石油英語(yǔ)詞匯(中英文對(duì)照)

GenerationofOilandGasTechnicalterms:tectonicforces構(gòu)造作用力arethoseoriginatingbeneaththesurfacethatalterthesurfaceconfigurationoftheearthasaresultoftectonic(lithospheric)plateanicmaterial有機(jī)質(zhì)ismatterthathascomefromaonce-livingorganismhydrocarbons烴類anorganiccompoundcontainingonlycarbonandhydrogenoverlyingrocks上覆巖層therocksthatcoveringthereservoirpoolsoftar焦油池Iswherethepetroleumeventuallyreachedthesurfaceandbecollectedinseeps油苗placeswhereoilhasreachedshows顯示placeswhereoilhasreachedimpermeablelayerofrock不透水巖層thelayerofrockthatcan'tbepassedbyliquids.theoriginalstratigraphichorizonfromwhichpetroleumisderived.adarkfine-grainedlaminatedsedimentaryrockformedbycompressionofsuccessivelayersofclay-richsedimentanycompoundofcarbonandanotherelementoraradicalstratigraphicafoldwithstrataslopingdownwardonbothsidesfromacommoncrest.

thesaltcoreofasaltdomeafractureinthecontinuityofarockformationcausedbyashiftingordislodgingoftheearth'scrust,inwhichadjacentsurfacesaredisplacedrelativetooneanotherandparalleltotheplaneoffracturetrap圈閉adeviceforsealingapassageagainsttheescapeofgases,especiallyaU-shapedorS-shapedbendinadrainpipethatpreventsthereturnflowofsewergasbymeansofawaterbarrierstructuraltraps構(gòu)造圈閉thetrapsthatholdoilandgasbecausetheearthhasbeenbentanddeformedinsomeway.Stratigraphictraps地層圈閉thetrapswhicharedepositionalinnature.

Thismeanstheyareformedinplace,usuallybyasandstoneendingupenclosedinshale.

Theshalekeepstheoilandgasfromescapingthetrap.marl泥灰?guī)ralooseandcrumblingearthydepositconsistingmainlyofcalciteordolomite;usedasafertilizerforsoilsdeficientinlimefaulttraps斷層圈閉thetrapsthatholdoilandgasbecauseafaultfaultgouge斷層泥fine-grainedmaterialinthefaultfaultplane斷層面Thesurfacealongwhichthebreakorshearofafaultoccurssaltdome鹽丘Ananticlinalfoldwithacolumnarsaltplugatitscore

sedimentarybeds沉積層fossilcoralreefs古珊瑚礁areefconsistingofthefossilofcoralconsolidatedintolimestoneporespace孔隙theporesinarockorsoilconsideredcollectivelysandstonereservoirs砂巖儲(chǔ)層areservoirlyinginthesandstonelayer.fractures裂隙Acrackorfaultinarock2.PorosityandPermeabilityTechnicalterms:permeability滲透率permeabilityistheabilityoftheformationtoconductfluids.porosity孔隙度isdefinedastheratioofthevoidspaceinarocktothebulkvolumeofthatrockmultipliedby100toexpressinpercent.bulkvolume總體積thetotalvolumeoriginalporosity原生孔隙度theinbornandnaturalporosityoftherockintergranularporosity粒間空隙度theporosityoccurringbetweenthegrainsintercrystallineporosity晶間孔隙度Theporosityoccurringbetweentheribsooliticporosity鮞狀孔隙度inducedporosity次生孔隙度Theporosityproducedbyinduction.Thatis,affectedbyexternalcauses.coring取心Theuseofacorebarrel(hollowlengthoftubing)totakesamplesfromtheundergroundformationduringthedrillingoperationcementing膠結(jié)Achemicallyprecipitatedsubstancethatbindsparticlesofclasticrocks

totalporosity總孔隙度istheratioofthetotalvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherockeffectiveporosity有效孔隙度istheratiooftheinterconnectedvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock,eachexpressedinpercent.in-placetesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量anin-sitemeasurementoccurringatthesametimethesampleischeckedsingle-phasefluidsaturation單相流體飽和oneofthephasesreachthesaturationstateintheerstitialwater間隙水Subsurfacewatercontainedinporespacesbetweenthegrainsofrockandsedimentseffectivepermeability有效滲透率isintroducedtodescribethesimultaneousflowofmorethanonefluidfluidphase液體相achemicallyandphysicallyuniformquantityoffluidthatcanbeseparatedfromanonhomogeneousmixtureflownetwork流體網(wǎng)絡(luò)aflownetworkisadirectedgraphwhereeachedgehasacapacityandeachedgereceivesaflow.Theamountofflowonanedgecannotexceedthecapacityoftheedge.capillaryproperties毛管性質(zhì)Capillaryproperty,istheabilityofaliquidtoflowagainstgravitywhereliquidspontaneouslyrisesinanarrowspacesuchasathintube,orinporousmaterialssuchaspaperorinsomenon-porousmaterialssuchasliquifiedcarbonfibre.Thiseffectcancauseliquidstoflowagainsttheforceofgravityorthemagneticfieldinduction.Itoccursbecauseofinter-molecularattractiveforcesbetweentheliquidandsolidsurroundingsurfaces.gascap氣頂therockporesintheupperzonethathavebeenfilledmainlybygas.aquifer含水層anundergroundbedorlayerofpermeablerock,sediment,orsoilthatyieldswateroilaccumulation石油凝集面anaccumulationofpetroleumlocallyconfinedbysubsurfacegeologicfeatures.Alsoknownasoilreservoirsaturation飽和度aconditioninwhichaquantitynolongerrespondstosomeexternalinfluenceviscosity粘度resistanceofaliquidtosheerforces(andhencetoflow)connatewater原生水waterentrappedintheintersticesofigneousrockswhentherockswereformed.electriclogsurveys電測(cè)井方法In1928,theSchlumbergerbrothersinFrancedevelopedtheworkhorseofallformationevaluationtools,theelectriclogandithadbecomeanimportantmethordinmodernpetroleumengineering.

附（原文）：GenerationofOilandGasPetroleumisaresultofthedepositionofplantoranimalmatterinareaswhichareslowlysubsiding.Theseareasareusuallyintheseaoralongitsmarginsincoastallagoonsormarshes,occasionallyinlakesorinlandswamps.Sedimentsaredepositedalongwiththeorganicmatterandtherateofdepositionofthesedimentsmustbesufficientlyrapidthatatleastpartoftheorganicmatterispreservedbyburialbeforebeingdestroyedbydecay.Astimegoesonandtheareacontinuestosinkslowly(becauseoftheweightofsedimentsdepositedorbecauseofregionaltectonicforces構(gòu)造作用力,theorganicmaterial有機(jī)質(zhì)isburieddeeperandhenceisexposedtohighertemperaturesandpressures.Eventuallychemicalchangesresultinthegenerationofpetroleum,acomplex,highlyvariablemixtureofhydrocarbons烴類,includingbothliquidsandgases(partofthegasbeinginsolutionbecauseofthehighpressure).Ultimatelythesubsidencewillstopandmayevenreverse.Asthegreatweightoftheoverlyingrocks上覆巖層andsedimentspusheddownward,thepetroleumwasforcedoutofitsbirthplace.Itbegantomigrate.Seepingthroughcracksandfissures,oozingthroughminuteconnectionsbetweentherockgrains,petroleumbeganajourneyupward.Indeed,someofiteventuallyreachedthesurfacewhereitcollectedinlargepoolsoftar焦油池.Placeswhereoilhasreachedthesurfacearecalled‘seeps’油苗or‘shows’顯示.However,somepetroleumdidnotreachthesurface.Instead,itsupwardmigrationwasstoppedbyanimperviousorimpermeablelayerofrock.不透水巖層Itlaytrapped圈閉farbeneaththesurface.Theoilandgastendtoriseandwilleventuallyreachthesurfaceoftheearthandbedissipatedunlesstheyencounterabarrierwhichstopstheupwardmigration.Suchabarrierproducesatrap.TypesofTrapsAtrap（圈閉）istheplacewhereoilandgasarebarredfromfurthermovement.Geologistshaveclassifiedpetroleumtrapsintotwobasictypes:structuraltraps（構(gòu)造圈閉）andstratigraphictraps（地層圈閉）.Structuraltrapsaretrapsthatareformedbecauseofadeformationintherocklayerthatcontainsthehydrocarbons.About80to90percentoftheknownpetroleumreservesoccurinstructuraltraps.Ananticline,thesimplestandcommonestformofpetroleumaccumulation,isanupwardfoldinthelayersofrock,muchlikeanarchinabuilding.Aporousandpermeablereservoirrockmustbesealedabovebyanimpermeablecoverbedwhichisfine-grained（細(xì)密的）,relativelyimpermeablebedsuchasclay,shale,(頁(yè)巖）marl（泥灰?guī)r）,orsalt.Petroleummigratesintothehighestpartofthefold,anditsescapeispreventedbyanoverlyingbedofimpermeablerock.Faulttraps（斷層圈閉）arealsocommon.Again,theremustbeaporousandpermeablereservoirrockthatissealedabovebyafine-grained,relativelyimpermeablebed.Buttherealtrapisprovidedbythefault,whichpreventsfurtherupdipmigration(上升運(yùn)移）eitherbythefine-grainedmaterialinthefaultitself(theso-called“faultgouge（斷層泥）”thatresultsfromthemovementonthefaultplane(斷層面）)orbythebriningofafine-grainedrelativelyimpermeablebedontheothersideofthefaulttothepositionthattruncatesthereservoir.Asaltdome(鹽丘）formedwhenamassofsaltflowsupwardsunderthepressureresultingfromtheweightoftheoverlyingsediments（上覆沉積）.Thesaltdomebowsupsedimentarybeds(沉積層）andsealsoffdisruptedbeds(斷裂巖層）andsoprovidestrapsoverandaroundthesidesofthedome.Thetrappingmechanism（圈閉機(jī)理）ofstratigraphictrapsisfromstratigraphicratherthanstructuralcauses.Inthese,theessentialfeaturesremainaporousandpermeablereservoirrocksealedbyafine-grainedrelativelyimpermeablerock,buttheconfigurationofthesetoformatraparisesfromtheparticularsedimentaryprocessandnatureoftheresultingsediments.Themostobviousformsofstratigraphictraparefossilcoralreefs（古珊瑚礁）suchasthoseofwesternCanadaandLibya.Inthese,thevoidsinthereeforreeflikereservoircontainthepetroleumwhichispreventedfromleakingoutbytheclayorshaleinwhichthereefisenveloped.Thesevoidsarenotliketheporespaces(孔隙）insandstonereservoirs（砂巖儲(chǔ)層),butmoresolutioncavities（溶洞）andfractures(裂隙）.Productionrates（產(chǎn)油率）tendtobemuchhigherthanfromsandstonereservoirs.Thefrictionalresistance（摩擦阻力）tofluidmovementtendstobemuchless,sothereisbettercommunicationthroughthereservoiranditcanbeproducedwithfewerwells.Perhapsthecommonestformofstratigraphictrapisthewedgingorpinchingoutofasand.Discontinuoussands（不連續(xù)沉積的砂巖）,suchasthosethatformedpartofanoldriversystem(“shoe-string”sands（鞋帶狀砂巖）)areenvelopedinfine-grainedsedimentandmayformatrap.2.PorosityandPermeabilityApetroleumreservoirconsistsofasuitablyshapedporousstratum（多孔層）ofrockwhichiscappedwithanimperviousrock.Thenatureofthereservoirrockisextremelyimportantastheoilisstoredinthesmallspacesorporeswhichseparatetheindividualrockgrains.Sandstonesandlimestonesaregenerallyporous,andinthemainthesearethemostcommontypesofreservoirrocks.Porousrocksmaysometimesalsocontainfracturesorfissures,whichwilladdtotheoil-storingcapacityofthereservoir.Petroleumcollectsintheporesorcavitiesintermingledwiththeremainingwaterwhichwasburiedwiththesediments.Whenasignificantfractionoftheporesisinterconnectedsothatfluidscanpassthroughtherock,therockispermeable.Permeability(滲透性）permitsthegas,oilandwatertoseparatepartiallybecauseoftheirdifferentdensities.Porosity孔隙度isdefinedastheratioofthevoidspaceinarocktothebulkvolume總體積ofthatrockmultipliedby100toexpressinpercent.Porositymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothemodeoforigins(1)originaland(2)induced.Originalporosity原生孔隙度istypifiedbytheintergranularporosity粒間空隙度ofsandstonesandtheintercrystallineandooliticporosity晶間和鮞狀孔隙度ofsomelimestones.Inducedporosity次生孔隙度istypifiedbyfracturedevelopmentasfoundinsomeshalesandlimestonesandbythevugsorsolutioncavitiescommonlyfoundinlimestones.Rockshavingoriginalporosityaremoreuniformintheircharacteristicsthanthoserocksinwhichalargepartoftheporosityisinduced.Fordirectquantitativemeasurementofporosity,reliancemustbeplacedonformationsamples巖樣obtainedbycoring取心.Indealingwithreservoirrocks儲(chǔ)集層巖石,itisnecessary,becausethecementingmaterials膠結(jié)物maysealoffapartoftheporevolume,todefinetotalporosity總孔隙度andeffectiveporosity有效孔隙度.Totalporosityistheratioofthetotalvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock；effectiveporosityistheratiooftheinterconnectedvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock,eachexpressedinpercent.Fromthereservoir-engineering油藏工程standpoint,effectiveporosityisthequantitativevalue定量值desired,asthisrepresentsthespacewhichisoccupiedbymobilefluids可流動(dòng)流體.Forintergranularmaterials晶粒間物質(zhì),poorlytomoderatelywellcemented,thetotalporosityisapproximatelyequaltotheeffectiveporosity.Formorehighlycementedmaterials膠結(jié)物質(zhì),significantdifferenceintotalporosityandeffectiveporosityvaluesmayoccur.Permeabilityistheabilityoftheformationtoconductfluids（formationfluidconductancecapacity）.Themeasurementofpermeability,then,isameasureofthefluidconductivity流體傳遞能力oftheparticularmaterial.Itcanbedeterminedfromsamplesextractedfromtheformationorbyin-placetesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量.Sofarpermeabilityisreferredtorockconditionswhereasingle-phasefluidsaturation單相流體飽和wasconsidered.Inpetroleumreservoirs,however,therocksareusuallysaturatedwithtwoormorefluids,suchasinterstitialwater間隙水,oilandgas.Effectivepermeability有效滲透率isintroducedheretodescribethesimultaneousflowofmorethanonefluid.Inthedefinitionofeffectivepermeabilityeachfluidphase液體相isconsideredtobecompletelyindependentoftheotherfluidsintheflownetwork流體網(wǎng)絡(luò).Theeffectivepermeabilityisarelativemeasureoftheconductanceoftheporousmedium空隙介質(zhì)foronefluidphasewhenthemediumissaturatedwithmorethanonefluid.Thisdefinitionofeffectivepermeabilityimpliesthatthemediumcanhaveadistinctandmeasurableconductancetoeachphasepresentinthemedium.FluidContentofReservoirInareservoirrock,thedistributionoffluidsdependsontheirdensitiesandonthecapillaryproperties毛管性質(zhì)oftherock.Generallyspeaking,ifareservoirrockcontainsuniform均勻分布的pores,andiftheporesareevenlydistributed均勻分布的,therewillbethreezonesoffluids流體區(qū)inthetrap:anupperzone,amiddlezone,andalowerzone.Therockporesintheupperzonehavebeenfilledmainlybygas.Thispartofthetrapisthegascap氣頂.Inthemiddlezone,theporeshavebeenfilledmainlybyoilwithgasinsolution.Inthelowerzone,therockporeshavebeenfilledbywater.Althoughthestructuraltrapsinwhichoilaccumulatesexistinvariousforms,theoilusuallyoccursinassociationwithgasandsaltwater.Acertainamountofwateralwaysoccurstogetherwiththeoilinthemiddlezone.Theproportionofwatertooilisusuallyabout10to30percent.Wateralsooccursinthegascap,buttheproportionofwatertogasisfrequentlylowerthantheproportionofwatertooil.However,whilesomeinterstitialwater隙間水isalwayspresentintheoilzone含油帶,thelatterisnotalwaysunderlainbyacontinuousbodyofwater.Whereaconsiderablevolumeofwaterdoesunderlietheoilinthesamesedimentarybeditisreferredtoasthe“aquifer含水層”,andbeingunderpressurealso,itcontributestothetotalenergyofthereservoir.Theoilitself,whenunderpressure,containsanappreciablequantityofdissolvedgas.Theactualamountofgaswillbegovernedbythepressureandtemperatureinsidethereservoir,andtheoilissaidtobe“saturated已飽和”ifitcannotdissolveanymoregasundertheseparticularpressureandtemperatureconditions.Ontheotherhand,theoilissaidtobe“undersaturated