科技英語試卷

=1\*ROMANI.TranslationSectionA:PleasetranslatethefollowingwordsorphrasesintoEnglish1、一次能源：Primaryenergy2、放射性的：Radioactive3、復(fù)合物：Compound4、淀粉：Starch5、光伏的：Photovoltaic6、負(fù)荷中心：Loadcenter7、比能：Specificenergy8、金屬氧化物：Metalhydride9、應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備Contingencyreserves10、無功功率：Reactivepower11、渦輪機(jī)：Turbo-machine12、電流密度：Currentdensity13、城市的：Municipal14、靜電的：Electrostatic15、多相反應(yīng)：Multiphasereaction16、生成反應(yīng)：Formationreaction17、相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率：relativeconductivity18、熱力學(xué)：thermodynamics19、相圖：Phasediagram20、移動(dòng)電話：cellulartelephone21、凈電荷：netcharge22、外電流：externalcurrent23、晶核材料：Hostmaterial24、鹽丘：Saltdomes25、資金成本：Capitalcost26、驟然下降：Plummet27、發(fā)電組合：Generationmix28、扭矩：Torque29、能量密度：energydensity30、兆瓦：MegawattSectionB:PleasetranslatethefollowingwordsorphrasesintoChinese31、Transesterification酯交換反應(yīng)32、Valleyfilling低谷填充33、Coulometrictitration庫倫滴定法34、Noncombustible不燃燒的35、Synchronously同步地36、Marketpenetration市場滲透37、Schematically按照圖示38、Interstitialsite間隙位置39、maximumtheoreticalspecificenergy最大理論比能量40、beanalogousto類似于……41、polarization極化42、EnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct能源獨(dú)立和安全法案43、Macroscopicscale宏觀規(guī)模44、Rotorangleinstability工角失穩(wěn)45、Ubiquitous無所不在的，普遍的46、Dynamicload動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)荷47、overriding最重要的48、ioniccurrent離子電流49、impedance阻抗50、specificpower功率系數(shù)51、Displacementreaction置換反應(yīng)52、chargecapacity蓄電量53、Contingencyreserves應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備54、anodicpolarization陽極極化55、protonexchangemembrane質(zhì)子交換膜56、thefactorialofnN的階乘57、thebaseofnaturallogarithm自然對(duì)數(shù)的底58、atomicorbital原子軌道59、body-centredcubic體心立方60、potentialdifference電位差=2\*ROMANII.SentenceTranslationTheycanbeusedforaverywiderangeofapplications,fromassistingtheverylarge-scaleelectricalgriddowntotinyportabledevicesusedformanypurposes.他們可以被使用于非常廣泛的應(yīng)用,從協(xié)助非常大規(guī)模的電網(wǎng)到微型便攜設(shè)備用于許多目的。Whenconsideringtheuseofelectrochemicalenergystoragesystemsinvariousapplications,itisimportanttobeawareofthepropertiesthatmightberelevant,fortheyarenotalwaysthesameineverycase.當(dāng)考慮使用電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)在各種應(yīng)用程序中,重要的是要注意的屬性可能是相關(guān)的,因?yàn)樗麄儾⒉豢偸窍嗤脑诿恳粋€(gè)案例。Aruleofthumbthatwasusedforanumberoftheconventionalaqueouselectrolytebatterysystemswasthatapracticalcellcouldonlyproduceabout1/5–1/4ofthemaximumtheoreticalspecificenergy(MTSE).經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則是用于許多傳統(tǒng)的水電解質(zhì)電池系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)實(shí)際的細(xì)胞只能產(chǎn)生大約1/5-1/4的最大理論具體能源(MTSE)。Electrochemicalenergyproductionisunderseriousconsiderationasanalternativeenergy/powersource,aslongasthisenergyconsumptionisdesignedtobemoresustainableandmoreenvironmentallyfriendly.電化學(xué)能源生產(chǎn)正在認(rèn)真考慮作為替代能源/電源,只要這種能耗設(shè)計(jì)更可持續(xù)、更環(huán)保。Batteriesaredividedintotwogeneralclasses:primarybatteriesthataredischargedonceanddiscarded;secondary,rechargeablebatteriesthatcanbedischargedandthenrestoredtotheiroriginalconditionbyreversingthecurrentflowthroughthecell.