2019年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.Iofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize,3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4cantfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater._9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould10seesignsofpeopleIfyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13evenindensefores,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atmightcanthehorizonfor17lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]BesideslO.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]Under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]exposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts,AnswerthequestionseachtextbychoosingAB.CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.henoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinlone-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism”.Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistheA.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibilityBhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofitsC.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulationD.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicateA.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofitsB.governmentsimpatienceindecision-makingC.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompaniesD."short-termism"ineconomicactivities23.ItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbeA.inditedB.adverseC.minimalDtemporary24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrateA.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism.B.thesignificanceorlongtermthinking.C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termism.D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.25.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetextA.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely."saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar."weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B.StudentsindifferencetoGPAS.CCollegesneglectofGPAS.D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.27.WhatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgivenessA.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.28.AccordingtoParagraph5.gradeforgivenessenablescollegesA.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.C.improvetheirteachingquality.D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5.Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.TocounterbalanceeachotherB.Tocomplementeachother.C.TobeidenticalwitheachotherD.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.30.TheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyAassessingitsfeasibilityB.analyzingthecausesbehindit.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit.D.listingitslong-runeffectsText3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein,or.TheModemPrometheusbyMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanychicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(An)raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?whatmakeshumanshumans?Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthinkcontinuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTvseriessuchas"Westworldand"Humans".Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstoodletalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist,"Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles.forexampleposesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimemakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes.inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata."youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAl.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAlethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAr"thatwouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAlforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint,SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent.andfair.Toputitanotherway.Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.31.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseA.fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworldB.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltodayD.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessA.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmakingC.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseriesD.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit33.ThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclesA.canhardlyeverbefound.B.isstillbeyondourcapacityC.causeslittlepublicconcernD.hasarousedmuchcuriosity34.TheauthorsattitudetowardGoogle’spledgesisoneofA.AffirmationB.skepticismC.contemptD.respect35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Al’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechgiantsB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAC.TheConscienceofAl:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersonceoutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourtsopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomerspurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice.thebusinessdid'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates."hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices,Kennedywrotethattherulelimitedstatesabilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalreadyNow,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore,Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon.com.withitsnetworkofwarehousesalsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestatesSellersthatuseeBayandEtsy.whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohatcollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsout..statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestaleRetailtradegroupspraisedtheruling.sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailersespeciallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillA.DettebusinessrelationswithstatesB.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemmaC.makemoreonlineshopperspaysulestaxD.forcesomesatestoctsalestax37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph2and3thattheoverruleddecisionsA.haveledtothedomainanceofe-commerceB.havecostconsumersalotovertheyearsC.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchaseD.wereconsiderunfavorablebystates38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehasA.hinderedeconomicdevelopmentB.broughtprosperitytothecountryC.harmedfairmarketcompetitionD.Boostedgrowthinstates,revenue39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtrulingA.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chairownersB.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaytheauthorA.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesB.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingC.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemD.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections.Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45.youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthenintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeoplelearningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto"win"anargument.B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtoleanhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.C.NoneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefusetoNexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewSpellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicaltights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitionslike.Say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway.togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition.youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudongocaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupidorjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell."No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother.andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoendthatIrealizedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequencywas,Icametorecognizevarioussinsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoestmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.46.Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinth