商務(wù)英語翻譯1省公開課金獎全國賽課一等獎微課獲獎?wù)n件

English-ChineseTranslationforInternationalBusinessTanXiaomin（譚效敏）ForeignLanguageDept.HenanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw1/74AbouttheTeachingMaterialTheTextbookYouneedtoreadthetextbookbyyourselfanddothehomeworkafterclass.ThePPTWeusethepptinclass.Thetextbookandthepptarecomplementarytoeachotherandtheyhavealittleincommon.2/74AbouttheAssessmentfortheCourse

平時成績：占總成績30%，計100分，包含考勤，課堂表現(xiàn)，作業(yè)等。其中，曠課一次扣2分，早退一次扣2分，請假一次扣1分，一次不完成作業(yè)扣3分，一次作業(yè)完成不佳扣2分，課堂睡覺、玩手機(jī)或講話，影響他人聽課一次扣2分。直到平時成績扣完為止。期末成績：占總成績70%，計100分，采取出卷考試方式進(jìn)行，內(nèi)容為本學(xué)期所講過全部內(nèi)容。3/74ChapterOneIntroductiontotheCourse

Thiscourse,English-ChineseTranslationfor

InternationalBusiness,isapractical,socialandfunctionaltypeofcourse.Itrequiresthestudentstohave"language,

communication,managementknowledge,professionalcontentandculturalawareness”.e.g.sub-primelendingcrisis,mortgage4/74WhatisTranslation?DefinitionsofTranslation：Translationistoexchangethetruthof

wordsinonelanguagetothatoftheotherwithoutmissingitsstyleandcharm.Translationisaninternationalcommunication.Sotranslationisarenderingfromonelanguagetoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage5/74TwoFamousTranslationTheoristsChinese:YanFuForeign(American):EugeneA.Nida6/74YanFuandHisCriteriaofTranslationYanFu,agreatChinesetranslatorandprofessor,whointroducedalargenumberofforeignbookstotheChinesepeoplebymeansoftranslation.Heiswell-knownforhistranslationsincludingThomasHuxley’sEvolutionandEthics(《天演論》）,AdamSmith’sWealthofNations（《國富論》,JohnStuartMill’sOnLiberty(《論自由》）

andHerbertSpencer’sStudyofSociology（《社會學(xué)研究》）.Yancritiqued(批判，評論）theideasofDarwinandothers,offeringhisowninterpretationofthem.Theideasof“naturalselection”and“survivalofthefittest”wereintroducedtoChinesereadersthroughHuxley‘swork.Theformerideawasfamouslyrenderedastianze(天擇)intoChinesebyYanFu.Hebecamearespectedscholarforhistranslations,andbecamepoliticallyactive.HewasinvolvedintheGongCheShangshumovementin1895.In1912,hebecamethefirstprincipaloftheNationalPeking

University(nowPekingUniversity).7/74YanFu’sCriteriaofTranslationYanFuadvancedtheprinciplesoftranslation:

Faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（信，達(dá)，雅）.InthepastdecadesMr.Yan’sthree-characterguidanceoftranslationhasbeengenerallyregardedastheprincipleformeasuringthequalityoftranslation.8/74OtherCriteriaofTranslationFaithfulness,ExpressivenessandNaturalization（信，達(dá)，貼）Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandAppropriateness（信，達(dá)，切）Faithfulness,AccuracyandSmoothness（信，準(zhǔn)，暢）9/74EugeneA.Nida1.NidawasborninOklahomaCity,Oklahoma，USAin1914.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaasabachelorandreceivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan.HediedinMadrid,SpainonAugust25,,aged96.2.Nidahasbeenapioneerinthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandlinguistics.HisPh.D.dissertation,ASynopsisofEnglishSyntax,wasthefirstfull-scaleanalysisofamajorlanguage.10/74Nida’s“DynamicEquivalence”TheoryHismostnotablecontributiontotranslationtheoryisDynamicEquivalence,alsoknownasFunctionalEquivalence.ThistheoryiselaboratedinhisessayPrinciplesofCorrespondence,whereNidaassertsthatgiventhatnotwolanguagesareidentical,eitherinthemeaningsorinthewaysinwhichsymbolsarearrangedinphrasesandsentences,itstandstoreasonthattherecanbenoabsolutecorrespondencebetweenlanguages.Hence,therecanbenofullyexacttranslations.”Whiletheimpactofatranslationmaybeclosetotheoriginal,therecanbenoidentityindetail.11/74PrinciplesGoverninganF-ETranslationbyNidaThreeAspects:reproductionofgrammaticalunits;consistencyinwordusage;Consistencyinmeanings.12/74Connotationintranslation

