年廣州市中考數(shù)學(xué)模擬試卷(一)

China:BackgroundNotesPopulation1.2billionSize3,705,386sq.mi.HeadofCCP–HuJintaoHeadofState:PresidentHuJintaoPremier:WenJiabaoReligion:Daoism,Buddhism,Muslim,ChristianChina:BackgroundNotesPopulat1China:GovernmentalIssuesCommunistparty-ledstatePRCest.1949Branches:Executive:President/VicePresident;StateCouncil,PremierLegislative:unicameralNationalPeople’sCongressJudicial:SupremePeople’sCourtParties:CCP58millionmembersAdministrativedivisions:23provinces(Taiwan),5autonomousregions,4citiesdirectlyunderStateCouncil

China:GovernmentalIssuesComm2China:CriticalEvents1958GreatLeapForwardNeweconomicprogramGoaltorapidlyincreaseindustrialcapacityDisruptednormalmarketmechanisms,exhaustionandfamineresulted1966CulturalRevolutionBreakwithsovietsfinal1960sDengleadspragmaticshiftineconomicpolicyCRMao’sretaliation–onesideofcommunistleadershipagainstanother10yearsofpoliticalinstability1971attemptedcoupagainstMao1975DengXiaoppingreinstatedChina:CriticalEvents1958Gre3EndofMaoistEraPragmatistsversusRadicalscontinuetheirstruggle1975JiangQing&3CulturalRevolutionassociatescontinuetheattackagainstDeng1976Dengremovedofpower1976MaodiesGangofFourarrested;DengreinstatedEndofMaoistEraPragmatistsv4PragmatismtoStudentRevolution1978transitionfromcommandtocapitalisteconomyofficialgoalofthestateReformpoliciesincreasestandardoflivingLiteratureandartsemergePoliticaldissent&socialproblemsemerge1986studentprotestsatslowpaceofreformConfirmsleadershipconcernsofsocialdestabilizationPragmatismtoStudentRevoluti51989Late1980s–inflationHuYaobang–advocateofreform–dies89.DisaffectedurbanpopulationcampsinTiananmenSquaretomourn&protestpublicly.Protestspreadstoothercities.May20,1989Martiallawdeclared.July3-4,1989Militaryclearsthesquare.1989Late1980s–inflation6ChinesePoliticalCulture:

TheRuleofLaw“ruleoflaw”associatedwithdemocracyImpliesaneutralrelationshipbetweenindividualandstateCommunistideologydoesviewsneitherlawnorstateasneutralactorsLawviewedasaweaponofthestateChineseleadershaveneveracknowledgedruleoflawasalegitimateviewChinesePoliticalCulture:

