2020年度大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題模擬試卷含答案

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題試卷含答案

資料僅供參考

6月四級(jí)試題

PartIIReadingComprehension（35minutes）

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12

spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthours

morethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmore

householdworkandparticipatedinmoreof

suchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet（芭

蕾舞）.Involvementinsports,inparticular,rose

almost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspend

anaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;

girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,

children'sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthe

dayin1981to25%.

“Childrenareaffectedbythesametime

crunch（危機(jī)）thataffectstheirparents,"says

SandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudy

ofchildren'stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,

isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethe

home.（Nevertheless,childreninboth

資料僅供參考

double-incomeand“malebreadwinner”

householdsspentcomparablemountsoftime

interactingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22

hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspent

only9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)

Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsome

verymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerful

wayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabout

himself,99saysT.BerryBrazelton,professorat

HarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplay

encouragesindependentthinkingandallowsthe

youngtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeir

peers,butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursa

weekengagedinit.

Thechildrensampledspentaquarterof

theirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watching

television.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneof

thefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.

Ifthey9respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTV

set,however,kidsaren'treplacingitwith

reading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmore

interestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustover

資料僅供參考

anhouraweekreading.Lefsfaceit,who'sgot

thetime?

21.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch99(Line

1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans.

A)childrenhavelittletimetoplaywith

theirparents

B)childrenarenottakengoodcareofby

theirworkingparents

C)bothparentsandchildrensufferfrom

lackofleisuretime

D)bothparentsandchildrenhavetrouble

managingtheirtime

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenby

SandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis.

A)quiteconvincing

B)partiallytrue

C)totallygroundless

D)ratherconfusing

23.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelops

betterif.

A)hehasplentyoftimereadingand

資料僅供參考

studying

B)heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhis

ownway

C)hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschool

activities

D)heisfreetointeractwithhisworking

parents

24.Theauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthat

Americankids.

A)areengagedinmoreandmore

structuredactivities

B)areincreasinglyneglectedbytheir

workingmothers

C)arespendingmoreandmoretime

watchingTV

D)areinvolvedlessandlessinhousehold

work

25.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

A)extracurricularactivitiespromote

children'sintelligence

B)mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwith

TVsetsswitchedoff

資料僅供參考

C)effortstogetkidsinterestedinreading

havebeenfruitful

D)mostparentsbelievereadingtobe

beneficialtochildren

PassageTwo

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorand

carmanufacturer,oncesaid,6Thebusinessof

Americaisbusiness.99Bythishemeantthatthe

U.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthe

businessworld.

FewwouldarguewithFord'sstatement.A

briefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshows

howmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthink

aboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyevery

newspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthe

dealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,

stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporations

arereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnews

資料僅供參考

canappearineveryothersection.Mostnational

newshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.

Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthe

policiesoftheFederalReserveBankareall

heavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,business

newsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.

Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoften

referredtoas“theentertainmentindustry"or

“showbusiness.99

ThepositivesideofHenryFord's

statementcanbeseenintheprosperitythat

businesshasbroughttoU.S.life.Oneofthe

mostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromall

overtheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStates

isthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproduced

inabundance（大量地）becausetheU.S.

economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.

Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmore

wealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterway

oflife.

ThenegativesideofHenryFord's

statement,however,canbeseenwhentheword

資料僅供參考

businessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthe

termbigbusiness-referringtothebiggest

companies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.

ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehave

hadtofighthardforhigherwages,better

workingconditions,andtherighttoform

unions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputes

areover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.

Downsizing-thelayingoffofthousandsof

workerstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshigh—

createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.

26.TheunitedStatesisatypicalcountry

A)whichencouragesfreetradeathomes

andabroad

B)wherepeople'schiefconcernishowto

makemoney

C)whereallbusinessesaremanaged

scientifically

D)whichnormallyworksaccordingtothe

federalbudget

資料僅供參考

27.TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.is

evidencedbythefactthat.

A)mostnewspapersarerunbybig

businesses

B)evenpublicorganizationsconcentrate

onworkingforprofits

C)Americansofallprofessionsknowhow

todobusiness

D)evenartsandentertainmentare

regardedasbusiness

28.Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoose

tosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat.