Whatisconnotation?Connotationistheimplicationofmeaningsapartfromitsprimarymeaning.e.g.Theorganizationquicklymushroomed（快速成長）

intoamassmovement.

e.g.Therearemanyfactorsweneedtotakeintoconsiderationbeforewecanmakeadefinitecommitmenttogoglobal(國際化）.Wordsandphraseswithconnotations:restroom（廁所）,instructor（講師）,transcript（副本）,job-hop(跳槽）,competitiveproducts（精品）,illegalincome（黑色收入）,mushroom,millionaire（大富豪）,exclusiveshop（專賣店）,pink-collarworkers（粉領(lǐng)工人）,greenpower（金錢力量）.13/74ConnotationintranslationisespeciallydifficulttofigureoutE.g.1.紐約ECO集團(tuán)擁有5個控股子企業(yè)。錯誤譯文：NewYorkECOGrouphas5share-holdingcompanies.(誤譯為：5個企業(yè)持有紐約ECO集團(tuán)股份。）正確譯文：NewYorkECOGroupisaholdingcompanyof5subsidiarycompanies.

2.中國民生銀行有限企業(yè)錯誤譯文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation,Ltd.Corporation本身就相當(dāng)于limitedcompany，英譯中無需再加“Ltd”。正確譯文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation.14/74ChapterTwoCriteriaofBusinessEnglishTranslationFaithfulness,IdiomaticnessandConsistency

(忠實(shí)，地道，統(tǒng)一）Thatis,befaithfultotheoriginal;

usestandardbusinesslanguage;thenames,conceptsandprofessionaltermsareconsistentintranslationallthetime.Faithfulnesstotheoriginalisnecessarywhileaccuracyoridiomaticnessismuchvitalintranslation.15/74TheCharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishTranslationBusinessEnglishTranslationisquitedifferentfromtheordinaryorliteraryEnglishtranslation,thelatteronlyneedsustoknowbasicEnglishanditsculture,combinedwithskillfultranslationtechniqueswhiletheformerseemsmorecomplicatedandformalthanthelatterbecausethelanguageformation,vocabularyandcontentarecloselyrelatedtobusiness.ThetranslatoroughttobeveryfamiliarwithallaspectsofbusinessknowledgeanditslanguagecharacteristicsandexpressionsinadditiontotheEnglishlanguageandculture.16/74approvalinsteadofapprobationimproveinsteadof

amelioratecertifyinsteadof

proveexpiryinsteadof

endcontinueinsteadof

goonincaseofinsteadof

ifwithregardtoinsteadof

aboutonthegroundsthat

insteadof

because,sinceWeconfirmourtelexofJuly2nd,.

insteadofWewishtoconfirmourtelexdispatched(派遣，派發(fā)）

yesterday.

BusinessEnglishtranslationtendstouseclear,formal,brief,exact,specific,practicalexpressions.Popularwordsarefrequentlyadopted,e.g.

17/74ProceduresofTranslationTheprocessoftranslationincludes

twosteps:comprehensionandexpression.1.Comprehension

Thefirststepisdeeplyunderstandingthesourcelanguage.Withoutexactcomprehensionofthetruesenseoftheoriginal,therecan’tbeaccuratetranslation.Itneedstranslatorstoanalyzetheoriginalfromvariousaspects,suchasgrammatical

relations,idiomaticusages,semanticmeaning,languagestyle,discourse,pragmaticsandculture.2.Expression

Thesecondstepisturningthecomprehensiveinformationintocorrectandaccuratetranslation.