Th7“RulebyLaw”NewChineselegalityTherearelawsandallareequallysubjecttothemAdepoliticizedviewoflawSince1982(yearofcurrentconstitution)morethan300lawsandregulationshavebeenpromulgatedMediationcommitteestoresolvedisputesLegalreformpriorityofthe1990s“RulebyLaw”NewChineselegal8PoliticalCulture,CitizenshipandIdentity1949-presentpoliticalculturebasedintheCommunistidealStateledeffortstomakebehaviorconformtoMarxist-Leninist-MaoZedongthoughtIdeologyhasfacedcrises1978MaoisteraoverDengThoughtRationaleforcombinationofeconomicchangeandpoliticalrepressionPoliticalCulture,Citizenship9PoliticalCulture:SourcesandContradictionsContemporaryChineseinheritorsofseveralverydifferentregimes:QingDynasty(1644-1911)Warlordinterregnum(1911-1927)NationalistruleofKuomintang(1927-1949)CommunismunderMao(1949-1976)Dengreformsandneweconomy(1976-present)PoliticalCulture:Sourcesand10ChangewithinRepetition“Changewithinrepetition”Forgenerations“reformers”havecometopowerpromisingtransitiontoamoreegalitarianpoliticalsystemQingdynasty–traditionalChinagovernedbyemperorandbureaucracyofscholar-officialsselectedbyknowledgeofConfucianclassicsConfucianismprovidedcommonunderstandingofahierarchyoforderedrelationshipsinharmony(naturalorder)withemperorattop.BlurreddistinctionbetweenstateandsocietyChangewithinRepetition“Chang11ChangewithinRepetitionQingdiscreditedby“invasion”ofGreatBritain.Warlordsunabletorestoreorder(1911-27).Nationalistsemerge–supportedbylandlordclassandurbandwellers–briefunificationwithCommuniststounifynation.WhenthisgoalismostlyaccomplishedNationaliststurnonCommunistskillingthousands.NewCivilWarerupts1949NationalistsretreattoTaiwan.ChangewithinRepetitionQingd12ChangewithinRepetitionChineseCommunistPartyleadershipLeadershipofconstantchangeunderMaoRelationshipwithSovietsbecomesstrained(1956)GreatLeapForward(1958)CulturalRevolution(1966)AttackonnewelitescreatedaspartofgovernmentComparisontoSoviets?DengThoughtEconomictransition2000simplications?–amoneyedclass–problemwithelitesChangewithinRepetitionChines13ThreatstoRegime?“invasion”ofGreatBritain(1911endofQingdynasty)EndingrelationshipwithSovietUnion?GreatLeapForward(1958)CulturalRevolution(1966)ThreatstoRegime?“invasion”o14DengThought:CommunismtoConsumerismDengThoughtCombinationofeconomicchangeandpoliticalrepressionSocializationviaschoolswithoutovertteachingofpoliticsTruepoliticaldiscourselimitedCCPincreasinglyestrangedfromsocietyDengThought:CommunismtoCon15SocializinggoalsoftheStateInspirationalrevolutionarygoalsgoneReplacedwithprivateentrepreneurshipIndividualprosperityandmaterialincentivesProcessislessintrusivePartofthepolicytopromoteeconomicliberalizationToodifficulttocontrolinformationPersecutionofscholarsresultedininferioracademicproducts–thishasceased,economicmodernizationrequiresexpertsandrespectforexpertiseSocializinggoalsoftheState16PoliticalParticipationRelationshipbetweenleadersandcitizensmeansprocessesofParticipation,Articulation,andAggregationaredifferentRelationshipofguardianshipbetweenstateandcitizens(patriarchal)Interestgroupsrejectedbecausestate“represents”theinterestsofallcitizensPoliticalparticipationhierarchicallyorderedPoliticalParticipationRelatio17InterestArticulationandAggregationArticulationwithoutaggregationFormofpersonalcontactingIntheworkplaceTraditionalaggregation–demandscombinedintopolicyproposals–difficultinChinabecauseoflimitsonorganizationsandparties(8)InterestArticulationandAggr18NewPoliticalParticipationParticipationrequiressocialstability,economicorder,andadjustmentsinpoliticalrelationshipstoaccommodateeconomicgrowthParticipationnolonger“required”AvoidanceofthemasstorealizepolicygoalsRejectionofmassmobilizationasmodeofpoliticalparticipationVillageelections–grassrootsdemocracywithparallelpartystructures?????NewPoliticalParticipationPar19PolicyChallengesOnecountry,twosystems:HongKong1997Onechildfamilypolicy:urban/ruralenforcementproblems,Abortionaspolicyfailurewithoutdisincentive.Male/femaleratio&disappearedgirls(1979-82–3%;1988-906%).VillagecommitteesTaiwan1971lostmembershipinUNUS“TwoChinas”policyOnly30countriesrecognize1980sdemocratizationPolicyChallengesOnecountry,20ChineseGovernment-PRCDualExecutive:President(5yearterm,2termlimit)andPremier(appointedbypresidentwithapprovalofNPC)VicePresidentandFourVicePremiersCentralMilitaryCommission-ChairmanLegislature:NationalPeople’sCongressLeadershipcomprisedoffiveStateCouncilors,27MinisterialpositionsElectsthePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePRCMeetstwoyears(atleastonceeachfive)MembersservefiveyeartermsChineseGovernment-PRCDualE21ChineseGovernmentalandPartytransitionJiangZeminheadofCCPandPresidentofChinastepsdownatendof2002HuJintaohissuccessorasheadofCCPandexpectedtobe“elected”presidentofChinaat2003meetingoftheNationalPeople’sCongress.ZhuRongji,PremierorPrimeMinister(1998-2003)ReplacementisWenJiabao(2003-?)ChineseGovernmentalandParty22ChineseParty/PoliticalStructuresPresident(2,5yearterms)VicePresident(bothelectedbyNPC)Premier(Primeminister)SelectedbyPresidentwithapprovalbyNPCStateCouncil(cabinet)NationalPeoplesCongress(2,900)People’sCongressesdownalladministrativeunitsGeneralSecretarySecretariat(6)StandingCommitteeofthePolitburo(5-9)Politburo(11-30)CentralCommittee(300)NationalPartyCongress(2,000)ChineseParty/PoliticalStruct23EthnicityinChinaRacialhomogeneitywithimportantethnic,linguisticdifferencesTibet,Griangzi,InnerMongolia,Ninglia,Xinjiang–5autonomousregions90millionnon-ChineseconcentratedintheseregionsConstitute9%oftotalpopulationEthnicityinChinaRacialhomog24ThreeGorgesDamThelargesthydroelectricprojectintheworldChinahasusedtheYangtzeRiverasitscentralhighway.TheRiverrunsthroughtheheartofthecountryRiveris3700mileslong,theworld’sthirdlongestriver.Millionsofpeoplelived,usedfortransport.ThreeGorgesDamThelargesthy25DamCostsandConstructionWorkbeganin1994,initialdamusebeganin2003,completionestimatedby2009.Costestimatesrangefrom$17billionupto$100billion.Chineseofficialsclaimthedamwillcontroltheunpredictableriverwhichfrequentlyfloodsandkillsthousandsofpeople.Theprojectwillgenerate1/9thofChina’spower.DamCostsandConstructionWork26DamCostsandConstructionOnehundredfortytownslieinthepathofthelakeitisforming(1.9milliondisplaced).Thetowns,alongwith300villagesandalargeamountoffarmland,willbeunderwater.Thelakewillstretchforabout350miles,thedistancefromSanFranciscotoLosAngelesDamCostsandConstructionOne27EnvironmentalOppositionChineseleadership:projectrepresentsmodernization;asymbolofChina’splanningandengineeringstrength.Environmentalistsclaimedapotentialdisasterbecausetherewerelimitedeffortstoremoveaccumulationsoftoxicmaterials&otherpollutantsfromtheindustrialsitesthatwereinundated.Suchmaterialscouldleachintothereservoir,creatingahealthhazard.T