與“超級細(xì)菌”賽跑人類會贏嗎

名師精講外刊與“超級細(xì)菌”賽跑，人類會贏嗎？Whyhumansarelosingtheraceagainstsuperbugs?名師精講外刊“超級細(xì)菌”泛指對抗生素具有耐藥性的細(xì)菌。這類細(xì)菌能對抗生素有強(qiáng)大的抵抗作用，能逃避被殺滅的危險(xiǎn)。研究表明，近幾年超級細(xì)菌的種類、數(shù)量在全球范圍內(nèi)快速增長，并且危及到許多中低收入國家的衛(wèi)生健康安全。這是為什么呢？讓我們走進(jìn)今天的外刊，學(xué)習(xí)一些疾病、健康方面的表達(dá)。課前問題1.為什么超級細(xì)菌的問題在中低收入國家更為嚴(yán)重？2.全球疫情為什么加劇了這種困境？導(dǎo)讀名師精講外刊Whyhumansarelosingtheraceagainstsuperbugs?【基礎(chǔ)解析】(win/lose)theraceagainst與……的賽跑【例】Wearedestinedtolosetheraceagainsttime.我們注定要輸?shù)襞c時(shí)間的戰(zhàn)爭?！就卣寡由臁縭aceagainst與……賽跑Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基礎(chǔ)解析】behitthehardest(by)………的問題最嚴(yán)重，受到的沖擊最大【釋】Thehungryandpoorarehitthehardest.饑餓的窮人受到的沖擊最大。【拓展延伸】表示“首當(dāng)其沖”的短語：bethefirsttobeaffected;bearthebruntofsth精講試聽結(jié)束Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基礎(chǔ)解析】resistantadj.抵抗的，有抵抗力的【釋】notaffectedbysth;abletoresiststh【例】Itistheeasiestofcropstogrowandisseeminglyresistanttoanydisease.它是最容易種植的作物，似乎對任何疾病都有抵抗力。精講試聽結(jié)束Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【拓展延伸】1)-resistantsuffix耐……的，抗……的【釋】notdamagedbythethingmentioned【例】disease-resistant抗病的；antibiotic-resistant耐抗生素的；fire-resistant耐火的2)resistv.①抵制，阻擋【例】Theyaredeterminedtoresistpressuretochangethelaw.他們決心頂住要求改革法律的壓力。②反抗，回?fù)簟纠縃etriedtopinmedown,butIresisted.他試圖制伏我，但我奮力反抗。Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基礎(chǔ)解析】malarian.瘧疾【釋】adiseasethatcausesfeverandshiveringcausedbythebiteofsometypesofmosquito【例】Malariaisendemicinmanyhotcountries.瘧疾是許多氣候炎熱國家的流行病。Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基礎(chǔ)解析】antibioticn.抗生素，如青霉素（通常復(fù)數(shù)）【釋】asubstance,forexamplepenicillin,thatcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections【例】Thedoctorputheronantibiotics(=toldhertotakethem).醫(yī)生要她服用抗生素。adj.抗生素的，與抗菌有關(guān)的【釋】relatedtotheantibioticthatcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections【例】TheyexpecttheantibioticproductstobeexportedtoSoutheastAsiaandAfrica.他們期望抗生素產(chǎn)品出口到東南亞和非洲。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【拓展延伸】straineverynerve/sinew(todosth)竭力做某事【例】Hestrainedeverysinewtohelpus,butdidn'tsucceed.他竭盡全力想幫助我們，但沒有成功?！净A(chǔ)解析】sepsisn.膿毒癥；敗血癥【釋】aninfectionofpartofthebodyinwhichpusisproducedStudiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基礎(chǔ)解析】pneumonian.肺炎【釋】aseriousillnessaffectingoneorbothlungsthatmakesbreathingdifficult【基礎(chǔ)解析】gangrenousn.壞疽的【釋】Gangrenousisusedtodescribeapartofaperson'sbodythathasbeenaffectedbygangrene.Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基礎(chǔ)解析】mutatev.1)變異，突變【釋】todevelopormakesthdevelopanewformorstructure,becauseofageneticchange【例】Thevirusmutatesinthecarrier'sbody.該病毒在攜帶者體內(nèi)發(fā)生突變。2)轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換【釋】tochangeintoanewform【例】Rhythmandbluesmutatedintorockandroll.節(jié)奏布魯斯演變成為搖滾樂。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基礎(chǔ)解析】evadev.逃脫；躲開；躲避【釋】toescapefromsb/sthoravoidmeetingsb【例1】Hemanagedtoevadecapture.他設(shè)法逃脫了抓捕?！纠?】evadethequestion回避問題；evadethetax逃稅；evadeschool逃學(xué)Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【拓展延伸】elude/??lu?d/v.①（尤指機(jī)敏地）避開，逃避，躲避【釋】tomanagetoavoidorescapefromsb/sth,especiallyinacleverway【例】Thetwomenmanagedtoeludethepoliceforsixweeks.這兩個(gè)男人想方設(shè)法逃避警方追捕達(dá)六個(gè)星期。②使達(dá)不到；使不記得；使不理解【釋】Ifstheludesyou,youarenotabletoachieveit,ornotabletorememberorunderstandit.【例】Hewasextremelytiredbutsleepeludedhim.他累極了，卻睡不著。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基礎(chǔ)解析】forecastv.預(yù)測；預(yù)報(bào)【釋】astatementaboutwhatwillhappeninthefuture,basedoninformationthatisavailablenow【例】Theforecastsaidtherewouldbesunnyintervalsandshowers.天氣預(yù)報(bào)說，晴間陣雨。Theconventionalwisdomusedtobethatthefailureofantibioticswasaso-called"FirstWorld"problem.Butanewstudyshowsithappeningallovertheworld.InPeru,forexample,antibioticresistanceisaffectingeverylevelofhealth,andherearethereasons:First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基礎(chǔ)解析】readilyadv.1)快捷地，輕而易舉地【釋】quicklyandwithoutdifficulty【例】Allingredientsarereadilyavailablefromyourlocalstore.所有的原料都可以方便地從你當(dāng)?shù)氐纳痰曩I到。2)欣然地，樂意地【釋】inawaythatshowsyoudonotobjecttosth【例】Mostpeoplereadilyaccepttheneedforlaws.大多數(shù)人都毫不遲疑地認(rèn)為法律是必要的。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基礎(chǔ)解析】prescriptionn.1)處方，藥方【釋】anofficialpieceofpaperonwhichadoctorwritesthetypeofmedicineyoushouldhave,andwhichenablesyoutogetitfromachemist'sshop/drugstore【例】Antibioticsareonlyavailablebyprescription.抗生素只能憑處方購買。2)計(jì)劃；建議；秘訣【釋】prescription(forsth)aplanorasuggestionformakingsthhappenorforimprovingit【例】Ihaveaprescriptionforhappiness.我有一個(gè)增進(jìn)幸福的秘訣。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基礎(chǔ)解析】overusev./n.使用過度，濫用【釋】touse/usingsthtoomuchortoooften【例】Suppliesareunderincreasingthreatfromoveruseandpollution.供應(yīng)正受到日益增長的過度使用和污染的威脅。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【拓展延伸】overdose/???v?d??s/v./n.（一次用藥）過量【釋】toomuchofadrugtakenatonetime【例】Shetookamassiveoverdoseofsleepingpills.她服用了過量的安眠藥。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基礎(chǔ)解析】fuelv.1)給……提供燃料【例1】Uraniumisusedtofuelnuclearplants.鈾用作核電廠的燃料。【例2】tofuelspeculation/rumours/fears引起猜測/謠傳/恐懼2)增加；加強(qiáng)；刺激【例】Highersalarieshelpedtofuelinflation.工資提高刺激通貨膨脹。n.1)燃料2)刺激性言行【例】Hisremarkssimplyaddedfueltothefire/flamesofherrage.他的話只是給她的憤怒火上澆油。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基礎(chǔ)解析】robustadj.1)強(qiáng)健的；強(qiáng)壯的【釋】strongandhealthy【例】Shewasalmost90,butstillveryrobust.