Toexpresswell,weneedhighqualitiesinbothnativeandtargetlanguages,flexibletranslationtechniques,abundantinterculturalknowledge,beinggoodatthinking,keenon

practicing,competentatsummarizingother’sandhis/herowntranslationexperiences,diligentlearningspiritandstrictworkingspirit.18/74Assignments:Read,understandandtrytomasterChapterOneandChapterTwoofyourbook;DoQuestionsForConsideration1&3onPage10;DoQuestionsForConsideration1&2onPage15.19/74第三章英漢詞語對比與翻譯

ChapterThreeContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseatWordLevel1.LanguageFamiliesEnglishbelongstotheGermanic（日耳曼語族）branchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語系）whileChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily（漢藏語系）.

Intranslation，thereareagreatnumberofdifferencesinwords,grammar,structuresandsyntaxes,etc,betweenthetwolanguages.20/742.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevelThereisaverycloselinkbetweenthechoiceofwordsandtranslation.Asuccessfulpieceoftranslation,toagreatextent,dependsontheappropriatechoiceofwords,whichleadstoaccurate,smoothandnaturaltranslation.Whatisthechoiceofwordsintranslation?Thechoiceofwordsintranslationmeanstheappropriatechoiceofwordsanditsexpressionstomeettheneedsoftranslationcontextbasedontheaccurateunderstandingoftheoriginal.Howeveritisnotsoeasytoreachit.21/74TheComparisonofChineseandEnglishSemanticMeanings

ChineseandEnglishatwordlevel:FullequivalencePartialequivalenceSemanticblankSemanticconflict22/74ChineseandEnglishatWordLevel:

1)FullequivalenceItreferstoword-for-wordcorrespondenceintranslation.Thisismostevidentlyshownin

propernouns;RoyalSociety皇家學(xué)會GeneralAssembly聯(lián)合國大會ThePacificOcean太平洋GeorgeWashington喬治華盛頓technicalterms;

carbondioxide二氧化碳bankloan銀行貸款creditcard信用卡stockholder股東aspirin阿司匹林somecommonthingsindailylife.e.g.individual個人collegescholarship大學(xué)獎學(xué)金company企業(yè)23/74

2）PartialequivalenceTheEnglishwordmayhavewidersensethanthatofChinese:OneEnglishwordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginChinese,e.g.

wife妻子(愛人，夫人，老婆，媳婦，老伴，堂客，內(nèi)人）

marriage結(jié)婚（成親，娶，嫁）oneEnglishwordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinChinese,

e.g.

director經(jīng)理filmdirector

導(dǎo)演

DirectorofPublicProsecutions檢察官thePresident‘sbudgetdirector總統(tǒng)預(yù)算局局長Sheisontheboardofdirectors.她是董事會組員。24/74OneChinesewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginEnglish:

人

humanbeing,man,people,person,individual

犬dog,hound,setter,pointer,mastiff,retriever,terrier

副（職）vice,associate,assistant,deputy,lieutenant,（vice-president,associateprofessor,assistantofthechief-manager,deputy-mayor,)oneChinesewordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinEnglish:

國:

statesecrets國家機(jī)密，state-ownedrailroads國有鐵路，Shouldindustrybecontrolledbythestate?工業(yè)應(yīng)該有國家控制嗎?HowmanystatesarethereintheUnitedStates?美國有幾個州？President’sstatevisittoBritain總統(tǒng)對英國國事訪問25/74TheEnglishword“state”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotberenderedintotheChineseword“國”:

stateofhealth健康情況ahappystateofmind愉快心情tolieinstate

以供瞻仰thestatecoach禮賓車TheChineseword“國”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotbeputintotheEnglishword“state”:

