高考閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置手法

高考閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置手法閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來(lái)隨著高考命題指導(dǎo)思想的發(fā)展，閱讀理解題的考查角度越來(lái)越敏捷多變。其干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置不僅能檢測(cè)出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精確性、深刻性，而且對(duì)考生個(gè)人心理品質(zhì)也是一種檢驗(yàn)，因此，它常使許多考生陷入誤區(qū)。閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置其實(shí)有確定的規(guī)律可循，假如做題時(shí)能夠把握干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，精確捕獲選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤信息點(diǎn)或不合題目要求的信息點(diǎn)，快速解除干擾項(xiàng)，對(duì)提高解題的精確率必將起到事半功倍的作用。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，閱讀理解中客觀事實(shí)題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置手法體現(xiàn)在下列幾個(gè)原則：1．包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其它三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理、解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案確定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因?yàn)槊倒宕_定是花，但花并不確定是玫瑰。Livinginaresidencehall（學(xué)生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（義務(wù)）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（衛(wèi)生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍的）ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary【原文題意】:住學(xué)生宿舍要受一些約束。你必需要考慮他人習(xí)慣，特殊是在學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間。打電話及接待摯友來(lái)訪的時(shí)間盡量要短。你還得同心協(xié)力與室友盡可能保持好寢室衛(wèi)生。有時(shí)候你是很難容忍別人不同的生活習(xí)慣?！簜€(gè)案解析』：從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分析中我們可以看出，選項(xiàng)B“與你不同的生活習(xí)慣”其實(shí)就包含并概括了其他三選項(xiàng)，即A室友的電話、C室友的摯友來(lái)訪、D室友不愛(ài)衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習(xí)慣。假如我們可以選A、C、D任一選項(xiàng)，那么B也可以選，但正確答案只有一個(gè)，所以我們只能選B。Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.『個(gè)案解析』：答案為B。自不待言，B為包含項(xiàng)，概括了A、C、D三項(xiàng)，即“quitsmoking,havemorefruitsandvegetablesanddrinkmorewater”都是“Healthyhabits”。Q:Inthebuildingoftheraillines,______.A.moreequipmentmadeinChinashouldbeusedB.moreimportedequipmentshouldbeusedC.moreexportedequipmentshouldbeusedD.moreequipmentusedininfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)）projectsshouldbeused『個(gè)案解析』：正確答案為A。選項(xiàng)A命題（應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用更多的國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備）包含了選項(xiàng)C命題（應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用更多的出口設(shè)備），關(guān)注奇速英語(yǔ)公眾微信號(hào)qisuen，因?yàn)槌隹谠O(shè)備本身就意味著它是國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備。包含項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示：選項(xiàng)中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強(qiáng)的，往往是正確答案。2．正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相沖突。依據(jù)形式邏輯排中律學(xué)問(wèn)：兩個(gè)相互沖突的推斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先解除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中取其一。Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions【原文題意】:當(dāng)他們心不在焉,感到厭倦,或?qū)λ?她談?wù)摰脑掝}不感愛(ài)好的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)覺(jué)得自己不是一個(gè)好的聽(tīng)眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非專(zhuān)心去聽(tīng)。『個(gè)案解析』：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A與C陳述相互沖突,互為正反項(xiàng)。我們什么時(shí)候不會(huì)專(zhuān)心去聽(tīng)?A我們心情厭倦的時(shí)候，C我們對(duì)話題很感愛(ài)好的時(shí)候。明顯這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是沖突正反推斷，只有一個(gè)而且必有一個(gè)是真，所以我們可以先解除B、D選項(xiàng)，然后再結(jié)合我們下文將要提及的常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則，可以把答案確定為A。再看一例：Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater『個(gè)案解析』：B項(xiàng)（表面溫度太熱）與C項(xiàng)（氣候太寒冷）語(yǔ)義相反互為正反項(xiàng)。依據(jù)正反項(xiàng)原則，可以解除A、D項(xiàng)，然后在B、C項(xiàng)中選其一，這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50％。其實(shí)，此題為細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)題，依據(jù)原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。正反項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示:陳述內(nèi)容或基調(diào)完全相反的兩選項(xiàng)往往有一個(gè)是正確答案。3．委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不非常確定或摸索性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等，而含有確定語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.『個(gè)案解析』：很明顯，依據(jù)委婉原則，正確答案應(yīng)當(dāng)為D,其他三項(xiàng)都含有過(guò)于確定語(yǔ)氣的詞，如：completely,hasalready,farmorethananyother。而選項(xiàng)D比較委婉，if分詞短語(yǔ)使說(shuō)話留有余地，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may使語(yǔ)氣相對(duì)平緩。再如：Q:Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse『個(gè)案解析』：答案為A。依據(jù)委婉項(xiàng)原則，我們先可以把含有確定語(yǔ)氣詞almost，certainly，definitely，theonly的C、D項(xiàng)先解除，對(duì)比A、B項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)A項(xiàng)與B項(xiàng)所表達(dá)意思相近，但A項(xiàng)含有推想情態(tài)詞may，使得它所表述的語(yǔ)氣比B項(xiàng)更委婉，所以答案應(yīng)當(dāng)為A項(xiàng)。Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementofallemployees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.『個(gè)案解析』：答案：D。選項(xiàng)A（工作努力是對(duì)全部員工最至少的要求）；選項(xiàng)B（單憑好的寫(xiě)作技能可使你在任何領(lǐng)域取得勝利）、C（被聘任上的唯一條件就是要有良好的表達(dá)技能）都過(guò)于確定化；選項(xiàng)D（當(dāng)溝通表達(dá)實(shí)力重要性上升時(shí)，專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)背景的重要性就可能會(huì)相應(yīng)降低）中“may”表推想的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使語(yǔ)氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。4．同形項(xiàng)原則幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相像，那它們就互為同形項(xiàng)。同形項(xiàng)組可喻為高爾夫球場(chǎng)上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的微小變更來(lái)考察考生的理解實(shí)力與分析實(shí)力。同形項(xiàng)原則告知我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相像的選項(xiàng)一般存在有正確答案。Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(與……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry『個(gè)案解析』：答案為B。經(jīng)語(yǔ)言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)分析，我們不難發(fā)覺(jué)B、C選項(xiàng)形式與結(jié)構(gòu)相像（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項(xiàng)，所以可先試著解除A、D。再結(jié)合常識(shí)（常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則/下文）：高速路軌的建設(shè)應(yīng)當(dāng)與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)相互促進(jìn)、同步發(fā)展，最終確定答案為B。檢驗(yàn)：依據(jù)原文中的“parallel”（與…平行）可以確定上述分析結(jié)果正確。5．常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則在爭(zhēng)論文當(dāng)中，那些符合一般常識(shí)，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.Theygivehimshade『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，這是常識(shí)項(xiàng)。植樹(shù)造林是我國(guó)的一大國(guó)策，目的在于防止洪澇、風(fēng)沙、旱災(zāi)，這是我國(guó)公民的普遍常識(shí)，所以C為正確答案：樹(shù)木可以幫助人類(lèi)阻擋洪澇與旱災(zāi)。相對(duì)于其它三項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)意義更加深遠(yuǎn)。其實(shí)，依據(jù)“Unfortunately(語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)記)，inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant，”我們也可以得出C項(xiàng)為正確答案。再如：IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.Ifthepremium（保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoneyeachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，這也是常識(shí)項(xiàng)。眾所周知，保險(xiǎn)公司之所以能盈利，那是因?yàn)楸槐ｋU(xiǎn)的對(duì)象安然無(wú)恙，所以，人活得越長(zhǎng)，他交的保險(xiǎn)額就越多，保險(xiǎn)公司利潤(rùn)就越高，所以C為正確答案：假如投保人比一般人活得更長(zhǎng)。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。留意：人的平均年齡往往是保險(xiǎn)公司設(shè)置保率的基準(zhǔn)。另外，此題依據(jù)“But（語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)記）ifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.”也可以推斷出答案為C。6．因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步按部就班。然而，在推理題型的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過(guò)頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。關(guān)注蔡章兵主編騰訊認(rèn)證空間QQ757722345，獲得更多資訊。因果項(xiàng)原則規(guī)定：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是這兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。假如因項(xiàng)可以產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項(xiàng)；假如果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)緣由，那么答案就是果項(xiàng)。Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.advocatedoingawaywithuniforms『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，綜合分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)C與B、D項(xiàng)互為因果項(xiàng)，也就是說(shuō)，因?yàn)镃：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府實(shí)行措施限制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。依據(jù)因果項(xiàng)原則，一個(gè)緣由對(duì)應(yīng)了兩個(gè)結(jié)果，答案應(yīng)當(dāng)選緣由項(xiàng)C。本題是主旨題，依據(jù)原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，說(shuō)明制服弊大于利。B、D項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)，屬于推理過(guò)頭。7.張冠李戴原則即把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)，題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或者題干問(wèn)的是他人的觀點(diǎn)，卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。或者是選項(xiàng)的答案并非是題干中主語(yǔ)的行為或觀點(diǎn)，而是文中其他人物的行為或觀點(diǎn)。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。First,employersshouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Q:Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.『個(gè)案解析』：從上述節(jié)選的文段我們不難發(fā)覺(jué)選項(xiàng)A是employers該做的，選項(xiàng)B是theindividual應(yīng)做的，選項(xiàng)C屬于無(wú)中生有，只有選項(xiàng)D符合題目的要求，是government應(yīng)實(shí)行的措施。8.偷梁換柱原則干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相像的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相像的單詞，卻在不易引人留意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的變更。例如，2011年南京二模閱讀理解A篇第57題LOSANGELES—HearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterand“therehasbeensteadyimprovementinhercondition”sinceshewasadmittedlastweek.Q：WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsomeyears.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的答案C就是屬于偷梁換柱的選項(xiàng)，此選項(xiàng)與原文的其次段的第一句的后半部分，...thetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortable與Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital有部分相近的意思,但把comfortable偷換成了feelingquitewell，意思上還是有區(qū)分的。故依據(jù)第三節(jié)第一句話Taylorisbeingtreatedforsymptomsofheartfailure,aconditionsherevealedinNovember，所以正確答案為A。9．望文生義原則這一干擾方法一般用于對(duì)句子或詞語(yǔ)含義的考查，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面意義代替目前定語(yǔ)境中的詳細(xì)意義。例如：栟茶中學(xué)2009屆高三年級(jí)模擬沖刺考試試題A篇第57題Astudyinvolving8,500teenagersfromallsocialbackgroundsfoundthatmostofthemareignorantwhenitcomestomoney.Thefindings,thefirstinaseriesofreportsfromNatWestthathasstartedafive-yearresearchprojectintoteenagersandmoney,areparticularlyworryingasthisgenerationofyoungpeopleislikelytobeburdenedwithgreaterdebtsthananybefore.Universitytuitionfees(學(xué)費(fèi))arecurrentlycappedat￡3,000annually,butthiswillbereviewednextyearandtheGovernmentisunderenormouspressuretoraisetheceiling.Q：Thephrase“toraisetheceiling”inparagraph2probablymeans“______”.A.toraisethestudentsloansB.toimprovetheschoolfacilitiesC.toincreasetheupperlimitofthetuitionD.tolifetheschoolbuildingroofs『個(gè)案解析』：一看到ceiling這個(gè)詞同學(xué)們可能馬上會(huì)想到“天花板，頂棚；最高限度，上限”這些含義，這樣就會(huì)不自覺(jué)中將答案限定在了B、D中，而在短文theGovernmentisunderenormouspressure這一語(yǔ)境中ceiling明顯指的是“最高限度，上限”，故答案應(yīng)在A、C中，再依據(jù)本文是講的政府部門(mén)對(duì)學(xué)生供應(yīng)貸款而不是學(xué)費(fèi)，故正確答案為A。10.無(wú)中生有原則干擾項(xiàng)往往是生活的基本常識(shí)和普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支持點(diǎn)，這種選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往與問(wèn)題的設(shè)問(wèn)毫不相干。此外，干擾項(xiàng)也可能就是與所閱讀的文章內(nèi)容沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系。例如，2007年廣東卷閱讀理解B篇第五段：Inthefirstcase,whenwedon’ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect...Q：Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_______.A.lyingB.stealingC.cheatingD.advertising『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C就是屬于我們生活中普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為在商店拿了東西卻沒(méi)有付款是“說(shuō)謊”或“欺瞞”，但原文中卻用了“atypeofthief”,所以答案應(yīng)是B。11．