A)theycanstartprofitablebusinesses

there

B)theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusiness

C)theywillmakeafortuneovernightthere

D)theywillfindbetterchancesof

employment

29.HenryFord'sstatementscanbetaken

negativelybecause.

A)workingpeoplearediscouragedtofight

資料僅供參考

fortheirrights

B)therearemanyindustriescontrolledby

afewbigcapitalists

C)thereisaconflictingrelationship

betweenbigcorporationsandlabor

D)publicservicesarenotrunbythe

federalgovernment

30.Acompany'seffortstokeepexpenseslow

andprofitshighmayresultin.

A)reductioninthenumberofemployees

B)improvementofworkingconditions

C)fewerdisputesbetweenlaborand

management

D)ariseinworkers9wages

PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35

people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofall

theirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.

Whenhecametoanalysetheirembarrassing

資料僅供參考

lapses（差錯(cuò)）inascientificreport,hewas

surprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellinto

afewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobe

entirelyrandom（隨機(jī)的）.

Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleaving

herhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdog

herearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonher

ear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainis

likeacomputer,99explainstheprofessor.66People

programmethemselvestodocertainactivities

regularly.Itwasthewoman'scustomevery

morningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthen

putonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongot

reversedintheprogramme.99Aboutonein

twentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreported

werethese“programmeassemblyfailures/9

Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433

unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselves

doing-anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappear

tobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatour

zaniest（荒謬可笑的）.Thesearetwohourssome

timebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfour

資料僅供參考

andsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneight

andtenp.m.66Amongmenthepeakseemstobe

whenachangeoverinbrain'programmes'

occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoand

fromwork/9Womenonaveragereported

slightlymorelapses-12.5comparedwith10.9

formen-probablybecausetheyweremore

reliablereporters.

Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthat

theabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoing

thingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,you

wouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberof

errorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsby

concentratingmorecouldmakethingsalot

worse-evendangerous.

31.InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthe

subjects,

A)tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendto

forgetthings

B)toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesat

random

C)toanalysetheirawkwardexperiences

資料僅供參考

scientifically

D)tokeeparecordofwhattheydid

unintentionally

32.ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat.

A)certainpatternscanbeidentifiedinthe

recordedincidents

B)manypeopleweretooembarrassedto

admittheirabsent-mindedness

C)mentendtobemoreabsent-minded

thanwomen

D)absent-mindednessisanexcusable

humanweakness

33.“Programmeassemblyfailures"(Line6,

Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople

A)oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutines

beforehand

B)tendtomakemistakeswhentheyarein

ahurry

C)unconsciouslychangethesequenceof

doingthings

D)arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyare

資料僅供參考

tootired

34.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat

A)absent-mindednesstendstooccur

duringcertainhoursoftheday

B)womenareverycarefultoperform

actionsduringpeakperiods

C)womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsof

absent-mindedness

D)men'sabsent-mindednessoftenresults

infunnysituations

35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat

A)peopleshouldavoiddoingimportant

thingsduringpeakperiodsoflapses

B)hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledo

thingstheyaregoodat

C)peopleshouldbecarefulwhen

programmingtheiractions

D)lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedto

lackofconcentration

資料僅供參考

PassageFour

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

Ifsnosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbe

healthierandhappierwithadoptiveparents

thanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.

Thafsespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremainin

abusivehomesbemusethelawblindlyfavors

biologicalparents.It'salsotrueofchildrenwho

sufferforyearsinfosterhomes（收養(yǎng)孩子的家

庭）becauseofparentswhocan9torwon'tcare

forthembutrefusetogiveupcustody（監(jiān)護(hù)）

rights.

Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfits

neitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictory

couldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.

Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangry

custodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedher

andherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehas

neverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthatthe

teenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe's

資料僅供參考

everknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave

“nolegalclaim^^onher.

Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,

setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyisthe

primarydeterminantofparentage.Thafsan

importantdevelopment,onethat'slongoverdue.

ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,

KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantwere

mistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththe

wrongparents.Kimberly'sbiologicalparents,

ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwho

diedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltests

showedthatthechildwasn'ttheTwiggs'own

daughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkinga

custodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,the

twofamiliesagreedthatMr.Mayswould

maintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgetting

visitingrights.Thoserightswereendedwhen

Mr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeing

harmed.

ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.

Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.Butthejudge

資料僅供參考

madeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingto

sue(起訴)onherownbehalf.Thushemade

clearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobe

handledasadultssawfit.

Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetween

parentandchildisfundamental.Butbiological

parentsaren'talwayspreferabletoadoptive

ones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconvey

anabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherights

ofchildren.

36.Whatwastheprimaryconsiderationinthe

Floridajudge'sruling?

A)Thebiologicallink.

B)Thechild'sbenefits.

C)Thetraditionalpractice.

D)Theparents9feelings.

37.WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat

A)childrenaremorethanjustpersonal

possessionsoftheirparents

B)thebiologicallinkbetweenparentsand

資料僅供參考

childshouldbeemphasized

C)fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepain

andsufferingthancare

D)biologicalparentsshouldn'tclaim

custodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted

38.TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightsto

Kimberlybecause.

A)theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays'

custody

B)theyregardedherastheirproperty

C)theywereherbiologicalparents

D)theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistake

39.KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays

A)bysheeraccident

B)outofcharity

C)athisrequest

D)forbettercare

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejudge's

rulingcouldbedescribedas.

A)doubtfulB)criticalC)

cautiousD)supportive

資料僅供參考

PartIIIVocabularyandStructure

(20minutes)

Directions:Thereare3.0.incompletesentences

inthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Choosethe

ONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Then

markthecorrespondingletterontheAnswer

Sheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

41.ShehertriptoNewYorkbecauseshe

wasill.

A)calledoffB)closeddownC)

putupD)wentoff

42.thestorm,theshipwouldhave

reacheditsdestinationontime.

A)ButforB)IncaseofC)

InspiteofD)Becauseof

43.Weshouldconcentrateonsharplyreducing

interestratestopulltheeconomyoutof.

A)rejectionB)restrictionC)

資料僅供參考

retreatD)recession

44.TheoffindinggoldinCalifornia

attractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.

A)prospectsB)speculationsC)

stakesD)provisions

451sufferedfrommentalbecauseof

stressfrommyjob.

A)damageB)releaseC)

reliefD)fatigue

46.Therestofthedaywasentirelyathis

forreadingorrecreation.

A)dismissalB)survivalC)

disposalD)arrival

47.Youwillnotbeaboutyourfoodin

timeofgreathunger.

A)specialB)particularC)

peculiarD)specific

48.Crimeisincreasingworldwide,andthereis

everyreasontobelievethewillcontinue

intothenextdecade.

A)emergencyB)trendC)

paceD)schedule

資料僅供參考

49.Youshouldn'thavewritteninthe

sincethebookbelongstothelibrary.

A)intervalB)borderC)margin

D)edge

50.Theofairplaneenginesannounceda

comingairraid.

A)roarB)exclamationC)

whistleD)scream

51.Thisticketyoutoafreeboattouron

thelake.

A)entitlesB)appointsC)

grantsD)credits

52.ThisisthenursewhotomewhenI

wasillinhospital.

A)accompaniedB)attendedC)

entertainedD)shielded

53.1wasabouttoamatchwhenI

rememberedTom'swarning.

A)rubB)hitC)scrape

D)strike

54.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn't

inthewash,butithas.

資料僅供參考

A)contractB)shrinkC)slim

D)dissolve

55.Hewasproudofbeingchosentoparticipate

inthegameandheusthathewouldtry

ashardaspossible.

A)insuredB)guaranteedC)

assumedD)assured

56.Notonlytheprofessionalsbutalsothe

amateurswillfromthenewtraining

facilities.

A)deriveB)acquireC)benefit

D)reward

57.Theworkwasalmostcompletewhenwe

receivedorderstonofurtherwithit.

A)progressB)proceedC)march

D)promote

58.1waitedforhimhalfanhour,buthenever

A)turnedinB)turneddownC)

turnedoffD)turnedup

59.Ahousewithadangerousgascanbe

brokenintoimmediately.

資料僅供參考

A)leakB)splitC)mess

D)crack

60.Adarksuitistoalightonefor

eveningwear.

A)favourableB)suitableC)

preferableD)proper

61.ItwasintheUnitedStatesthatImadethe

ofprofessorJones.

A)acknowledgementB)acquaintanceC)

recognitionD)association

62.Couldyoutakeasheetofpaperand

writeyournameatthetop?

A)bareB)vacantC)hollow

D)blank

63.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilar

religiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohave

lawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeople

thanisaculturewherecitizenscomefrom

backgrounds.

A)extensiveB)influentialC)

diverseD)identical

64.Areaswherestudentshaveparticular

資料僅供參考

difficultyhavebeentreatedparticular

care.

A)byB)inC)underD)

with

65.Hegaveatohandletheaffairsina

friendlymanner.

A)pledgeB)missionC)plunge

D)motion

66.Don'tletthechildplaywithscissors

hecutshimself.

A)incaseB)sothatC)now

thatD)onlyif

67.thedangerfromenemyaction,

peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageof

food,clothing,fuel,andalmosteverything.

A)AsfarasB)AslongasC)As

wellasD)Assoonas

68.Manypeoplelosttheirjobsduringthe

business.

A)desperationB)decreaseC)

despairD)depression

69.Wheneverabigcompanyasmallone,

資料僅供參考

theproductalmostalwaysgetsworse.

A)getsonwithB)cutsdownC)

takesoverD)putsupwith

70.Mr.Smithwastheonlywitnesswhosaidthat

thefirewas.

A)matureB)deliberateC)

meaningfulD)innocent

PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispartthereisashort

passagewith8questionsorincomplete

statements.Readthepassagecarefully.Then

answerthequestionsorcompletethestatements

inthefewestpossiblewords.Writeyouranswers

inthespacesprovidedontherightofthepage.

Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableina

teacher?Ithinkthefollowingwouldbe

generallyaccepted.

First,theteacher'spersonalityshouldbe

livelyandattractive.Thisdoesnotruleout

peoplewhoareplain-looking,orevenugly,

becausemanysuchpeoplehavegreatpersonal

資料僅供參考

charm.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe

over-excitable,sad,cold,andfrustrated.

Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirablebut

essentialforateachertohaveagenuinecapacity

forsympathy,acapacitytounderstandthe

mindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,

sincemostteachersareschoolteachers,the

mindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelated

withthisisthecapacitytobetolerant-not,

indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butoftheweaknesses

andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinduce

（誘導(dǎo)）people,andagainespeciallychildren,to

makemistakes.

Thirdly,Iholditessentialforateacherto

bebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.This

meansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectual

strengthsandlimitations,andwillhavethought

aboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesby

whichhislifeshallbeguided.Thereisno

contradictioninmygoingontosaythata

teachershouldbeabitofanactor.Thatispart

ofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemands

資料僅供參考

thateverynowandthenateachershouldbe

abletoputonanact-toenliven（使生動(dòng)）a

lesson,correctafault,orawardpraise.Children,

especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatis

ratherlargerthanlife.

Ateachermustbecapableofinfinite

patience.This,Imaysay,islargelyamatterof

self-disciplineandself-training,forwearenone

ofusbornlikethat.

Finally,Ithinkateachershouldhavethe

kindofmindwhichalwayswantstogoon

learning.Teachingisajobatwhichonewill

neverbeperfect;thereisalwayssomething

moretolearnaboutit.Therearethreeprincipal

objectsofstudy:thesubjectswhichtheteacher

isteaching;themethodsbywhichthesubjects

canbestbetaughttotheparticularpupilsinthe

classesheisteaching;andgbyfarthemost

important-thechildren,youngpeople,or

adultstowhomthesubjectsaretobetaught.

ThetwofundamentalprinciplesofBritish

educationtodayarethateducationiseducation

資料僅供參考

ofthewholeperson,andthatitisbestacquired

throughfullandactiveco-operationbetween

twopersons,theteacherandthelearner.

SI.Plain-lookingteacherscanalsobeadmired

bytheirstudentsiftheyhave.

S2.Theauthorsaysitisthatteachers

besympatheticwiththeirstudents.

S3.Ateachershouldbetolerantbecausehumans

tendtohaveS3(1)andtobeS3(2)

___________?

(1)_________________________________

(2)_________________________________

S4.Ateacherwhoiswillbeableto

makehislessonsmorelively.

資料僅供參考

S5.Howcanateacheracquireinfinitepatience?

S6.Sinceteachingisajobnoonecanbeperfect

at,itisnecessaryforteacherstokeepimproving

theirknowledgeofthesubjectstheyteachand

their.

S7.Teachers9mostimportantobjectofstudyis

S8.Educationcannotbebestacquiredwithout

betweentheteacherandthelearner.

資料僅供參考

PartVWriting(30

minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirty

minutestowriteaneye-witnessaccountofa

trafficaccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120

wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowin

Chinese.

假設(shè)你在某日某時(shí)目擊一起車禍，就此寫

一份見證書。見證書須包括以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.車禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)

2.你所見到的車禍情況

3.你對(duì)車禍原因的分析

AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTraffic

Acciden

6月四級(jí)試題詳解

(10)6月四級(jí)試題譯文

資料僅供參考

PassageOne

譯文

美國3~12歲的孩子平均每星期的在校時(shí)間為

29小時(shí)，比1981年多了8小時(shí)。同時(shí)，她們做

家務(wù)活多了，而且參加更多的像足球、芭蕾舞等

有組織的活動(dòng)。特別是參與體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間，從

1981年到1997年增長了50%：現(xiàn)在男孩子平均

每周花4小時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，女孩的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間是男孩的一

半。可是，總的說來，孩子們的空閑時(shí)間從1981

年的40%降到25%o

“影響父母的時(shí)間危機(jī)同樣也影響著孩子

們，”最近對(duì)兒童作息時(shí)間表做調(diào)研的項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)

人SandraHofferth如是說。她說一個(gè)最主要的

原因是更多的母親外出工作。當(dāng)然，生活在雙收

家庭或“父親掙錢養(yǎng)家型”的家庭的孩子有較多

的時(shí)間與她們的父母溝通。分別是每周19或22

個(gè)小時(shí)。相反，生活在單身母親家庭的孩子每周

與母親在一起的時(shí)間只有9小時(shí)。

如果一味地學(xué)習(xí)，而沒有玩耍會(huì)使孩子們的生

活變得一團(tuán)糟。哈佛學(xué)院的教授T-Berry

Brazeltoii說：“玩耍是孩子們探索世界和認(rèn)識(shí)自

我的最有效的途徑”。自由的玩耍促使孩子們獨(dú)

資料僅供參考

立地思考，并使她們與同伴協(xié)調(diào)地相處，然而，

3~12歲的孩子花在玩耍的時(shí)間每周只有12個(gè)小

時(shí)。

抽樣的調(diào)查顯示，孩子們把已經(jīng)快速減少的

“自由時(shí)間”的四分之一用于看電視。可是，不

論你相信不相信，家用長們對(duì)這樣的結(jié)果還是慶

幸的。即使孩子們不花更多的時(shí)間看電視，她們

也不會(huì)把時(shí)間用在讀書上。盡管家長們費(fèi)盡心思

讓孩子們對(duì)書本感興趣，可是，她們每周花在閱

讀上的時(shí)間也只有一個(gè)多小時(shí)。讓我們面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)

吧，誰有時(shí)間呢？

PassageTwo

譯文

美國最著名的創(chuàng)造家和汽車制造商亨利?福特

曾經(jīng)說：“美國的一切都是商業(yè)”。此話的意思是

說，美國人的生活方式建立在商品社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀

上。

很少有人對(duì)福特的說法提出疑義。只在一張日

報(bào)上瞥一眼，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)有多少美國在關(guān)心商

業(yè)。比如，幾乎每家報(bào)紙都有商業(yè)版，對(duì)各種工

程項(xiàng)目、資金和管理、股票價(jià)格和公司的勞動(dòng)問

資料僅供參考

題都是每日一報(bào)。另外，商業(yè)信息還在其它版面

中出現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)國內(nèi)新聞都反映重要的金融信

息。福利、援外、聯(lián)邦財(cái)政預(yù)算以及聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀

行的政策都極大地受到商業(yè)的影響。而且，商業(yè)

信息還會(huì)在一些最不可能的地主出現(xiàn)。藝術(shù)和娛

樂界經(jīng)常被稱為“娛樂業(yè)”或“演藝業(yè)”。

福特說法積極的一面能夠從商業(yè)給美國生活

帶來的繁榮中看到。之因此有如此眾多的人從世

界各地蜂擁而至美國，其最重要的原因之一就是

實(shí)現(xiàn)找到一份更好的工作夢想。工作的機(jī)會(huì)很

多，因?yàn)槊绹慕?jīng)濟(jì)制度是由競爭驅(qū)動(dòng)的。人們

相信這樣的制度能創(chuàng)造更多的財(cái)富，提供更好的

工作和更好的物質(zhì)生活。

可是，福特的說法中消極的一面也顯而易見，

即當(dāng)商業(yè)這個(gè)詞用來指代大財(cái)團(tuán)的時(shí)候。'大財(cái)

團(tuán)’這個(gè)詞一一指代是與工人相正確最大的商業(yè)

集團(tuán)或公司。在美國的歷史上，工人們曾經(jīng)為爭

取更高的工資、更好的工作環(huán)境以及組織工會(huì)的

權(quán)利而艱苦地斗爭。今天，許多舊的勞資糾紛已

經(jīng)消失，可是，雇員們依然存在著憂慮。裁員一

一解雇成千上萬的工人以保證成本和高效益一

一使很多人產(chǎn)生不安全感。

資料僅供參考

PassageThree

譯文

史密斯教授最近說服了35個(gè)人，其中有23位

婦女，堅(jiān)持記兩周日記，把她們所有心不在焉的

行為都記下來。當(dāng)她在一份科研報(bào)告中分析這些

令人尷尬的差錯(cuò)時(shí)，她驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎所有的差

錯(cuò)都能夠歸入幾類。這些差錯(cuò)并不是毫無規(guī)律

的。例如，其中的一位婦女，早晨離家上班的時(shí)

候，把她的耳環(huán)扔給了她的狗，卻試圖把寵物餅

干戴在耳朵上?！皩?duì)這種行為的解釋是，大腦就

像是計(jì)算機(jī)”，教授說?！叭藗?yōu)樽约涸O(shè)定好了程

序去做一些經(jīng)常性的事務(wù)。對(duì)這位婦女來說，扔

給她的狗兩塊餅干，然后戴上耳環(huán)是每天早晨的

習(xí)慣?？墒?，有時(shí)候程序中的步驟顛倒了?！眻?bào)

告中受試者的差錯(cuò)約有二十分之一屬于“此類程

序排列錯(cuò)誤”。

受試者共記錄了433件她們自己認(rèn)為是無意

識(shí)的而做的事情一一平均每人十二件。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)

人們在一天中的高峰時(shí)段經(jīng)常會(huì)做出荒謬可笑

的事情。一天中共有兩個(gè)小時(shí)這樣的時(shí)間，分別

出現(xiàn)在早晨8點(diǎn)到中午，下午4點(diǎn)到6點(diǎn)之間，

資料僅供參考

晚上8點(diǎn)到10點(diǎn)之間有個(gè)小高峰?！皩?duì)男人來說,

高峰時(shí)段出現(xiàn)在大腦‘程序'需要切