高考英語閱讀理解五步法專項帶練（41）講義

①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.④A2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.Studyingfamilymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.⑤Stefanssonsaidhisteamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.【素材來源：湖南省長沙市雅禮中學(xué)2024屆高三月考試卷（六）英語試題】8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?A.Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.B.Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.9.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?A.Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.B.Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.C.Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwinsB.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwinsC.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopiesD.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg【五步法解析】串聯(lián)題干Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?歸納主題詞：newfinding;identicaltwins8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?對同卵雙胞胎的檢查讓研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.細胞在試圖復(fù)制自己的過程中發(fā)生了很大的變化。Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.基因突變很早就存在于同卵雙胞胎中。CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.基因突變可以影響一個人的外貌。D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.控制一個人對抗疾病的能力是可能的。按照題干定位到第一段①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?新的研究可能告訴人們什么?Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.醫(yī)生應(yīng)該用不同的方法來處理雙胞胎患者Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.仔細檢查同卵雙胞胎的基因是沒有用的Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.可能有更好的方法來區(qū)分同卵雙胞胎。D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.造成同卵雙胞胎不同的不僅僅是環(huán)境（原文正話反說)按照題干定位到第二到第三段落②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?南?！の鞲駹枌@項新發(fā)現(xiàn)有何看法A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.她認(rèn)為這是一個完美的發(fā)現(xiàn)。B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.她認(rèn)為這值得重新考慮。C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.她認(rèn)為這會讓別人感到困惑。D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.她認(rèn)為這是有意義和重要的。同義替換：meaningful=significant⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant勇氣和非凡意義”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?這篇文章最好的標(biāo)題是什么?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwins研究已經(jīng)找到了影響雙胞胎的方法B.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwins同卵雙胞胎之間存在差異C.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopies同卵雙胞胎并非基因完全相同D.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg同卵雙胞胎來自同一個受精卵①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.【逐句翻譯】第一段：①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)賓語從句句意一項新的研究表明，同卵雙胞胎的基因并不完全相同。②Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾twobabies.同卵雙胞胎是來自同一個受精卵的兩個嬰兒(受精卵)。③ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.冰島科學(xué)家檢測了387對同卵雙胞胎及其父母、子女、丈夫或妻子的DNA。④“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.首席研究員兼遺傳學(xué)家KariStefansson說:“通過檢查，研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了區(qū)分同卵雙胞胎的早期突變(突變)?！雹軭eisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.他是冰島大學(xué)的教授，也是基因解密公司的創(chuàng)始人。第二段：①MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾smallchanges句意：突變是DNA的微小變化，可能發(fā)生在細胞分裂試圖復(fù)制自身時?！菊骖}必考短語】Mutationn.變化;轉(zhuǎn)變;突變;變異記憶mut=tochange②Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：to介詞短語修飾ability.這些微小的變化可以影響一個人的外表或控制一個人對抗疾病的能力。③Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.研究人員說，新發(fā)現(xiàn)的突變表明，同卵雙胞胎確實存在基因差異。④TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.研究結(jié)果最近發(fā)表在《自然遺傳學(xué)》雜志上⑤Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：還原正確語序theresearchersfoundthatidentical研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，同卵雙胞胎平均有5.2個早期基因差異。【真題必考詞匯】Onaverage平均;平均起來;按平均值Ourrepsmakeonaveragesixcallsaday.我們的銷售代表平均每天打六次.⑥Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.但大約15%的同卵雙胞胎擁有比這更多的基因。Stefansson說，有些人可能有多達100種基因差異。⑦Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.這些差異代表了每個雙胞胎遺傳物質(zhì)的一小部分。⑧Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.但它們可能會影響雙胞胎中為什么一個更高，或者為什么一個比另一個患某些癌癥的風(fēng)險更高。第三段：①Inthepast,manyresearchersbelieved(that)physicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：seenin...非謂語動詞做定語修飾physicaldifference;suchas...句意：過去，許多研究人員認(rèn)為同卵雙胞胎的身體差異主要與環(huán)境影響有關(guān)，如營養(yǎng)或生活方式行為?！菊骖}必考詞匯】Berelatedto...與...有關(guān)聯(lián)Thisensuresthatthedataobtainedcanberelatedtodatafromothersamplingsites.這樣做就能確定已得到的數(shù)據(jù)同其它采樣點數(shù)據(jù)之間的相互關(guān)系.②JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.JanDumanski是瑞典烏普薩拉大學(xué)的遺傳學(xué)家。③Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.他沒有參與這項研究。④Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.他稱贊這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是對醫(yī)學(xué)研究的明確而重要的貢獻。⑤“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句句意：杜曼斯基說:“這表明，當(dāng)我們把雙胞胎作為研究遺傳或環(huán)境影響的模型時，我們必須非常小心。”第四段：①A2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.2008年《美國人類遺傳學(xué)雜志》上的一篇論文發(fā)現(xiàn)，同卵雙胞胎之間存在一些基因差異。②Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.然而，這項新研究超越了先前的工作，包括了同卵雙胞胎的父母、孩子、丈夫和妻子的DNA。③Studying(that)familymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：presentin...和passedonto...做定語修飾those;when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句;that引導(dǎo)賓語從句句意：通過對家庭成員的研究，研究人員可以檢查兩種不同類型的細胞何時發(fā)生基因突變:一種只存在于一個人身上，另一種遺傳給這個人的孩子。第五段：①Stefanssonsaid(that)histeamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾twins句意：Stefansson說，他的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，雙胞胎中有一個身體的所有細胞都有突變，而另一個完全沒有。②“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.“然而，有時第二個雙胞胎可能在某些細胞中表現(xiàn)出突變，但不是所有細胞，”他補充說。③Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.研究人員表示，他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了在發(fā)育中的胚胎(胚胎)分裂成兩半之前發(fā)生的突變。第六段：①NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversit