商務(wù)英語縮略語應(yīng)用及其翻譯the applications of business english abbreviations and translation methods

ChapterOneIntroduction Withtherapiddevelopmentofworldeconomy,theinternationaltradecompetitionisincreasinglyfierce,businessEnglishismoreandmoreimportant.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernizationrequiresustousefastandconciselanguagetoreflecttheneedsofcomplexnewthings.Abbreviationsappearedandhavebeenusedbybusinessmenfromallovertheworldforalongtime,andalsohavebeenwidelyaccepted.Toaccuratelytranslatetheabbreviation,thetranslatormustknowthefullnameoftheabbreviationandunderstanditsmeaning.Theobjectoftheabbreviationinvolvesawiderangeofsocialandculturalknowledge.Whentranslatedintoanotherlanguage,itisnotasimplewordthatcanbeunderstood.Meanwhile,abbreviationsincreasewithanamazingspeedbecauseoftheircharacteristicsofeconomyandconvenience.Itissaidthatabbreviationshavenumberedseveralmillions.Nowadays,itisreasonablyacceptabletosaythatEnglishabbreviationsarewidelyusedinbusinessEnglish.InourdailyuseofbusinessEnglish,wecanalwaysseesuchwordslikeWTO,UN,USA,andL/CbothinspokenandwrittenEnglish.Butscholarsinthewestdonotpaymuchattentionontheabbreviationsuntillate20thcentury.Abbreviationsarewidelyusedinmanylanguagesandfields,includingbusinessEnglish.Theyarehelpfulinsavingtimeandspace,improvingcommunicationefficiency,andenhancingtheprecisionandaccuracyofcommunication.Inthispaper,wewillintroducethedefinition,characteristics,andgeneralrulesofabbreviations,aswellastheirapplicationandtranslationmethodsinbusinessEnglish.ThispaperwillexploretheapplicationofabbreviationsinbusinessEnglish,whichcanbedividedintobusinesscontracts,businesscorrespondencesandbusinessadvertising.Thenitselectsalargenumberofinstancestoprovidethegeneralprinciplesandmethodsofthetranslationsofabbreviations.Atlastitproposesthedevelopmenttrendofabbreviations,andtheimportanceofabbreviationsinbusinessEnglish,aswellastheimportanceofcorrectunderstandingandtranslationofabbreviations.ChapterTwoBriefIntroductionofAbbreviationsAbbreviationsareveryyoungfromahistoricalpointofview;theyareunknownformostpeopleuntilin1943theacronymappearedatthefirsttime.Nowadays,itissaidthatabbreviationsnumberseveralmillions!TheyareanimportantpartofEnglishespeciallyinbusinessEnglish.2.1DefinitionofAbbreviationsAbbreviation,whichisashortformofoneword,isacondensedversionofawordorphrase.TheCambridgeInternationalDictionaryofEnglishdefinesaccuratelyabbreviationas“tomakeaword(sentence,book,etc.)shorten”.Forinstance,“ACDT”isshortfor“accident”,“AEC”isshortfor“AtomicEnergyCommission”.Theyareabbreviationsofwordsandphrases;“RITA”isshortfor“RomanceIsTreasuredAlways”,“IBM”issometimesfor“I’veBeenMoved”,orsometimes“InternationalBusinessMachine”.Theyareabbreviationsofsentences.However,theWebster’sNewCollegiateDictionarydefines“abbreviation”as“ashorteningofawordoraphrase”,whichmeansabbreviationistheshortformofawordoraphrase,forexample,“MR”isfor“Mister”,“WWW”isfor“WorldWideWeb”.Obviously,theformerdefinitionismoreaccuratethanthelatter.2.2CharacteristicsofAbbreviationsThefirstcharacteristicofabbreviationsisthattheyareeasytowriteandremember.Abbreviationsareshortformsofwords,phrasesandsentences,thusonthebasisofnotchangingthemeaningsofwords,phrasesandsentences,theysimplifytheoriginalformstoaremarkableextent.Forexample,“NO.”equals“number”,“BK”equals“bank”.Thesecondcharacteristicofabbreviationsisthattheyareeasytoreadandlisten.Abbreviationsaremuchshorterthantheoriginalforms,becauseofthesimplification;itismucheasierforpeopletoread.Forexample,“IM”isshortforimport;“ADB”istheabbreviationof“AmericanDevelopmentBank”;“AIDS”isfor“AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome”;“DIY”isfor“DoItYourself”,“NATO”means“NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization”,andtheoriginalformof“OPEC”isfor“theOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries”.ThisisalsoapprovedbyAmericanscholarGeorgeKingsleyZipf,hesaidthemainmeaningofhis“PrincipleofLeastEffort”istogainthemostbytheleasteffort.Itcanbediscussedfromtwoaspects:thespeakerandthelistener.Thespeakercanusetheeasiestwordstoexpresshis/hermeaningcorrectly,andthelistenercanunderstanditbytheleasteffort.Anothercharacteristic,whichisalsoanadvantageofabbreviationsisthattheyareconvenientforuse,time-savingandeffort-saving.Itisagreedinlinguisticsocietythatthereasonwhywordsareshortenedistomakeiteconomicandeffort-savinginlanguageuse.Thisisalsocalled“theprincipleofeconomy”whichwasfirstlyputforwardbyA.Martinetinthe50sof20thcenturywhenhewasstudyingtheempty-space(語音空位).Itsaysthat“theideathataprincipleofleasteffortgovernsmuchofhumanbehaviour,mentalandphysical,iswellestablished”.Thefourthcharacteristicofabbreviationsisthattheyarevividthantheoriginalwordsonbothofstyleandemotionality.Forexample,“AnysuperpoweristheU.SorS.U”,inwhich“U.S”and“S.U”makeadistinctivecontrast.Thefifthcharacteristicofabbreviationsisambiguity.Thismeansabbreviationsareambiguoussinceabbreviationsareshortenedfromtheoriginalforms.Sometimestherewillbemanymeaningsinthesameformofoneabbreviation.Forexample,“WTO”canbeWorldTradeOrganizationwhenintherangeofeconomy;italsocanbeWorldTourismOrganizationwhenpeopletalkabouttravelling.Disambiguationofabbreviationsreferstoselectingtheappropriatelengthyformaccordingtothethencontext.Additionally,thismeansthatwemusttranslateabbreviationsaccuratelybasedontheircontext.2.3GeneralRulesofAbbreviationsEnglishabbreviationsarealwaysguidedbythefollowingrules(i)Abbreviatethevowelsandkeeptheconsonantsorthekeyconsonantsintheword;butwedonotabbreviatethevowelsinthewords-initial.Forexample:PRGRM=programRCH=reachPLS=pleaseRCV=receiveYR=yourPCS=piecesPRC=priceCSTMR=customerRPTN=repetitionPRDTN=productionBut:INCLD=includeOPND=openedENQRY=enquiryUNRCVD=undeceived(ii)Keepthefirstsyllableandthefirstletterofthesecondsyllable,orkeepthefirsttwosyllablesandthefirstletterofthethirdsyllable.Forexample:COMB=combineCERT=certificateINV=invoiceBAL=balanceDISAP=disapproveVOL=volumeESTAB=establishIMMED=immediately(iii)Keepthefirstsyllableandthekeyconsonantsoftheothersyllables.Forexample,DIST=districtEQPT=equipmentCONCTN=connectionAIRFRT=airfreightDEPT=departmentCONSGT=consignment(iv)Ofthewordswhosestressesareonthelastsyllable,keepthelaststressedsyllableandtheotherconsonantsorkeyconsonants.Forexample:WOUT=without SPORE=SingaporeADRSEE=addressGTEE=guarantee TRSFR=transfer(v)Keepthefirstletterofthefirstsyllableandthewholelettersofthelastsyllable.Forexample:OWISE=otherwiseTFORE=thereforeYDAY=yesterdayMTIME=meantimeTDAY=today(vi)KeepthefirsttwosyllablesNEGO=negotiationCAPA=capacityMEMO=memorandum(vii)KeepthefirstandthelastsyllableRD=roadRM=roomFM=fromSN=soonPR=pairWT=weightBK=bankDR=debtorHR=hourYD=yard(viii)UsethehomophoniclettersU=youTHRU=throughNITE=nightBIBI=bye-byeNU=new(ix)Somesetphrase,usuallytheyhavesetformsofabbreviations-ed=-D-ful=-L-able,-ible,-ble=-BL-ize=-Z-ing=-G-ment=-MT,-T,-MNT-tion=-N,-TN-ness=-NS-ent,-ant=-NT-less=-LS-er,-or,-ure=-R-est,-ist=-STRYC=refertoyourcableRYL=refertoyourletterROL=refertoourletterRYTX=refertoyourtelexWLB=willbe HVB=havebeenW/I=within W/O=without(x)UseabbreviationsthatacceptedbypeopleallovertheworldFOB=freeonboardCIF=cost,insuranceandfreightL/C=letterofcreditD/A=documentsagainstacceptancePO=postofficeKG=kilogramLB=poundOZ=ounceHK=HongKongNY=NewYorkChapterThreeApplicationofAbbreviationsinBusinessEnglishInagenerallyacceptedsense,abbreviationsareusedwidelyinbusinessEnglish.Sinceabbreviationsareeasytowrite,easytorememberandtime-saving,theyaredominantinbusinessEnglish,eitherindocuments,fax,trademark,orinbusinessnegotiations.AstheSpanishlinguistFelixRodriguezsaidthatwhenhewasstudyingabbreviations:Inthefaceofcomplexphrasesanddemonstrationswhicharecontinuouslycreatedtonamenewrealities,thisrequirementisfeltconsiderablymoreacutelyiflanguagehasalwaysbeensubjecttolinguisticeconomyandspeakersandauthorshaveatendencytobesuccinctandexact.3.1TheApplicationofAbbreviationsinBusinessContracts(i)TradeTermsWhenbusinesspeoplemakeanegotiation,ortalkaboutsomethingcommercial,wecanalwayshearsomewordslike“FOB”,“CFR”andsooninspokenEnglish.Thereareplentyofabbreviationsusedasprofessionaltermssuchas“OEM”isfor“OriginalEquipmentManufacturer”;“MOQ”isfor“MinimumOrderofQuantity”becausetheyarefamiliartobusinesspeople.Amongthem,themostcommononeisthetradeterms.Forexample,“FOB”isfor“freeonboard”,“COD”for“cashondelivery”.ThetradetermsarethemostcommononesusedinspokenbusinessEnglish.Tradetermsresultfromthelong-timepracticeofinternationaltrade,whichuseabriefwordtoexpressthepricesofcommodities,thedeliveryplace,ortostatetheriskandtheresponsibility.Withthetradeterms,businesspeoplecansavealotoftimewhentheyarenegotiating.Forexample,“CIF”means“cost,insuranceandfreight”;“CFR”isfor“costandfreight”,Let’slookatanotherexample.Weusuallyhearbusinesspeoplesay,“WeagreethepaymentismadebyD/PinsteadofL/C”.Here,“D/P”istheabbreviationof“documentsagainstpayment”;“L/C”istheabbreviationof“l(fā)etterofcredit”.Forinstance,clerksofaforeigntradecompanyareoftenaskedtogotothe“CCPIT”togetthe“C/O”andotherdocuments.Here,“CCPIT”isshortfor“ChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade”,“C/O”isfor“CertificateofOrigin”.Somewords,whichareshortenedaccordingtotheirpronunciation,suchas“thru”isfor“through”;“OFA”isfor“offer”(報價);“IOU”isfor“Ioweyou”(借條)；”Flite”isfor“flight”(航班)areusuallyusedinspokenEnglish.Anotherseveralexamples(a)WellTGIF.Hesaidwearilyashewalkedintotheoffice.Here,TGIFequals“ThankGodIt’sFriday”.(b)Yourproposalsoundsinteresting.Pleasee-mailmethedetailsassoonasyoucan.Mye-mailaddressismary@.usa.Thankyou!Inthissentence,e-mailisshortenedfromElectronicMail.Sometimes,inChinese,wecalledit“伊妹兒”accordingtoitspronunciation.(ii)TheNameoftheOrganizationandCompanyAbbreviationsareusedwidelyinthenameofcompany,institutionsandorganizations.Suchas“APEC”standsfor“Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation”,whichmeans“亞太經(jīng)濟合作組織”,“AIIB”standsfor“AsianInfrastuctureInvestmentBank”,whichmeans“亞洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資銀行”,“BRICS”isquotestheEnglishinitialsofBrazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica,whichmeans“金磚國家”,“WTO”standsfor“WorldTradeOrganization”,whichmeans“世界貿(mào)易組織”,“IMF”standsfor“InternationalMonetaryFund”,whichmeans“國際貨幣基金組織”,“NAFTA”standsfor“NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea”,whichmeans“北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)”,“UNCTAD”standsfor“UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment”,whichmeans“聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議”,“AFTA”standsfor“ASEANFreeTradeArea”,whichmeans“東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)”,“CTG”standsfor“CouncilforTradeinGoods”,whichmeans“貨幣貿(mào)易理事會”.3.2TheApplicationofAbbreviationsinBusinessCorrespondenceInBusinessEnglish,abbreviationsareusedwidelyinthecorrespondencesbecauseofitscharacteristicsofbeingtime-savingandeffort-saving.Businesspeoplearebusyeverydayreceivinglettersandcommunicatingwithforeigners,thusitisefficientforbusinesspeopletocommunicatewithshortformssincetimeismoneyforthem.Thereseemstobea“newformoflanguage”ofabbreviations,acronyms,wordcombinations,andpunctuationthathasdevelopedasaresultofwrittencommunicationthroughinstantmessages,textmessages,conversing,andotherkindsofdigitalnetworking.(i)TelexandFaxLet’sseeexamplesoftheapplicationofabbreviationsinthetelex:(a)TKSFRSHPGADVREGOODSUNDRORDR111.PLSSENDUSCHECKTOCOVEROUR3%COMMJUSTASUDIDFRPREVIOUSONES.RGDS.Andtheoriginaltextaboutthistelexis:Gentlemen:WethankyouforyourshippingadviceregardingtheshipmentofgoodsunderourorderNO.111.Pleasesendusachecktocoverour3%commissionjustasyoudidinthepastforyourpreciousorders.Bestregards.Trulyyours.(b)ABCCOLONDONRYCLA745OFFERVALIDTILL-15TH200MTIN-TINSRMB1400/MTCFRC2LONDONSEPTEMBERTheinterpretationis“Referringtoyourcable,wemakeyouthefollowingofferLA745whichisvaliduntil15thofthismonth.200metrictonspackedintins,atRMB1400permetricton,CFRLondonforshipmentduringSeptember”.(c)CHINAPROCOSHANGHAIYL2INTERESTEDBEEHONEYLA745300M/TIN-DRUMSPLS-CABLEOFFERLOWESTCFRC3LONDONAUGUSTSHIPMENTABCCOTheinterpretationis:Referenceismadetoyourletterof2ndinst.Weareinterestedin300metrictonsofHoneyTypeNo.LA745packedindrums.PleasemakealowestcableofferCFR3%LondonforshipmentduringAugust.(d)YRTLX26THRCVD.Thisistosay,yourtelexof26thhasbeenreceived.(e)YR11/NOVRCVDTKS.Theinterpretationis“Yourletterof11thNov.hasbeenreceived,thanks”.Intextmessages,abbreviationsaredevelopingwithanincrediblespeedsinceitissimpleandfast.Forexample,wecanuse“wherer(are)u(you)going”,orthesimplifiedformsas“xxcomefm(from)B.J.let’ssuptog(suppertogether)”.Andforanotherexample,thereisane-mailforforeigncustomers:DearMr.R.BastenThankyouforyourpromptdelivery.PleasefindenclosedourdraftforEUR04,378.00drawnontheCharteredBankN.A.,HK.Couldyoupleaseacknowledgereceipt?B/RGDS.Here,Mr.=mister,HK=HongKong,B/RGDS=bestregardsAnothere-mail:DearMr.HughHaveyoureceivedourremittanceNO.T/T58-06-130foramountofUSD5,697.-beingfreightchargesfromQingdaotoGenoaforthecaptionedshipment.B/RGDS.Here,NO.=number T/T=telegraphictransferUSD=UnitedStatesdollars B/RGDS=bestregardsThefollowingisanotherexampleinbusinesscommunicationandcorrespondences.Whenmakingaquotationorpricelist,asalesmanagermayadd“allthepriceisFOBprice”.Here,“FOB”means“FreeonBoard”,meaningthatthedeliveryplaceisontheboard,andtheselleronlyneedstobeartheresponsibilitybeforeshipping.AndthemostcommonnamesinbusinesscorrespondenceareDearSirs/Madam,DearMr.,MydearMsandsoon.Weshouldknowthatwhentranslating,thenamesofwomen,whethermarriedorunmarried,arecollectivelyreferredtoas:DearMadam,donotuseDearMiss.AndBritishprefertouseDearSirs,whileAmericansprefertouseDearGentlemen.Itshouldbenotedthat“Gentlemen”usesthepluralform,notthesingularform“Gentleman”.ThesalutationinbusinessEnglishlettersisoftencloselyrelatedtotheclosingremarks.Themostcommonclosingwordsare:Yourstruly,Yourssincerely,Yoursfaithfully.HowtotranslatethesesalutationsandclosingwordsintoChineseisacrucialissue.