案例閱讀救命篇

畢業(yè)于對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)金融工程專(zhuān)業(yè)。曾為考滿分網(wǎng)北美出國(guó)留學(xué)考試著名講師；曾任北京新東方G類(lèi)教師培訓(xùn)負(fù)責(zé)人、榮獲北京新東方“優(yōu)畢業(yè)于對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)金融工程專(zhuān)業(yè)。曾為考滿分網(wǎng)北美出國(guó)留學(xué)考試著名講師；曾任北京新東方G類(lèi)教師培訓(xùn)負(fù)責(zé)人、榮獲北京新東方“優(yōu)秀教師”等稱號(hào)。GRE/GMAT/TOEFL三大考試的高分獲得者。課程非常有顛覆性，能夠一針見(jiàn)血地發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生問(wèn)題并幫助學(xué)生快速擺脫學(xué)習(xí)困境；授課6年多以來(lái)帶出眾多TOEFL10+/GRE330+/GMAT70+的學(xué)生，深受廣大學(xué)生好評(píng)。并著有《解密GRE閱讀邏輯線》一書(shū)。PassageAlthoughsociallearning(theacquisitionofspecificbehaviorsbyobservingotherindividualsexhibitingthosebehaviors)iswelldocumentedamongfish,fewstudieshaveinvestigatedsociallearningwithinadevelopmentalcontextinthesetaxa.Ratherthaninvestigatingthedevelopmentofaparticularskill,Chapman,Ward,andKrauseinvestigatedtheroleofgroupdensityduringdevelopmentinlaterforagingsuccessinlaboratory-housedguppies.Whenraisedwithasmallnumberofconspecifics(membersofthesamespecies),guppieswerePassageAlthoughsociallearning(theacquisitionofspecificbehaviorsbyobservingotherindividualsexhibitingthosebehaviors)iswelldocumentedamongfish,fewstudieshaveinvestigatedsociallearningwithinadevelopmentalcontextinthesetaxa.Ratherthaninvestigatingthedevelopmentofaparticularskill,Chapman,Ward,andKrauseinvestigatedtheroleofgroupdensityduringdevelopmentinlaterforagingsuccessinlaboratory-housedguppies.Whenraisedwithasmallnumberofconspecifics(membersofthesamespecies),guppieswerequickertolocatefoodbyfollowingatrainedadultguppythanwereguppiesraisedinlargegroups.Thiscounterintuitivefindingisexplainedbythefactthatguppiesrearedinthehigh-densityconditionwerelesslikelytoshoal(swiminagroup)withothersand,therefore,werelesslikelytolearnthebenefitsofsociallearning.Instead,fishrearedinhigh-densitysituationsmaylearnthatconspecificsaretobeviewedascompetitors,ratherthanaspotentialsourcesofadaptiveinformation.Thisfindingsuggeststhatatleastforguppies,theearlysocialenvironmentmayhaveaneffectonthecapacityforsociallearning,ifnotonthesociallybehaviorsTheprimarypurposeofthepassageisnoteaflawinascientificdescribeaparticularscientificpresentaninterpretationofanoteadifferencebetweentwoscientificcontrasttwoconditionsinwhichaparticularphenomenonhasbeenRegardingresearchonfish,itcanbeinferredfromthepassageresearchstudiesoftheacquisitionofimportantskillsbyfishhaveonlyrecentlybeguntodocumenttheroleofconspecificsinthelearningprocessresearchonsociallearninginguppiessuggeststhatguppiesdifferinimportantwaysfrommostotherfishinthemeansbywhichtheylearnparticularskillsresearchonsociallearninginfishhasgenerallyfocusedontheacquisitionofskillsotherthanforagingresearchhasestablishedthatsociallearningoccursinsomefishspecieswithoutinvestigatingthedevelopmentalcontextinwhichitoccurs.researchtoinvestigatesociallearninghasbeendonemoreextensivelyonfishthanonaquaticWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthestudybyChapman,Ward,andItwasinitiallydesignedtoinvestigatesomethingotherthansocialItrequiredresearcherstoobserveindividualguppiesatmultiplepointsintheirlifeItpointedtothepossibilitythatpopulationdensitymayhavelittletodowithguppies’socialItrequiredtheobservationofguppiesunderconditionsthatcloselymimickedtheconditionsofguppiesinthewild.1E.ItindicatedthatE.ItindicatedthatguppiesgainadaptiveinformationfrombeingrearedwitharelativelynumberofPassageAfricanAmericandramahas,untilrecently,beenrootedinthemimetictraditionofmodernAmericannaturalism.Themostdistinctiveattributeofthistraditionisthemechanistic,materialisticconceptionofhumanity.Naturalismseeseachindividualasinextricablyboundtotheenvironmentanddepictseachpersonassomeonecontrolledby,insteadofcontrolling,concretereality.AslongasAfricanAmericandramamaintainednaturalismasitsdominantmode,itcouldonlyexpressthe“plightofAfricanAmericanpeople.”Itsheroesmightdeclarethemadnessofreality,butrealityinevitablytriumphedoverthem.ThesurrealisticplaysofAdrienneKennedymarkoneofthefirstdeparturesfromnaturalismbyanAfricanAmericandramatist.Theoverallgoalofherworkhasbeentodepicttheworldofthesoulandthespirit,nottomirrorconcretereality.Withinthisframework,KennedyhasbeenabletoportrayAmericanmindsandsoulsliberatedfromtheirconnectionstotheexternalWhichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaoftheAfricanAmericandramahasbeenprimarilyinfluencedbynaturalismsemphasisontheAfricanAmericandramahastraditionallyacknowledgedtherelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment.AfricanAmericandrama,traditionallynaturalistic,hasbeenlittleinfluencedbydramatistKennedy’sspiritualandpsychologicalapproachtodrama.TheworkofKennedysuggestsashiftawayfromacommitmenttostrictnaturalisminAfricanAmericandrama.TheworkofKennedybestexemplifiesthecurrentinterestofAfricanAmericanartistsinspiritualandpsychologicalAccordingtothepassage,KennedyisconcernedwithdepictingInternalratherthantheexternallifeofherMadnessofrealityratherthantheeffectsofEffectsofmaterialismonAfricanAmericanmindsandRelationshipbetweennaturalismandthehumanEffectsthathercharactershaveontheWhichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheauthor’sassertionthatKennedy’sworkmarksaseriousdeparturefromthetraditiondescribedinthefirstparagraph?Kennedyplacestheactioninareal-lifesettingthatisneverthelessunfamiliartotheaverageviewerorreader.KennedymovinglyportraysthelivesandstrugglesofprominentAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStates.KennedyusescharactersfoundonlyinancientAfricanlegendsandKennedyprovidesinsightsintoAmericanmimetictraditionanddramatic2E.KennedydepictstheeventsE.KennedydepictstheeventsinastylereminiscentofatelevisionPassageAlthoughsomeskepticspointstoArcticplacessuchasthehighlatitudesofGreenland,wheretemperaturesseemtohavefallen,arecentscientificreportconcludesthatinrecentlongsuspectedthatseveralfactorsleadtogreatertemperatureswingsatEarth’sPolarRegionsthanelsewhere.First,mostoftheArcticiscoveredinsnowandice,whicharehighlyreflective;ifsnowandicemelt,theexposedsoil,whichabsorbsheat,servestoacceleratewarming.Second,thepolaratmosphereisthin,solittleenergyisrequiredtowarmit.Third,lesssolarenergyislostinevaporationatthefrigidpolesthanintheForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatThepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasfactorsthatmightleadtolargetemperatureswingsinEarth’sPolarRegions?TheamountofenergylostduetoevaporationattheSoilexposureduetomeltingTherelativelythinatmosphereatthementionedinthepassageintendtoraiseasaquestionwhetherGreenlandislesslikelytoexperienceextremetemperaturechangesthanareotherareasoftheArctic.ThosemorelocalizedtemperaturedropsmightindicateanimportanttrendnotcapturedbytheupwardtrendofaverageArctictemperatures.TheremightbeareversalofthetemperaturetrendinthehighlatitudesofThefactorsthatcausetemperaturechangeinthehighlatitudesofGreenlandaredifferentfromthosethataffecttherestoftheArctic.Greenlandhasmoreiceandsnowonthegroundthandootherareasofthe3PassageAmongmanyhistoriansabeliefpersiststhatCottonMather’sbiographiesofsomeofthesettlersoftheMassachusettsBayColony(published1702)areexercisesinhagiography,endowingtheirsubjectswithsaintlypietyattheexpenseofhistoricalaccuracy.YetmodernstudieshavePassageAmongmanyhistoriansabeliefpersiststhatCottonMather’sbiographiesofsomeofthesettlersoftheMassachusettsBayColony(published1702)areexercisesinhagiography,endowingtheirsubjectswithsaintlypietyattheexpenseofhistoricalaccuracy.YetmodernstudieshaveprofitedbothfromthebreadthofinformationthatMatherprovidesin,forexample,hisdiscussionsofcolonialmedicineandfromhiscriticalobservationsofsuchleadingfiguresasGovernorJohnWinthrop.Mather'swryhumorasdemonstratedbyhisdetaileddescriptionsofeventssuchasWinthrop’seffortstopreventwood-stealingisoverlookedbythosechargingMatherwithpresentinghissubjectsasextremelypious.ThechargealsoobscuresMather’sconcernwiththesettlers’material,notjustspiritual,prosperity.Further,thispejorativeviewunderratesthebiographies’valueaschronicles:Matheramassedallsortsofpublishedandunpublisheddocumentsassources,andhisselectionofkeyeventsshowsamarkedtothenatureofthecolony’sTheprimarypurposeofthepassageisArgueagainstatheoryuniversallyacceptedbyhistoricalCallattentiontoanunusualapproachtodocumentingahistoricalSummarizeresearchonaspecifichistoricalCounteraparticularviewabouttheworkofaPointoutsubtledifferencesamongcontroversialhistoricalTheauthorofthepassageimpliesthatanargumentforthehistoricalaccuracyofMather’sworksismoststronglysupportedbywhichofthefollowing?SurvivingdocumentsthatcorroborateMather’sdetaileddescriptionsofhisMather’sfirsthandpersonalacquaintancewiththoseaboutwhomheMather’sfrankandstraightforwardaccountsofthelivesandtimesofpeopleaboutwhomhehadconductedextensiveresearchMather’sabilitytodetailimportanthistoricaleventsinthereligiouscontextofwhichtheywereapartThequantityandnatureofthesourcesfromwhichMatherobtainedhisInformationinthepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMather’sbiographiesofthesettlersoftheMassachusettsBayColony?AnnalswrittenbyMatherandotherswerecensoredbylaterhistorians,thusdetractingfromtheirvalueasfullandaccurateaccountsoftheperiod.Mather’sdescriptionofGovernorWinthropincludesallofWinthrop’sshortcomings,suchasatendencytowardlevityatinappropriatetimes.Mather’sdescriptionsoftheMassachusettsBaycolonistswerebasedprimarilyonfirsthandManyhistoriansbelievethatMather’sbiographiesarepoorsourcesofhistoricalinformationbecausebiographyisaninherentlyunreliablegenreofhistoricalwriting.Mather’swritingsreflectaninterestinthedegreeofeconomicsuccessachievedbyearlyMassachusettsBaycolonists.4PassageBeforefeministliterarycriticismemergedinthe1970s,thenineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswriterFannyFernwasregardedbymostcritics(whenconsideredatall)asaprototypeofweepysentimentalism–apious,insipidiconofconventionalAmericanculture.FeministreclamationsofFern,bycontrast,emphasizehernonsentimentalqualities,particularlyhersharplyPassageBeforefeministliterarycriticismemergedinthe1970s,thenineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswriterFannyFernwasregardedbymostcritics(whenconsideredatall)asaprototypeofweepysentimentalism–apious,insipidiconofconventionalAmericanculture.FeministreclamationsofFern,bycontrast,emphasizehernonsentimentalqualities,particularlyhersharplyhumoroussocialcriticism.MostfeministscholarsfounditdifficulttoreconcileFern’ssardonicsocialcritiqueswithherelusivecelebrationsofmanyconventionalvalues.Attemptingtoresolvethiscontradiction,HarrisconcludesthatFernemployedfloweryrhetoricstrategicallytodisguisehersubversivegoalsbeneathapparentconventionality.However,Tompkinsproposesanalternativeviewofsentimentalityitself,suggestingthatsentimentalwritingcouldserveradical,ratherthanonlyconservative,endsbyswayingreadersmovingthemtoembracesocialForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthecontradictionmentionedinthehighlightedsentence?ItwasnotgenerallyaddressedbycriticsbeforetheItisapparentinonlyasmallnumberofFern’sIthastroubledmanyfeministcriticswhostudyItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatTompkinswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingaboutthecriticsmentionedinthepassage?TheyaccuratelycharacterizetheoverallresultFernisaimingtoTheyarenotasdismissiveofFernassomefeministcriticshaveTheyexaggeratetheextenttowhichFernintendedherwritingtoserveasocialTheywronglyassumethatsentimentalmustbeapejorativeTheyfailtorecognizethatsentimentalrhetoricplaystoreaders’5PassageDavidBelasco’s1912BroadwayproductionofTheGovernor’sLadycreatedasensationwithascenesetinaChild’scafeteria,achainrestaurantthatwasaninnovatorinfoodstandardizationandemblematicofmoderneverydaylife.WhileBelasco’smeticulouslydetailedreproductionofanimmediatelyrecognizablesettingimpressedthepublic,itwasderidedPassageDavidBelasco’s1912BroadwayproductionofTheGovernor’sLadycreatedasensationwithascenesetinaChild’scafeteria,achainrestaurantthatwasaninnovatorinfoodstandardizationandemblematicofmoderneverydaylife.WhileBelasco’smeticulouslydetailedreproductionofanimmediatelyrecognizablesettingimpressedthepublic,itwasderidedbyprogressivetheatercriticswhochampionedtheNewStagecrafttheoriesofEuropeanartistslikeMaxReinhardt.TheNewStagecraftrejectedtheatricalliteralism;itdrewinspirationfromthesubjectivityandminimalismofmodernpainters,advocatingsimplifiedsetsdesignedtoexpressadramatictext’scentralideas.SuchcriticsconsideredBelascoacraftsmanwhomerelycapturedsurfacerealities:atrueartisteliminatedtheinessentialtocreatemoremeaningful,expressivestage1.TheauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutBelasco’sproductionofGovernor’sItwasdismissedbycertaintheatercriticswhomisunderstoodBelasco’sconceptionofItwasintendedtomarshalelementsoftheNewStagecrafttoserveBelasco’spredilectionforrealisticstaging.centralideas.Itelicitedresponsesthatreflectedadiscrepancybetweenpopulartastesinentertainmentandthetastesofprogressivetheatercritics.ItreliedontheappealofanimpressivelyrealisticstagesettocompensateforweaknessesotheraspectsoftheItcanbeinferredthatthetheatercriticswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetheatricalproductions?Theatricalproductionsthatseektoeliminatetheinessentialalsoofteneliminatetheatricalelementsthatenhancetheexpressivenessofaplay.Theatricalproductionsthatfaithfullyrecreatethevisualdetailsofeverydaylifeareunlikelytodojusticetoagoodplay’scentralideas.Theatricalproductionsthatemploytheminimalismcharacteristicofmodernpaintingsmayhavegreaterappealtomodernaudiencesthanproductionsthatrelyontheatricalliteralism.TheatricalproductionsthataimtorepresenttruthsaboutmodernlifeshouldnotattempttoemployelementsoftheNewStagecraft.Theatricalproductionsthatattempttoproduceauthentic-lookingscenesofeverydayarelikelytofailinthatgoalbecauseofthetheater’sinherent6PassageOnereasonresearchersPassageOnereasonresearchershavelongbelievedthatMarsneverenjoyedanextensiveperiodofwarmandwetclimateisthatmuchofthesurfacenotcoveredbywind-bornedustappeartobecomposedofunweatheredmaterial.Ifwaterflowedforanextendedperiod,researchersreasoned,itshouldhavealteredandweatheredthevolcanicminerals,creatingclaysorotheroxidized,hydratedphases(mineralsthatincorporatewatermoleculesintheircrystalstructure).Itturnsout,though,thatthescientistswerenotlookingcloselyenough.Newhigh-resolutionmappingdataandclose-upsurfacestudieshaverevealedclaysandotherhydratedmineralsinmanyregions.Theclaydepositsarescatteredallover,inancientvolcanicsurfacesandheavilycrateredhighlandregions,someofwhichhaveapparentlybeenexposedbyerosiononlyAccordingtothepassage,scientistsareabletodiscoverweatheredmaterialontheMartiansurfacebecausetheyhavebenefitedfromwhichofthefollowing?AnewmethodtoanalyzevolcaniccraterscreatedontheMartianAnimprovedabilitytodetecthydratedmaterialsontheMartianAmoresophisticatedunderstandingoftheeffectofwind-bornedustontheMartianAdecisiontolookforwaterprimarilyinheavilycrateredhighlandAbetterunderstandingofhowerosionmightaffectclayForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthereasoningdiscussedinthehighlightedsentence?ItprovidesthebasisforanexplanationofwhywateronMarshasbeendifficulttofinduntilItcorrectlyidentifiesaconsequenceofwaterflowingontheMartianItdependsonafalseassumptionabouthowwaterandvolcanicmaterialsinteracton7PassageArchaeologistsstudyingBonitophase(ca.A.D.900-1140)NativeAmericanceramicsfromChacoCanyon,NewMexico,observedthatmanypotshadbeenalteredafterfiringtorevisetheirPassageArchaeologistsstudyingBonitophase(ca.A.D.900-1140)NativeAmericanceramicsfromChacoCanyon,NewMexico,observedthatmanypotshadbeenalteredafterfiringtorevisetheirdecorativedesigns—usually,intricategeometricpatternspaintedinblackonwhiteslippedsurfaces.Insomecases,anewdesignwasimposedoveranearlierone;lessoften,theoriginaldesignwassimplycoveredwithwhiteslip.CrownandWillsdoubtthatthealterationsweremadetocorrectdesignerrors.ManyChacopotswithdesignerrorswereleftunaltered.Furthermore,whenerrorswerecorrected,revisionsweremadepriortofiring—eitherbypaintingdirectlyovertheerrororbyscrapingoffdesignsandapplyingnewslipandpaint,whichisalesstime-consumingmethodthanrepaintingandrefiringflawedTheauthorofthepassagementionsCrownandWillsprimarilyinorderDistinguishamongdifferentfactorsthatmighthavecausedChacopotterstoaltertheirpots’decorativedesigns.IntroducenewevidencerelatedtothequestionofwhyChacopottersalteredtheirpots’decorativedesigns.ShowhowonepotentialexplanationforthealterationofChacopotshasbeenPresentahypothesisaboutwhyChacopotswerealteredtorevisetheirdecorativeExplainhowarchaeologistsdiscernedthemethodbywhichChacopotswereoriginallyAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofBonitophaseChacoRelativelyfewofthemhaveoriginaldesignsconcealedbeneathwhiteRelativelyfewofthemwerealteredafterManyoftheiralterationsincreasedtheintricacyoftheirpaintedManyofthemhavesomeflawintheirshapeorManyofthemwerealteredmorethan8PassageBuell’sstudyofPassageBuell’sstudyofvillagesketches(atypeoffictionpopularintheUnitedStatesinthe1830sand1840s)providesavaluablesummaryofsketchesthatportraythecommunityashomogenousandfixed,butitignoresthosebywomenwriters,whichtypicallydepictedthediversitythatincreasinglycharacterizedactualvillagecommunitiesatthattime.Thesewomen’sgeographicalmobilitywasrestricted(althoughwomenwritersofthetimewerenotuniformlycircumscribedinthisway),andtheirsubjectmatterreflectedthisfact.YettheirtextswereenrichedbywhatGilligan,writinginadifferentcontext,hascalledtheabilitytoattendtovoicesotherthanone’sown.Tovaryingdegrees,thewomen’ssketchesportraydifferencesamongcommunitymembers:allstressdifferencesamongmenandamongwomen(particularlythelatter)aswellasdifferencesbetweenthesexes,andsomealsodepictculturaldiversity.Thesewritersrepresentcommunityasdynamic,assomethingmustbenegotiatedrenegotiatedbecauseofitsmembers’divergenthistories,positions,expectations,andForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatAccordingtothepassage,villagesketcheswrittenbywomenintheUnitedStatesinthe1830sand1840stypicallyreflectedThenegotiationsthatcharacterizedtraderelationshipsbetweenThefactthatthesewomendidnotoftentravelveryfarbeyondtheirownThepluralityofexperiencesandideasthatexistedamongtheresidentsofa2.SelectthesentenceinthepassagethatcontrastshowmenandwomendepictlifeinThepassageindicatesthatwhenGilliganspokeof“theabilitytoattendtovoicesotherthanone’sown,”shedidnotconsiderthatabilitytobeadesirablepsychologicaldidnotbelievethatindividualsdiffergreatlywithrespecttothatwasimplyingthatthatabilityenhancesasenseofbelonginginwasassumingthatgoodwritersareabletodepictdiversewasnotdiscussingthewomenwhowrotevillage9PassageCarolinaHospitalnotesthatCuban-AmericanwriterswhowriteprimarilyinEnglisharedismissedfromanthologiesandanalysesofCubanexileliteratureonthataccount.ShearguesthatsincethesePassageCarolinaHospitalnotesthatCuban-AmericanwriterswhowriteprimarilyinEnglisharedismissedfromanthologiesandanalysesofCubanexileliteratureonthataccount.ShearguesthatsincethesewriterswereborninCubaandconsiderthemselvesCubanwriters,theyshouldnotbeignored,andmaintainsthattheyrepresentanewphaseofCubanness,onethatisexpressedinthelanguagecomfortabletoitswriters:English.Moreover,anothercriticnotesthattheSpanishandEnglishtraditionsofCuban-Americanwritinghavedifferentbutequallyviablefunctions.TheEnglishbranchseekstocreateadistinctivecultureofCubanrootsintheUnitedStates,whereastheSpanishbranchwishestopreserveaspecificallyCubanculturewhileseekingaffiliationwiththecanonofLatinAmericanConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatThe“critic”mentionedwouldprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingaboutCuban-Americanwriters?ContributingtoadistinctiveCuban-AmericancultureisaworthwhilethingforCuban-Americanwriterstodo.IfCuban-AmericanwriterschoosetowriteinEnglish,preservingaspecificallyCubancultureintheUnitedStateswillbecomeincreasinglydifficult.ItisappropriateforCuban-AmericanwriterswhowriteinSpanishtoseekaffiliationthelargercanonofLatinAmericaInthecontextinwhichitappears,“comfortable”mostnearlyPassageThereismountingevidencethatthefrequencyandmagnitudeoflandslidingischanginginmanypartsoftheworldinresponsetoclimatechange.Thisisnotsurprising,giventhatprecipitationisoneofthetwoexternaltriggeringmechanisms—theotherbeingseismicactivity—involvedintheformationoflandslides.EvidencefromthepastclearlyindicatesthatcyclesPassageThereismountingevidencethatthefrequencyandmagnitudeoflandslidingischanginginmanypartsoftheworldinresponsetoclimatechange.Thisisnotsurprising,giventhatprecipitationisoneofthetwoexternaltriggeringmechanisms—theotherbeingseismicactivity—involvedintheformationoflandslides.Evidencefromthepastclearlyindicatesthatcyclesofelevatedlandslideactivityhavebeenfollowedbycyclesoflowactivity,andthatthesearecorrelatedwithclimatefluctuationsoveravarietyoftimescales.Whatsetscurrentchangesinlandslideactivityapartisthelikelyinfluenceofanthropogenic(i.e.,human-caused)factors,eitheractingaloneorinconcertwithclimate,whichcanfurthermodifytheprocessoflandslidingandthenatureofecosystemresponses.Amongthesefactors,deforestationandland-usechangehavethepotentialtoinfluencethefrequencyandmagnitudeoflandslidingbecauseoftheirdirecteffectsonvegetationattributesthatinfluenceslopestability.Theextentandconditionsunderwhichmountainecosystemsareresilienttothesechanges—thatis,theamountofdisturbancetheycanabsorbbeforechangingintostateswithdifferentstructureandfunction—arenotknown.Addressingthisissueiscrucialforthelong-termconservationofTheauthorofthepassagecites“evidencefromthepast”inorderSupportapartialConcedeapotentialDismissanapparentHighlightascientificAccountforahistorical2.ThepassagemakeswhichofthefollowingAriseinprecipitationresultingfromhumanfactorshasincreasedthefrequencyandmagnitudeoflandsliding.HumanfactorshaveledtogreaterchangesinlandslidingactivitythanhavecyclicalclimateDecreasesinlandslidingactivityhavehistoricallybeenaccompaniedbychangesinSlopestabilityismoreinfluencedbyseismicactivitythanitisbyhumanChangesinland-usepatternsinmountainecosystemsaregenerallycorrelatedwithchangesinclimate.Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatTheauthorofthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheroleofhumanfactorsinlandslidingactivity?HumanfactorscanintensifyoraltertheeffectsofclimatechangeonlandslidingItislikelythathumanfactorsaffectlandslidingactivitymorethanclimatechangeUntilrecently,humanfactorsdidnothavemuchimpactonlandslidingPassageThediscoveryofsubsurfacelifeonEarth,survivingindependentlyfromsurfacelife,refutedthebeliefthatbiologicalprocessesrequirenotonlyliquidwaterbutsunlightaswell,thusgreatlyenhancingthepossibilityoflifebeyondEarth.TakeJupiter’smoonEuropa.Spaceprobesshowabodycoveredwithathicklayerofice.AsEuropaorbitsitsplanet,however,itPassageThediscoveryofsubsurfacelifeonEarth,survivingindependentlyfromsurfacelife,refutedthebeliefthatbiologicalprocessesrequirenotonlyliquidwaterbutsunlightaswell,thusgreatlyenhancingthepossibilityoflifebeyondEarth.TakeJupiter’smoonEuropa.Spaceprobesshowabodycoveredwithathicklayerofice.AsEuropaorbitsitsplanet,however,itflexesduetothegravitationaltug-of-warbetweenit,itssistermoons,andJupiter.Throughfriction,thisflexingproducesheatinthemoon’sinteriorcapableofmeltingice.Indeed,observationssuggestliquidwaterexistsbeneathEuropa’sicycrust.Photosyntheticlifeisimpossibletherebecausesunlightiscompletelyabsent,butlifesuchasthemicrobesthatflourishdeepwithinearthmaystillbeForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatLifeonEuropaintheformsuggestedinthepassagewouldbedependentTheprotectionEuropa’sicycrustgivesagainsttheharmfulcomponentsofTheexistenceofwateronThemotionofEuropaaroundThehighlightedsentence“takeJupiter’smoonEuropa”servestoAninstancethatallowsahypothesistobeSpeculationgroundedinempiricalAdeductionfromanewlyadvancedAlarge-scaleeffectofanapparentlyinsignificantThederivationofacontradictiontorefuteaPassageMuchrecentworkhasexaminedtheclaimthatwomenencounterincreasingobstaclesrelativetomenPassageMuchrecentworkhasexaminedtheclaimthatwomenencounterincreasingobstaclesrelativetomenastheymoveuptheorganizationalladderinbusiness.Thisproposition,whichwetermtheincreasing-disadvantagemodel,isacoreelementofthepopularglassceilingmetaphor.Despitecontinuedwidespreadpublicacceptanceoftheglassceilingideaandsomeconsistentfindings,mostresearchtodatehasfailedtosupporttheincreasing-disadvantagemodel.Indeed,severalstudiesbasedonprivate-sectorfirmsfindthatwomen’smobilityprospectsimprove,ratherthandecline,astheyclimbupwardincorporatehierarchies.Inthepublicsector,researchershavefoundeithernosexdifferencesinmobilityoralargerfemaledisadvantageinlowergrades.Comparingcross-sectionalnationalsamplesofworkers,BaxterandWrightfoundnoevidenceintheUnitedStates,andonlylimitedevidenceinSwedenandAustralia,thatwomen’sprobabilityofbeinglocatedinahigherversusalowerhierarchicalleveldeclinedrelativetomen’sathigherlevels.Takentogether,thesefindingssuggestthattheglassceilingmaybeamyth.Women’sscarcityintoporganizationalranksmaysimplyrepresentthecumulativeeffectofaconstant-orevendecreasing-disadvantageatsuccessivehierarchicalTheprimarypurposeofthepassageiscomparetwoexplanationsforarecurringsummarizeevidencerelevanttoapointoutinconsistenciesinasetofaccountforthepersistenceofapointofreconsidertheoriginsanongoingBasedonthepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoft