴Posturaltremors[?pɑ:st??r?l]姿勢性震顫Autonomicnervoussystem[??:t?'n?m?k]自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Plantarreflex[?pl?nt?,-?tɑr]足跖反射Sittingposition坐位神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)思維導圖神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)小腦大腦組成，神經(jīng)元及垂直柱腦脊膜及腦脊液神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)詳細內(nèi)容中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，大腦和小腦的灰質(zhì)位于表層——皮質(zhì)灰質(zhì)：神經(jīng)元胞體集中的結(jié)構(gòu)。白質(zhì)：不含神經(jīng)元胞體，只有神經(jīng)纖維的結(jié)構(gòu)。白質(zhì)內(nèi),神經(jīng)元胞體集中而成的一些團塊——神經(jīng)核(團)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中神經(jīng)節(jié)/神經(jīng)叢：神經(jīng)元胞體集中的結(jié)構(gòu)Structure大腦胼胝體間腦（丘腦和下丘腦）腦干：中腦，小腦，腦橋，延髓脊髓大腦皮質(zhì)中的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量龐大，種類豐富都是多極神經(jīng)元，主要可分為高爾基I型神經(jīng)元和高爾基II型高爾基Ⅰ型神經(jīng)元?大型錐體細胞?中型錐體細胞?梭型細胞1、軸突組成投射纖維，發(fā)向腦干或脊髓。2、軸突組成聯(lián)合傳出纖維，發(fā)向大腦皮質(zhì)同側(cè)或?qū)Φ钠渌麉^(qū)域，把該區(qū)域形成的信息傳遞出去。高爾基II型神經(jīng)元大量的顆粒細胞（是腦皮質(zhì)中間神經(jīng)元）：水平細胞、星形籃狀上行軸突等。主要接受來自神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他部位傳入的信息，并加以綜合、貯存或傳遞給高爾基Ⅰ型神經(jīng)細胞。錐體細胞占神經(jīng)細胞66%，長三角錐狀胞體，向皮質(zhì)表面發(fā)出單一的頂樹突，向皮質(zhì)深處發(fā)出多根底樹突和一根長軸突樹突上均有無數(shù)的棘，并隨樹突遠離胞體而增多，這些棘是形成軸—樹突觸之處。一根長軸突自軸丘發(fā)出，一些形成聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維，另一些則形成投射纖維。顆粒細胞數(shù)量最多，散于皮質(zhì)內(nèi)。胞體小，形態(tài)不一，多呈三角或多形。梭形細胞從胞體上下兩極發(fā)出樹突。而軸突從胞體中下部發(fā)出，進入髓質(zhì)，與錐體細胞一樣形成投射纖維或聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維。分子層:細胞小而少,主要是水平細胞和星形細胞組成.?外顆粒層:許多星形細胞和少量小錐體細胞構(gòu)成.?外錐體細胞層:許多中小型錐體細胞和星形組成.?內(nèi)顆粒層:細胞密集,多是星形細胞.?內(nèi)錐體細胞層:由大,中型錐體細胞組成，在中央前回有稱Betz細胞的巨大錐體細胞?多形細胞層:梭形細胞為主,還有錐體細胞和顆粒細胞分子層?位于大腦皮質(zhì)的最表面。神經(jīng)元較少，主要是水平細胞和星形，水平胞的樹突和軸與皮質(zhì)表面平行分布；還有許多與皮質(zhì)表面平行的神經(jīng)纖維。2、外顆粒層由許多星形細胞和少量小型錐體細胞構(gòu)成。錐尖端發(fā)出一條較粗的頂樹突，伸向皮質(zhì)表面，沿途發(fā)出許多小分支。胞體還向周圍發(fā)出一些水平走向的樹突，稱基。軸突自胞體底部發(fā)出。星形細胞的軸突一般很短，與鄰近錐體細胞形成突觸聯(lián)系，少數(shù)較長的軸突上行到皮質(zhì)表面，與錐體細胞頂樹突或水平相聯(lián)系。3、外錐體細胞層較厚，主要是中、小型錐體細胞，以中型占多數(shù)。它們的頂樹突伸至分子層，軸突組成聯(lián)合傳出纖維。4、內(nèi)顆粒層細胞密集，多數(shù)是星形細胞。5、內(nèi)錐體細胞層主要由大、中型錐體細胞組成。?在中央前回運動區(qū)，此層有巨大錐體細胞，體高120μm，寬80μm，稱Betz細胞。此層錐體細胞的頂樹突伸至分子層，軸突組成投射纖維。6、多形細胞層以梭型細胞為主，還有錐體細胞和顆粒細胞。梭型細胞數(shù)量較少，其樹突自胞體上下兩端發(fā)出，分別上行到皮質(zhì)表層和下行至皮質(zhì)深處，軸突起自下端樹突主干根部，進入白質(zhì)組成投射纖維或聯(lián)合傳出纖維。大腦皮層分層亞型在大腦發(fā)育過程中，在皮質(zhì)的不同位置，會有不同的層更加發(fā)達或者退化消失。腦的功能分區(qū)對結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：皮質(zhì)細胞是呈縱向柱狀排列的--稱為垂直柱。它可能是大腦皮質(zhì)活動的基本功能單位。其內(nèi)神經(jīng)元都對同一類型的周圍刺激起反應。垂直柱：大腦皮質(zhì)活動的基本功能單位。每個柱形結(jié)構(gòu)大小不等，貫穿皮質(zhì)6層大腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元的聯(lián)系——垂直柱包括傳入纖維、傳出纖維、中間神經(jīng)元大腦皮質(zhì)中的神經(jīng)纖維投射纖維：聯(lián)系大腦皮層與層下結(jié)構(gòu)的上、下行纖維。發(fā)向腦干或脊髓。聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維：連接一側(cè)的大腦半球不同部位（葉與葉；回與回等）皮質(zhì)的神經(jīng)纖維。連合纖維：接左右兩半球皮質(zhì)的纖維。小腦：灰質(zhì)，白質(zhì)，神經(jīng)核小腦皮質(zhì)主要指灰質(zhì)分子層結(jié)構(gòu)：含大量神經(jīng)纖維，神經(jīng)元少而分散。兩種神經(jīng)元：星形細胞籃狀細胞浦肯野細胞層結(jié)構(gòu)：由一層排列規(guī)則的蒲肯野細胞體構(gòu)成蒲肯野細胞小腦皮質(zhì)中最大的神經(jīng)元，也是唯一的傳出神經(jīng)元。特點：胞體大，成梨形樹突分支繁密軸突細長在大腦里的1000億個神經(jīng)元中，浦肯野神經(jīng)元是體積最大神經(jīng)元是體積最大的。它是小腦皮層里運動協(xié)調(diào)大