超級大國

super-power皇親國戚theKing’srelative此物生南國

Itgrowsinhesouth.他從未出過國門Henevergoesabroad.26/74TheEnglishword“beat”inthefollowing

phrasesandsentences

cannotbetranslatedintoChineseword“打”:

Theproblembeatme.難住Offhisownbeathisopinionswereofnovalue.本行Therainwasbeatingagainstthewindows.敲打Thefirefightersbeatbacktheflame.壓下去Themechanicbeatoutthedentingofthecar.把凹痕敲平Thebirdbeatitswingsrapidly.撲打Shehopestobeattheworldrecord.打破Iwishyou’dstopbeatingaboutthebushandtellmethetruth.拐彎抹角Hebeathisbrain

outtoearnmoney.絞盡腦汁27/74TheEnglishword“float”hasdifferentChinesetranslations:

afloatingexchangerate浮動匯率

floatingpolicy統(tǒng)保單alargefloatingpopulation大批流感人口floatingvoters浮動選民28/743)Semanticblank

Thetermisusedinasensethatthereisnoequivalentofawordorphraseinonelanguagecomparedwiththeother.Forexample:babyshower臨產(chǎn)婦女送禮聚

clock-watch看鐘點(diǎn)等下班braintrust智囊團(tuán)braindrain人才流失dataphone數(shù)據(jù)送話機(jī)

bridalshower新娘送禮聚會

brunch早午餐servicestation汽車加油服務(wù)站bus-boy餐館收垃圾工mindlessness思想上混沌狀態(tài)togetherness不分彼此集體感swansong絕唱，辭世之作athrowawaysociety浪費(fèi)成風(fēng)社會redshirt美國大學(xué)中體育方面有發(fā)展前途學(xué)生29/74SemanticBlank:ChinesephraseswithnoequivalentsinEnglish胸有成竹haveawell-thoughtplaninmind衙門yamen殺一儆百tokilloneasanexample冰糖葫蘆candiedhawsonastick磕頭kowtow功夫kungfu上火excessiveinternalheatinyourbody三伏thehottestdaysinsummer三九thecoldestdaysinwinter工字鋼H-beam環(huán)形圈O-ring三角帶v-belt叉形曲線Y-curve交叉支撐X-brace30/744)Semanticconflict

By“conflict”here,itmeansthatacertainwordrepresentsaconceptinonelanguagethatmaybecompletelyoppositetothatintheother.E.g.:Lady/gentlemen

comradecountry-state-citycountry-province-cityMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology麻省理工學(xué)院31/743.Collocation詞匯搭配關(guān)系Inthepracticeoftranslation,whatconfusesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinonelanguagetobetranslatedintotheotherastheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationandcontext.Ontheotherhand,anEnglishwordorphrasemayhaveavarietyofChineseequivalentsaccordingtothedifferentcontexts.1)經(jīng)過詞語橫向搭配選擇詞義intensedisgust（非常）

intensework（擔(dān)心）

intensesorrow（極度）intensestudy（擔(dān)心）

intensediscussion(激烈）intensecold（嚴(yán)）

intenseheat（酷）32/742)依據(jù)上下文詞義使用范圍大小不一樣選擇詞義commercialinvoice商業(yè)發(fā)票TVcommercial

商業(yè)廣告commercialvehicles商用車輛commercialhouse商行，商號commercialcollege商學(xué)院，商業(yè)?？茖W(xué)校commercialagent商務(wù)代理商commercialpractice商業(yè)通例33/74Sales:salesman推銷員，售貨員salesliterature銷售說明書salesmanager銷售經(jīng)理salesdepartment營銷部，業(yè)務(wù)部salesvolume銷售量salestax銷售稅，營業(yè)稅salesaccount銷貨賬，銷售登記簿Salesroom門市部，收貨處34/743)依據(jù)可引申程度不一樣或引申詞義不一樣

選擇詞義Shekilledtheflowerbysprayingittoomuch.(澆死）Hekilledthedog.（宰，殺死）Theoldmankillsthetimeeverydaydownatthepark.（消磨）Hekilledhischancesofsuccess.（使失去）Hedrinkstokillthepain.（止）Theeditorkilledthestory.（刪掉，槍斃）35/74

4)經(jīng)過引申升華,即邊緣類搭配選擇詞匯

wearacoat（穿）中心類搭配詞wearawatch（戴）中間類搭配詞wearapairofglasses（戴）

中間類搭配詞wearaperfume（噴，擦）邊緣類搭配詞Lookatthedialogueandnoticethedifferenttranslationsoftheword“wear”:A:WasMissLiwearinganythingwhensheenteredtheroom,Sir?B：Yes,shewaswearingaperfume.36/74第四章英漢句子對比

ChapterFour：ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseatSentenceLevelTherearethreeaspects:Syntheticvs.Analytic(綜合語與分析語）Compactvs.Diffusive（聚集型與流散型）Hypotacticvs.Paratactic（形合與意合）37/74Syntheticvs.Analytic

(綜合語與分析語）Englishisasyntheticlanguage“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflected（波折，詞尾有改變）formstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”.英語屬于綜合語，其特征是用形態(tài)改變來表示語法關(guān)系。Chineseisananalyticlanguage“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords（功效詞，如前置詞，連詞）,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelationsratherthanofinflectedforms.漢語屬于分析語，其特征是不用形態(tài)改變而用詞序及虛詞來表示語法關(guān)系。38/741）英語有形態(tài)改變，漢語沒有嚴(yán)格意義形態(tài)改變。

形態(tài)改變分以下兩種：（１）構(gòu)詞形態(tài)：即起構(gòu)詞作用詞綴改變（affixation)包含大量前綴（prefix)和后綴（suffix)。英語詞綴多變，經(jīng)常一綴多義，不但規(guī)模大，而且種類齊全。漢語利用詞綴構(gòu)詞不論規(guī)模、數(shù)量或種類都不及英語。英語經(jīng)過詞形改變改變詞性，用這些詞靈活組句，能夠表示一個幾乎相等意思；漢語沒有形態(tài)改變，極難用這么多句式來表示一樣意思。所以，英漢互譯時，往往要改變詞性，轉(zhuǎn)換詞類，才能通順表示原意。比如：39/74Thebasicmeaningsofthefollowingsentencesarethesame:

1.Hemovedastonishinglyrapidly.

2.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.

3.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.

4.Hisrapidmovementastonishedus.

5.Hismovementastonishedusbytheir

rapidity.

6.Therapidityofhismovementswas

astonishing.

7.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.

8.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhis

movements.

40/74（２）構(gòu)形形態(tài):即表示語法意義詞形改變。

Igivehimabook.Hehasgivenmethreebooks.

Hismotheroftengivehimbooks.漢語中，人稱代詞“我”“他”，名詞“書”，動詞“給”等類詞沒有形式改變。人稱代詞“我”“他”能夠表示主格、賓格和全部格；名詞“書”沒有單復(fù)數(shù)；動詞“給”沒有現(xiàn)在時，過去時，完成時改變。英語動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞經(jīng)常結(jié)合起來，利用其形態(tài)改變表示動詞時態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣。漢語沒有這類改變。有時可借助一些半獨(dú)立詞語來表示，但多數(shù)是隱含在句子中或上下文里。41/74Forexample:

Bythistimenextyeartheywillhaveturnedthelandintoaresidentialquarter.

Ididn’texpectthatyouwouldallbewaitinghere.Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.Iftheyhadn’tsavedthechild,hewouldhavebeendrowninthestormyriver.Modernaircraftsaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.

Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(P25)

Whilepeopleinothercountriesintheworldweretryingtocatchwildanimalsandbirdsandwerestillcollectingseedsandnuts,farmersinChinaweredevelopingthescienceofagriculture.(P28)42/74英語形態(tài)改變主要是動詞改變（conjugation）和名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞改變（declension）以及上述詞綴改變,包含：

性（gender）,

數(shù)（number）,

格（case)，

時（tense），

體（aspect),

語態(tài)（voice），

語氣（mood），

比較級（degreeofcomparison），

人稱（person）,

詞性（partsofspeech）。43/74

英語形態(tài)改變使用有嚴(yán)格規(guī)則，往往帶有強(qiáng)制性。

漢語沒有形態(tài)改變，漢語數(shù)量助詞“們”表示復(fù)數(shù)，動態(tài)助詞“著，了，過”表示動詞體，結(jié)構(gòu)助詞“，地，得”表示定語，狀語和補(bǔ)語。但這些成份使用在漢語中經(jīng)常缺乏普遍性。有場所一定要用，有場所可用可不用，有場所甚至不能用。44/74２）英語詞序比較靈活；漢語詞序相對固定

（１）英漢句子主要成份：主語、謂語動詞、賓語或表語語序基本上相同。普通說來，英、漢語排列次序都是主－動－賓，但與漢語相比，英語詞序倒置現(xiàn)象比較多。Mosttrade

isextendedviatheopenaccount.(1)(2)(3)賒銷賬戶使得交易得以擴(kuò)展。Wewillbeappreciated

ifyoucaninformus

of(1)(2)

thesalessituationofourproducts

atyourend.(3)(4)如能通知我們產(chǎn)品在你處銷售情況，我們將不勝感激。Themoderateprice

coupledwiththesuperiority(1)(2)

ofourgoods

willsurelyinduceyou

topassusorders.

（3）（4）（5）我們產(chǎn)品價格公道，質(zhì)地優(yōu)良，相信你們會樂于購置。45/74（2）漢語定語普通在名詞前面；而英語定語位置比較靈活，在許多情況下，能夠經(jīng)過形態(tài)改變或借助連接詞置于名詞前面或后面。英語定語位置比較靈活

averydifficultproblemproblemswithIraqandYemen英語定語能夠遠(yuǎn)離名詞Theelementofuncertaintylentaninteresttotheoccasionwhichitcouldnototherwisehaveattained.英語定語靈活處理Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamental

（易興奮，喜怒無常）daughterofawell-to-do（富裕）

doctorinPaddington.46/742.Compactvs.Diffusive

（聚集型與流散型）Englishsentencesarecompact,tightlycombinedwithconnectivesorprepositions,WhileChineseisdiffused,thatis,looseinstructure.英語句子特點(diǎn)：有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)通常由名詞性短語和動詞性短語組成。主語不可或缺，謂語動詞是句子中心，二者協(xié)調(diào)，提要攜領(lǐng)，聚集各種關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。所以，英語句子主次分明，層次清楚，前呼后擁，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)范，句式呈“聚集型”。漢語句子特點(diǎn):漢語不受形態(tài)約束，沒有主謂形式協(xié)調(diào)一致關(guān)系，也沒有這種關(guān)系能夠駕馭全句。漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)豐富，含有很大多樣性，復(fù)雜性和靈活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。47/74

Forexample:

Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthe

sizeofthecomputer,ofwhich

itformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicomputer.

現(xiàn)在集成電路成了計算機(jī)組成部分，使計算機(jī)面積大大縮小，從而產(chǎn)生了新一代便攜式微型計算機(jī)。Anotionhastakenhold（固定下來）intheUStotheeffectthat

（大意是）onlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.

在美國有一個根深蒂固觀點(diǎn)，說是只有對那些撫養(yǎng)得起兒女人，才應(yīng)勉勵其生育。48/74Althoughlonelyinanewland,hewasdescribedbyhisfellowworkersandstudentsascheerful,ofafriendlynature,honest,andmodest.

即使他單身一人，又處于異鄉(xiāng)客地，但正如他同事和學(xué)生描述那樣，他為人愉快開朗，溫文爾雅，老實(shí)謙虛。49/74英漢句子成份對比

ComparisonbetweenE-CSentenceElements

MostEnglishprimarysentencemembersarethesameorsimilartothoseinChinesesuchassubject,predicate,object,attributiveandadverbial.Evenso,therearedifferencesasinthefollowing:（1）英語句子有表語，英語補(bǔ)語概念與漢語不同，漢語補(bǔ)語與英語句中狀語或表語等同。比如：Iwenttothehospitaltoseehimthreetimes.