“Dear”inbusinessEnglishlettersisarespectfulnamefortherecipient,whichisjustakindofetiquette,whileinChineseletters,itisakindofname,whichisonlyusedforpeoplewithveryclosepersonalrelationships,suchasfamilymembersorcouples.Therefore,thenamesof“Dear”and“親愛的”intheletterarenotequivalent.TheclosingwordsofthebusinessEnglishletter,“Yourssincerely”andsoon,areonlyproceduralrequirements,andcannotbetranslatedliterally.(ii)CurrencyandMeasurementAbbreviationsarealsopopularinthecurrencyandmeasurementunits:USisforUnitedStatesdollarsCanYisforCanadiandollarAYisforAustraliadollar20’GPisfor20feetgeneralpurpose(20尺普柜)40’HQisfor40’highcubecontainer(40尺高柜)(iii)Insurance Therearemanyabbreviationsininsurance,Theseinsurancetermscanbeabbreviatedinbothspokenandwritteninlife.Forexample“F.P.A.”standsfor“FreefromParticularAverage”,whichmeans“平安險”,“W.A./W.P.A”standsfor“WithAverageorWithParticularAverage”,whichmeans“水漬險”,“F.W.R.D.”standsfor“FreshWaterRainDamage”,whichmeans“淡水雨淋險”,“T.P.N.D.”standsfor“Theft,Pilferage&Non-delivery”,whichmeans“提貨不著險”.“G.W.”standsfor“Grossweight”,whichmeans“毛重”,“N.W.”standsfor“Netweight”,whichmeans“凈重”.3.3TheApplicationofAbbreviationsinBusinessAdvertisingAsacommerciallanguage,thepurposeofadvertisingistopersuadeorremindpeopletobuyacertainproductortakeacertainbehavior.Inordertomakeanadvertisementclearly,accuratelyandconciselyexpressthethemeandconnotationofaproductinjustafewseconds,itisnecessarytousedifferentrhetoricalarttoconceivetheexpressionoflanguage.Tomakesitconcise,vivid,interesting,intriguingandunforgettable.Forexample,inaspectofthepositions,“GAD”standsfor“GroupAccountDirector”,whichmeans“客戶群總監(jiān)”,“MD”standsfor“MediaDirector”,whichmeans“媒體指導(dǎo)、媒介部經(jīng)理”,“SAD”standsfor“SeniorArtDirector”,whichmeans“高級美術(shù)指導(dǎo)”,Inotheraspect,“TVC”standsfor“TelevisionCommercial”,whichmeans“電視廣告”,“WOM”standsfor“WordofMouth”,whichmeans“口碑”,“SCW”standsfor“SeniorCopywriter”,whichmeans“高級文案”,“ATL”standsfor“AbovetheLine”,whichmeans“線上”,“BTL”standsfor“BelowtheLine”,whichmeans“線下”,“PV”standsfor“PageView”,whichmeans“瀏覽量/訪問量”,“CPM”standsfor“CostPerMille”,whichmeans“每千人成本”,“TA”standsfor“TargetAudience”,whichmeans“目標受眾”,“CF”standsfor“CommercialFilm”,whichmeans“影視廣告”.Intheuseofabbreviations,advertisingtermsmustbeconcise,vivid,vivid,emotionalandinfectious.Sometimes,inordertohighlightthepersonalitycharacteristicsoftheproduct,thedesignersofadvertisementsoftenusethefunctionandcharmofabbreviationstoattractcustomers.ChapterFourTranslationMethodsofAbbreviationsinBusinessEnglishAbbreviationsareusedwidelyinBusinessEnglish.ThetranslationofEnglishabbreviationinBusinessEnglishisdifficult.Hereintroducedseveralwaystotranslateabbreviationsproperlyindifferentaspects.4.1TranslationMethodsofAbbreviationsinBusinessContractsThefollowingwillintroducethetranslationmethodsofabbreviationsinbusinesscontractsindetail4.1.1AmplificationAmplificationtranslationreferstoaddingsomewordsandexpressionsnotfoundintheoriginaltextintothetargettextwithoutaffectingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Abbreviationscanoccasionallybeunclearandwegetconfusedabouttheirunclearmeaning,whichmeanstheymayhavemorethanoneoriginalmeaning.Insuchcondition,wehavetofigureitoutwhatitmeansinthecontext.Forexample:(i)Afterthoroughinvestigationofthedamages,wefoundoutthattheB/Lshowedthatwhentheshippingcompanyreceivedthegoods,theywereinapparentgoodcondition.Theliabilityiscertainlynotonourside.經(jīng)過對貨物損害的全面調(diào)查，我方發(fā)現(xiàn)貨運提單顯示船舶公司收到貨物時，外表良好。因此，該損害我方并無責任。Here,becausethoroughtheinvestigationofthedamages,thegoodsareinapparentgoodcondition,sowearenotresponsibleforthedamage.Weaddlogicalrelationshipwords（“因此”）throughimpliedlogicalrelationshipstoempresscausality.And“B/L”istheabbreviationof“BillofLading”,whichmeans“提單”.(ii)Cargoinsuranceistoprotectthetraderfromlossesthatmanydangersmaycause.貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多風險所可能造成的種種損失。BecausethereisnoformaltoexpressthedistinctionbetweenthesingularandpluralofChinesenouns,thepluralofEnglishnounsisoftenreflectedinChinesetranslationbyaddingwords.Herethewordlossescan’ttranslatedto“損失們”,inordertotranslateChinesesentencesinto“種種損失”.(iii)Astodirectandindirectexporting,whichapproachisbestdependsonsuchfactorsasthecompany'ssize,itsexportvolume,thenumberofforeigncountriesinvolved,theinvestmentrequiredtosupporttheoperation,theprofitpotential,theriskpresent,andthedesiresoftheoverseasbuyers.至于直接出口業(yè)務(wù)和間接出口業(yè)務(wù)，哪一種方式最好取決于很多因素，比如公司的大小，出口數(shù)量的多少，公司業(yè)務(wù)所牽涉國家的多少，出口所需投資的多少，可賺利潤的多少，存在風險的大小，以及海外買主的要求等等。Here"公司業(yè)務(wù)"isanaddition,whichmakesthemeaningofthetranslationclearer.Therefore,somewordsorsentencesareaddedtothetranslationtobetterexpresstheideologicalcontentoftheoriginaltext,ortobetterachievethespecificpurposeoftranslation.4.1.2TransliterationandFreeTranslationForsomeabbreviations,wehavenottheaccurateChinesetranslation,Sowetranslatethembyusingacombinationoftransliterationandparaphrasing.EarlyaccurategenediagnosisofHDisveryimportant.亨廷頓病的早期準確基因診斷非常重要。Here,HDisHuntington’sdiseaseInthissentence,Huntington’sdiseaseistranslatedinto亨廷頓病,thisistransliteration.Samplesareprovidedinthefollowingtable:TableExamplesDNAfingerprintingDNA指紋鑒別術(shù)FOBShanghaiFOB上海價ToofferCIF報CIF價VgearV型齒輪Intheseexamples,theoriginalmeaningof“fingerprinting”is“指紋”,whilehereistranslatedinto“指紋鑒別術(shù)”;“Shanghai”istranslatedinto“上海價”insteadof“上?！?“CIF”isshortfor“cost,insuranceandfreight”,whilehereis“CIF價”;“V”isjustaletterwhenitisnotinthephrase.Sometimes,wetranslatesomepartsofthephrase,andkeeptheotherpartsoftheoriginalphrasesincetheyareknow-to-all.Afterweknowthemeaningofthesetwotranslationmethods,Weuseacombinationoftransliterationandfreetranslationtotranslate,sothatcanunderstandtheoriginaltextmoreeasily.4.2TranslationMethodsofAbbreviationsinBusinessCorrespondenceHere,thefollowingwillintroducethetranslationmethodsofabbreviationsinbusinesscorrespondenceindetail.4.2.1LiteralTranslationTheadvantageofliteraltranslationisthatitcanconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltextmoreaccurately,especiallyforsomeprofessionaltermsandfixedtranslations,literaltranslationcanbetterretaintheoriginalmeaningandprofessionalism.Inaddition,literaltranslationcanbettershowthedifferencesbetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures,therebyenhancingtheeffectivenessofcross-culturalcommunication.Insometranslationwork,literaltranslationcanalsobeusedasanauxiliarymeanstohelptranslatorsbetterunderstandtheoriginaltextandthustranslatebetter.Literaltranslationcanbeuseddirectlywhenunderstandingsomebusinesscorrespondence.Forexample:(i)WeshallbeobligedtoestablishtherelevantL/Contheconditionthatyouagreetoinsertinthecontract“PartialShipmentandTrans-shipmentAllowed.”如果貴方同意在合同中加入“允許分批裝運和轉(zhuǎn)運”，我方將開立相關(guān)信用證。BusinessEnglishofteninvolvesvocabularyindifferentindustries.Inthisexample,"L/C"isabankingterm,“L/C”istheabbreviationof“l(fā)etterofcredit”,whichmeans“信用證”.And"PartialShipmentandTrans-shipmentAllowed"isatechnicaltermusedinmaritimeoperations,whichmeans“允許分批裝運和轉(zhuǎn)運”.Whentranslating,itisnecessarytoclarifythemeaningoftheirrespectiveprofessionalwordsandusethecorrespondingChineseprofessionalvocabularytoreproducetheoriginalinformation.(ii)WehavepleasureinsendingyouthesamplesofgoodslistedonyourinquirysheetNo.206foryourconsideration,andhopethattheywillbeofinteresttoyou.很高興寄送你方第206號詢單價所列貨物樣品供你方考慮，希望你方感興趣。Inthissentence,“No.”istheabbreviationof“number”.Soliteraltranslationcanhelptranslatorsbetterunderstandtheoriginaltextandthustranslatebetter.Andalsohelpthereadersunderstandbetter.4.2.2InversionDuetothedifferencesinexpressionandhabitsbetweenChineseandEnglish,andthewordorderisalsodifferent,translatorsrequirecleverprocessingofcorrespondingdetailswhentranslating,andtimelyadjustmentoftheorderofwordsinChineseandEnglish,whichcannotonlyensurethatthesentenceexpressionismoreaccurate,butalsoimprovethefluencyofthesentence.Ingeneral,whentranslating,itisnecessarytoadjustthepositionofawordorasentencetocompletethetranslationwork.Inbusinesscorrespondence,themostcommonexampleisasfollow:Dearsirs,Referringtoourpreviousletters,wewishtocallyourattentiontothefactthatuptothepresentmomentnonewshascomefromyouabouttheshipmentunderthecaptionedcontract.Asyouhavebeeninformedinoneofourpreviousletters,theusersareinurgentneedofthemachinescontractedandareinfactpressingusforanearlydelivery.Underthecircumstances,itisobviouslyimpossibleforustoextendL/CNo.673again,whichexpireson20thDecember,andwefeelitourdutytoremindyouofthismatteragain.Yourssincerely,Inthisletter,ChineseandEnglishhavedifferentexpressionsformonths,whichreflectstheinversiontranslationintranslation.ToexpressdateinEnglish,itistheorderoftheday,themonthandtheyear.ButwhenwetranslateintoChinese,theexpressionbecomestheorderoftheyear,monthandday.Inversionisalsoreflectedinthedifferentexpressionsofplace.InEnglish,theexpressionofplaceisfromsmalltolarge,whileinChinese,itisfromlargetosmall.Forexample,totranslate“中國河北省保定市蓮池區(qū)”,inEnglishis“LianchiDistrict,BaodingCity,HebeiProvince,China”.IntheprocessofadjustingandtransformingtheEnglishwordorder,thetranslationisfirstcarriedoutaccordingtothelogicalrelationshipofthesentenceitself,andthentherelevanttranslationskillsareusedtomeettherequirementsofEnglishtranslationandensurethatthetranslatedtextcanmeettheneedsofreaders.4.3TranslationMethodsofAbbreviationsinBusinessAdvertisingThefollowingwillintroducethetranslationmethodsofabbreviationsinbusinessadvertisingindetail.4.3.1TransliterationWecantransliterateabbreviationsaccordingtothesoundoftheletters.Thismethodismorecommonlyfoundinsomeadvertisingwords.Theadvantageofthismethodoftranslationisobvious.Thetransliterationisverycatchyandvivid,andtheyare