她將近90歲了，但身體仍然十分強(qiáng)健。2)（體制，機(jī)構(gòu)，人）強(qiáng)勁的；富有活力的，有信心的【釋】strongandnotlikelytofailorbecomeweak,fullofdetermination【例】ItwasatypicallyrobustperformancebytheForeignSecretary.這是外交大臣典型的有信心的表現(xiàn)。Third,low-andmiddle-incomecountriesingeneralreporthigherratesofinfectionsinhospitalsthanhigh-incomecountriesandthoseinfectionsaremorelikelytobedrugresistant.Lastly,whilesomenewmorepowerfulantibioticsarebeingdeveloped,lower-incomecountriesarestilldependentonolder,cheaper,lesseffectivedrugs.TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【基礎(chǔ)解析】exacerbatev.使惡化；使加??；使加重【釋】tomakesthworse,especiallyadiseaseorproblem【例】Thesymptomsmaybeexacerbatedbycertaindrugs.這些癥狀可能會因?yàn)槟承┧幬锒又?。TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【拓展延伸】近義詞：aggravatev.①使嚴(yán)重；使惡化【釋】tomakeanillnessorabadorunpleasantsituationworse【例】Militaryinterventionwillonlyaggravatetheconflictevenfurther.軍事介入只會使沖突加劇。②（非正式）尤指故意地激怒，惹惱【釋】toannoysb,especiallydeliberately【例】Thatmeansnoyellingorwhining,nomatterhowmuchtheyaggravateyou.這就意味著不管多么惱怒不滿，都不要隨意亂叫，大發(fā)牢騷。TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【基礎(chǔ)解析】contractv.1)感染（疾病）2)收縮，變小【例】Theexerciseconsistsofstretchingandcontractingthelegmuscles.此項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練包括伸展和收縮腿部肌肉。3)與……訂立合同、契約、婚約、聯(lián)盟【例】Shehascontractedtowork20hoursaweek.她已簽訂每周工作20小時(shí)的合同。n.合同，契約【例】Theyweresuedforbreachofcontract(=notkeepingtoacontract).他們被指控違約。Instead,theyself-medicatedathome.Morethan70,80%ofCOVIDpatientsthatarrivedatthehospitalwerealreadyusingantibioticsathome.Theybelievedthedrugswouldaidintheirrecovery.However,antibioticstargetbacteriaandwouldn'tbeofmuchhelpagainstacoronavirus.【基礎(chǔ)解析】(not)beof(much)helpto/against對……有/無幫助【例】Thelibraryreferencesectionpersonnelcanbeofhelp.圖書館文獻(xiàn)部人員可能對你有所幫助。ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基礎(chǔ)解析】stormn.暴風(fēng)雨（引申為雪上加霜）【例】Hewasalreadyindebtandwithoutajob,soitbecameaperfectstormwhenhiswifelefthim.背著債務(wù)，又丟了工作，他的妻子也離開了他，真是給他雪上加霜！ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基礎(chǔ)解析】inundatev.1)使不勝負(fù)荷；使應(yīng)接不暇【釋】(beinundatedwith)togiveorsendsbsomanythingsthattheycannotdealwiththemall【例】Wehavebeeninundatedwithoffersofhelp.主動(dòng)援助多得使我們應(yīng)接不暇。2)淹沒；泛濫【釋】tocoveranareaoflandwithalargeamountofwater【例】Ifthedambreaks,itwillinundatelargepartsofthetown.如果水壩坍塌，該城的大部分將被淹沒。ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基礎(chǔ)解析】transmission1)傳送；傳遞；傳達(dá)；傳播；傳染【釋】theactorprocessofpassingsthfromoneperson,placeorthingtoanother【例】Weknowfidelityisanessentialprincipleofgenetictransmission.我們知道，準(zhǔn)確性是基因傳遞中的一個(gè)必要原則。2)（電臺或電視）信息，廣播【釋】aradioortelevisionmessageorbroadca