魚(yú)目混珠原則這種干擾法常用于考查文章有關(guān)細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)的題目中，即選項(xiàng)中表達(dá)的意思正誤并存，而且錯(cuò)誤只是局部有誤。甚至干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的意思根本就沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，只是內(nèi)容不完整、不全面罷了，嚴(yán)格起來(lái)講，后面這個(gè)狀況在沒(méi)有最佳答案項(xiàng)的狀況下可以被選作正確答案。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。例如，2011高考復(fù)習(xí)教程階段復(fù)習(xí)鞏固練習(xí)之十九A篇第2題...Lastweek,JangreleasedhernewalbumDreamofAsia.TheleadingtrackontheCDisOurDream,aduetdedicatedtotheBeijingOlympics.Q：Theunderlinedpart“dedicatedto”inPara2probablymeans________A.especiallyintendedforB.devotedtoC.showingherpersonalcharmtoD.makinggreatprogressin『個(gè)案解析』：選項(xiàng)B看起來(lái)似乎與dedicatedto有親密的關(guān)系，如不加以分析，僅是望文生義的話，那么，我們就會(huì)掉進(jìn)命題者為我們?cè)O(shè)置的陷阱里。其實(shí)，由前文aduet和后文theBeijingOlympics的意思，我們不難揣測(cè)“dedicatedto”應(yīng)當(dāng)是aduet是特殊為奧運(yùn)會(huì)所設(shè)計(jì)的，答案應(yīng)為A。12．偷換概念原則這種干擾方法的命題思路是，在對(duì)原文進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換或說(shuō)明的過(guò)程中，通過(guò)變更一些詞匯或表達(dá)方法，使變更后的意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大的變更。WhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.Q:ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnewsB.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkersD.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifeisnotallwork『個(gè)案解析』：此題答案為D。選項(xiàng)C采納了“偷換概念”的干擾方法。原文為“Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoyment…”而干擾項(xiàng)C把原文中的workingpeople偷換成workers，使范圍縮小，表達(dá)不精確。13．?dāng)U縮范圍原則英語(yǔ)文章為了表達(dá)的精確、嚴(yán)密，很留意對(duì)范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過(guò)加上almostall，nearly，morethan，normally，usually等詞對(duì)文意加以限制，“擴(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是通過(guò)變更或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ)，將信息中的范圍、程度、色調(diào)等變更，從而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。奇速英語(yǔ)暑假網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)直播課程,九天讓你的英語(yǔ)成果華麗轉(zhuǎn)身，來(lái)不及的不是時(shí)間，而是行動(dòng)，心動(dòng)就立刻行動(dòng)，當(dāng)你還在遲疑的時(shí)候，先報(bào)名的童鞋已經(jīng)甩你很遠(yuǎn)了。Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefromformaltocasualofficewearhasbeenslow.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-aweekbenefitforemployeeshasreallybecomeaneverydaything.”saidbusinessconsultantAntonyJones.Q：Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTrue?A.Companyworkersstartedtodressdownabout30yearsago.B.Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenonsincetheearly1990s.C.“Dress-downFriday”wasfirstgivenasafavorfromemployers.D.Manyworkerswanttowearcasualclothestoimpresspeople.『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的選項(xiàng)B就是屬于擴(kuò)大了范圍。原文提到雇主允許雇員在Friday穿著較為隨意的衣服，而不是everyday，此題的正確答案為D。14．有意夸張?jiān)瓌t這種干擾方法常見(jiàn)于說(shuō)明文的備選項(xiàng)中，即在介紹科學(xué)試驗(yàn)或新科研成果時(shí)，把可能當(dāng)作現(xiàn)實(shí)，把可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題設(shè)置為已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，把未然當(dāng)作已然。例如，2011年江蘇省高考調(diào)研卷7-6閱讀理解C篇第64題Mobilephoneuserswillbeabletochangetheirdeviceswirelesslyforthefirsttimefrom2012.Fuhitsu,theJapanesetechnologycompany,hascreatedasystemabletochargemultipleportableelectronicdevicessuchasmobilephones,digitalcamerasandlaptopcomputerswithouttheneedforcableconnections.ElectriccarsusersmayalsoeventuallybeabletochargetheirvehicleswirelesslyusingthesametechnologyaccordingtoFujitsu,whichdevelopedaprototypesystematanInstituteofElectronics,InformationandCommunicationEngineersconferenceatOsakaPrefectureUniversity.Claimingtobetheworld’sfirstofitskind,thetechnologyworksonthebasisofthetransmissionofelectricityusingmagneticfieldsbetweenthechargerandtheelectroonicdevice.Thesystemenableswirelesschargingatdistancesofuptoseveralmeters,withtheaimofinstallingpublic“chargingspots”onthestreetsinordertoenableeasychargingaroundtheclock.ScientistsatFujitsuLaboratoriesareplanningtocommerciallysellproductswiththenewwirel