電池分為兩個(gè)一般類:一次電池放電一次,丟棄;二次可充電電池,可以放電,然后恢復(fù)到原來的狀態(tài)由逆向電流通過電池。這將是本文所示,一個(gè)可以理解的主要現(xiàn)象和問題在電化學(xué)系統(tǒng)中沒有詳細(xì)考慮他們真正的電化學(xué)特性。Itwillbeshowninthistextthatonecanunderstandthemajorphenomenaandissuesinelectrochemicalsystemswithoutconsideringtheirtrulyelectrochemicalfeaturesindetail.這些特定的值不應(yīng)作為決定性的,因?yàn)樗麄円蕾囉诖罅康牟僮饕蛩睾筒煌脑O(shè)計(jì),不同的制造商。Theseparticularvaluesshouldnotbetakenasdefinitive,fortheydependuponanumberofoperatingfactorsandvarywiththedesignsofdifferentmanufacturers.除了他們的能量容量,另一個(gè)與電池的實(shí)際使用相關(guān)的參數(shù)是它們能供應(yīng)的能量的數(shù)量。Inadditiontotheirenergycapacity,anotherimportantparameterrelatingtothepracticaluseofbatteriesistheamountofpowerthattheycansupply.雖然能量儲(chǔ)存和轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制是不同的,但有這三個(gè)系統(tǒng)的“電化學(xué)相似之處”。Althoughtheenergystorageandconversionmechanismsaredifferent,thereare“electrochemicalsimilarities”ofthesethreesystems.這是一個(gè)物質(zhì)，它的吸收太陽輻射較低,,因此,需要一層厚厚的硅高效吸收。Itisamaterialwithrelativelylowabsorptionofsolarradiation,and,therefore,athicklayerofsiliconisrequiredforefficientabsorption.=3\*ROMANIII.ReadingComprehensionDevelopmentofPVworldmarketsinMWpeak(MWpeakisdefinedaspowerunderfullsun,approximately1kW/m2)Therearetwomajormarketsectors,grid-connectedandso-calledstandalonesystems.Theformerdeliverspowerdirectlytothegrid.Forthispurposethedccurrentfromthesolarmodulesisconvertedintoacbyaninverter.Thelattersuppliespowertodecentralizedsystemsandsmall-scaleconsumerproducts.Amajormarketcurrentlybeingdevelopedisinsolarhomesystems,supplyingbasicelectricitydemandofruralpopulationindevelopingcountries.Themagnitudeofthistaskcanbeappreciatedifoneisawarethatabout2billionpersonsarewithoutaccesstoelectricitytoday.Atpresent,bothmarketsneedsubsidies,thegrid-connectedinstallationsbecausePVismuchmorecostlythangridelectricity,andsolarhomesystemsbecausethepotentialuserslacktheinvestmentcapital.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoasignificantindustrialstand-alonemarketthattodayisfullyeconomical.Becauseofitshighpotential,themarketishotlycontestedandnewcompaniesareenteringconstantly.Itissignificantthatseverallargeoilcompanieshavenowestablishedfirmfootholdsinphotovoltaics.Indeed,arecentstudyofpossiblefutureenergyscenariosuptotheyear2060publishedbytheShellcompanypredictsamultigigawattenergyproductionbyrenewableenergies,includingphotovoltaics.Ontheotherhand,thestrongcompetitionleadstoverylowprofitmarginsofmostparticipantsofthismarket.Startingin2000,themarketshowedanacceleratedgrowthofmorethan30%.Therearegoodchancesthatthisgrowthwillcontinueforatleastsomeyearsbecausesomecountrieshaveadoptedaggressivemeasurestostimulatethegrid-connectedmarket,asmentionedabove.Inordertomeetthegrowingdemand,manyPVcompaniesareintheprocessofsettingupsubstantialnewcellandmoduleproductioncapacities.Whatisthesolarhomesystems’purposeandthemagnitudeofit?supplyingbasicelectricitydemandofruralpopulationindevelopingcountries.Themagnitudeofthistaskca