新廣州版八年級上冊英語Unit5-Educational-exchanges-語法專項-現(xiàn)在完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時PAGEPAGE1Unit5:Educationalexchanges語法專項--現(xiàn)在完成時如果你想說“我已經(jīng)看過某部電影，所以不想看了”、“某人曾經(jīng)做過什么事情”等等，該如果表達(dá)呢？首先請看下面的句子：（1）Ihaveseenthefilm.Idon’twanttoseeitagain.這部電影我已經(jīng)看過，不想再看了。（2）Haveyouansweredallthequestions?所有的問題你都回答了嗎？（3）Haveyoueverlookedatatravelbrochure?你看過旅游宣傳冊嗎？（4）ShehasnevervisitedtheUSA.她從沒有過去美國。觀察：以上句子的謂語動詞的一個共同特點是_____________________________,用于表示在以前的某個時間曾經(jīng)做過的、發(fā)生的事情，這種行為對目前有某種影響。我們把這種時態(tài)稱為“現(xiàn)在完成時”?，F(xiàn)在完成時的概念。①表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果Shehasbeenillforthreedays.（她病了三天了。）②表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。We'veknowneachothersincewewerechildren.（我們從小就認(rèn)識。）IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.③常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：just剛剛yet仍然，還now現(xiàn)在lately最后ever曾經(jīng)today今天never從未before從前recently最近already已經(jīng)thisweek本周since自從foralongtine很長時間了sincethen自那以來sofar到目前為止inthepast/lastfewyears在過去/最近的幾年二、構(gòu)成：”助動詞have,has+過去分詞”現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以work為例）：人稱肯定否定疑問回答第一人稱IhaveseentheUFO.Wehavetravelledaroundtheworld.Ihaven’tseentheUFO.Wehaven’ttravelledaroundtheworld.HaveyouseentheUFO?Haveyoutravelledaroundtheworld?Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven’t.Yes,wehave./No,wehaven’t.第二人稱YouhavebeentoEngland.Youhaven’tbeentoEngland.HaveyoubeentoEngland?Yes,I/wehave.No,I/wehaven’t.第三人稱He/ShehasbeentoBeijing.Theyhavegivenconcertsallovertheworld.He/Shehasn’tbeentoBeijing.Theyhaven’tgivenconcertsallovertheworld.Hashe/shebeentoBeijing?Havetheygivenconcertsallovertheworld?Yes,he/shehas.No,he/shehasn’t.Yes,theyhave.No,theyhaven’t.注：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去是相同，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見附表。隨堂練習(xí).把下面變否定句、一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答。1.Ihavedonemyhomework.否定句：_______________________________________一般疑問句：___________________________________回答：_________________________________________2.Theplanehasarrived.否定句：_______________________________________一般疑問句：___________________________________回答：_________________________________________三、動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則規(guī)則變化大部分動詞在詞尾直接加-edcleancleanedhelphelped以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的，直接加-dlikelikedlivelived以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加edtrytriedstudystudied重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾只有一個輔音字母的，需要雙寫最后這個輔音字母再加-ed.planplannedstopstopped不規(guī)則變化seeseenfindfound需根據(jù)不規(guī)則變化表進(jìn)行專門記憶隨堂練習(xí)寫出下列單詞的過去分詞形式work_________finish___________arrive___________change_________see___________have___________marry__________visit__________miss___________prefer__________do___________hear____________live____________clean________study___________meet___________be__________climb___________plan____________take_________stop____________keep____________buy_________spend____________learn___________forget__________bring____________現(xiàn)在完成時用法歸納1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)已完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語動詞用結(jié)束性動詞)如：Theplanehasarrived.常用的時間狀語和副詞：already,yet,ever,never①already已經(jīng)；yet尚未，仍未，還；強(qiáng)調(diào)前不久完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，謂語動詞使用非延續(xù)性動詞。already用于肯定句中，yet用于否定句和疑問句的句末。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.我已經(jīng)完成我的家庭作業(yè)了。Hehasn’tcomeyet.他還沒有回來。Hasshefinishedcookingyet?他做完飯了嗎？練：Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.(變?yōu)榉穸ň?______________________________________________②ever(曾經(jīng))，句中；never(從不)，表示否定，強(qiáng)調(diào)到目前為止的生活經(jīng)歷。謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞。例如：Haveyoueverclimbthatmountain?你曾經(jīng)爬過那座山嗎？HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?你曾經(jīng)去過上海嗎？Ihaveneverlateforschool.我從來沒有遲到過。③alreadyever與never應(yīng)位于助動詞have/has之后，主要動詞之前。拓展：before(以前)，句尾，獨立用Ihaven’tmethimbefore.我以前從來沒有見過他。just(剛剛)，用于肯定句中，常用在助動詞和過去分詞之間。如：Ihavejustheardthenews.我剛剛聽到消息。跟蹤訓(xùn)練（）1.Haveyou______heardofDisneyland?A.always B.ever C.never D.sometimes（）2.Ihave________finishedmyhomework.SoIcanhavearestnow.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet（）3.Sheisagoodstudent,shehas_______beenlateforschool.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet（）4.Iamveryhungry,Ihaven’thadmybreakfast________.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet2.完成時可用于表示某時間段里完成的動作，常與today,thesedays,recently等時間狀語連用。如：Haveyouseenherthesedays?譯：_________________________Haveyoubeentothelibrarytoday?譯：______________________Haveyoureadthebookrecently?譯：_______________________3.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來的動作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語連用。如：for+一段時間：fortwohourssince+時間點：since1999,sincelastyearsince+一段時間+ago:sincetwodaysagosince+從句（用過去時）uptonow,tillnow,untilnow,sofarinthepasttwoyears,inthelastfewdaysrecently,lately如：MissZhaohastaughtmathforfiveyears.Hismotherhasworkedintheshopsince1990.TheGreenshavelivedinLondonsincethreeyearsago.[注]：其中在a,b,c,d這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如：Ihavehadthisbookforoneandahalfyears.(這本書我已買了一年半了！)不能用buy不能用buy跟蹤訓(xùn)練用since或者for填空1.IhavestudiedEnglish_______5years.2.IhavestudiedEnglish_______5yearsago.3.IhavestudiedEnglish_______2008.4.Shehastaughtmath_________3years.5.Shehastaughtmath_________3yearsago.6.Shehastaughtmath_________2010.4.短暫性動詞怎樣和表示一段時間的狀語連用。英語中的短暫性動詞，也叫做終止性動詞、瞬間動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示一時的動作，在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。常見的短暫性動詞有：go,come,leave,find,buy,arrive,give,stop,join,marry,die,begin,start,borrow,close,open,lend等。eg.Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.(×)非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時間連用時可采用下列三種方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動詞。leave-have(has)beenawayfrom close-beclosedjoin-have(has)been(in) begin/start-beonbuy-have(has)had go-betheredie-have(has)dead finish-beovercome(arrive)-have(has)beenhere borrow-have(has)keptbegintowork-have(has)workedopen-have(has)beenopengetup-have(has)beenupputon–have(has)oncomeback-have(has)beenbackgone(left)-beenawayjoined–beengottoknow–known（2）時間狀語的變化：把表時間的狀語“for…”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+時間名詞+ago”的短語形式。（即：將時間狀語改為過去時間，并用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時）如：他參軍五年了。（判斷正誤）HehasjoinedtheArmyforfiveyears.()HehasbeenintheArmyforfiveyears.()HejoinedtheArmyfiveyearsago.()他離開濟(jì)南三年了。HehasleftJi’nanforthreeyears.()HehasbeenawayfromJi’nanforthreeyears.HeleftJi’nanthreeyearsago.(3)句子模式的變化。用句型“Itis+一段時間+since從句”（從句中的謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞的一般過去式表示）如：Theoldmandiedtwoyearsago.=Theoldmanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.=Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.跟蹤訓(xùn)練句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1.Ihaveborrowedanewbookfromtheschoollibrary.I__________________anewbookfromtheschoollibraryfortwodays.2.Shehasgonethere.She_________________there_________yesterday.3.Thefilmhasbegun.Thefilm__________________________________________fiveminutes.4.Theboyhascomeback.Theboy_____________________________foranhour.5.Themaninahathasleft.Themaninahat_____________________________________halfanhourago.6.Hehasalreadydied.He____________________________________fortwentyyears.7.TheyoungmanhasjoinedtheLeague.Theyoungman__________________________member_______twoyears.Theyoungman___________________________League______twoyearsago.5.havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1）havebeento去過某地(現(xiàn)已離開)，可以與ever,never,once,twice等連用。（2）hasgoneto去某地了，說話時某人已離開此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，總之現(xiàn)在還未回來。此句型一般用于第三人稱。（3）havebeenin表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用at。翻譯：你以前去過北京嗎？___________________________吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。___________________________格林一家在中國已經(jīng)兩年了。_____________________單項選擇()1.Ihave________Beijingthreetimes.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()2.WhereisMike?Hehas_______London.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()3.Tonyhasnever_______China.HelooksforwardtocomingtoChinaA.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()4.Lucyhas________Chinafor5years.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()5.Theteacherhas________thevillagetoteachthepoorstudentsfor10years.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat6.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：(1)側(cè)重點不同：現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時是一種過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過去的動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如：YesterdayIwenttothezoo.(僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))LiLeihasreadthebook.(說明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容)（2）連用的時間狀語不同：一般過去時常與ago,yesterday,last…,in2000,justnow等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時與already,yet,still,just,sofar,inthelast/past…,before,ever,never,since…,for…等時間狀語連用。[注]現(xiàn)在完成時不可與yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago等過去時間狀語連用。綜合訓(xùn)練一、單項選擇。（）1.MissGaoisn’there.She________tothebusstationtomeetMr.Brown.A.go B.hasgone C.hasbeen D.wouldgo（）2.–Howcleanthebedroomis!-Yes,Iamsurethatsomeone_______it.A.cleans B.cleaned C.hascleaned D.hadcleaned（）3.DrisonBreakisthebestAmericanTVplayerthatI_____theseyears.A.watch B.willwatch C.havewatched D.waswatching（）4.I’mnothungrybecauseI______lunchalready.A.have B.had C.amhaving D.havehad（）5.–HowlonghaveMrandMrsSmith________?-Formorethantwentyyears.A.married B.hadmarried C.gotmarried D.beenmarried（）6.Inthepastfewyearsthere______greatchangesinmyhometown.A.havebeen B.were C.hadbeen D.are（）7.—________you______thefilmHarryPotterⅡ?—Notyet.I’llseeitthisSunday.A.Did,see B.Are;seeing C.Have,seen D.Do,see（）8.TheSmithsmovedtoChinatenyearsagoand______heresincethen.A.haslived B.wasliving C.live D.havelived（）9.–WillyouwatchtheWorldCupmatchthisyear?-No,butI________severalWorldCupmatchessinceIwasasmallchild.A.hadseen B.see C.wasseeing D.haveseen（）10.Iwon’treturnthebooktothelibrarybecauseI______readingit.A.wasn’tfinish B.don’tfinish C.won’tfinish D.haven’tfinished（）11.–Howmanytimes_______you______theGreatWall?-Onlyonce.I_______therethreeyearsago.A.did,goto,havegone B.had,goneto,