(adverbial)我到醫(yī)院看了他三次。（補(bǔ)語）Today’sfriedriceisverydelicious.(predicative)今天炒飯好吃極了。（補(bǔ)語）50/74(2)英語句子謂語動詞不可缺乏；而漢語句子名詞和形容詞能夠作謂語。比如：樹葉黃了。Theleavesturnedyellow.天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.明天是感恩節(jié)。TomorrowwillbeThanksgivingDay.這張桌子三條腿。Thistablehasthreelegs.古藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家，古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。（元朝散曲作家馬致遠(yuǎn)《天凈沙·秋思》）Overoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvineflyeveningcrows;Beneathatinybridgebesideacotaclearstreamflows;Onanancientroadinwesternbreezealeanhorsegoes.Inthewesttheeveningsunissinking,Attheremotestcorneroftheearththeheartbrokenmantravels.51/74英語和漢語不一樣語序（1）不一樣定語語序

英語定語短語和從句通常緊跟所修飾名詞，位置或前或后；而漢語定語短語和從句通常先于所修飾詞。比如：ThesearethebestdictionariesaboutEnglishidioms

whichwehaveinthelibrary.這些是我們圖書館里相關(guān)英語成語最好詞典。52/74Thereisnoschoolinthatmountainvillage,norhavethefarmersanyotherspeciallocalproductsoftheirown.

那座山村沒有學(xué)校，農(nóng)民也沒有自己任何其它地方性特色產(chǎn)品。53/74當(dāng)多個定語修飾同一名詞，英語修飾語序與漢語不一樣。通常語序以下：英語：

1.限定性定語（冠詞，指示代詞，不定代詞，名詞全部格）2.序量詞3.時間，地點(diǎn)4.主觀判斷性定語5.客觀描述性定語（大小，長短，高低，形狀）6.年紀(jì)，新舊7.顏色8.國籍，地域，出處9.質(zhì)地，材料10.用途11.類別，屬性漢語：

1.限定性定語2.國別3.時間，地點(diǎn)4.數(shù)量5.種類，次第6.主觀判斷7.顏色8.質(zhì)地，材料9.客觀性描述10.用途54/74E.g.:

anancientChinesewriter

一位中國古代作家ashortwhitemuslingown

一件白洋布短旗袍acharmingsmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk

一個精巧法國傳統(tǒng)棕色橡木做小圓寫字臺Thosearefivehugeapartmentbuildingsofourdistrictforcollegeteachers.

這是我們區(qū)五座為高校教師建高層公寓樓。55/74Manyscientistsholdthatman’ssocialpracticealoneisthecriterionofthetruthofhisknowledgeoftheexternalworld.許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，只有社會實(shí)踐才是人們對外界認(rèn)識真實(shí)性檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。ThethreecountiesunderwentthefourthmostseriousnaturaldisasterthatspreadtoseveralprovincesinChinainthe1970’s.這三個縣經(jīng)歷了那場中國七十年代第四次極為嚴(yán)重遍布數(shù)省自然災(zāi)害。56/74（2）不一樣狀語語序：英語和漢語狀語位置很靈活也很復(fù)雜。通常，漢語習(xí)慣把狀語放在所修飾詞之前或放在句首，僅少數(shù)放在后；而英語習(xí)慣把狀語放在所修飾詞之后或放在句尾，僅少數(shù)放在前。比如：Iwenttolivewithmyparents

foramonthortwoeverysummer

vacation

inmyhometown,Shandong.我每年放暑假到老家山東和父母親住一兩個月。（時間-地點(diǎn)-方式狀語）57/74Anotherexample:

Morerecently,IBM’sdominanceofthecomputermarkethasslipped,though.

不過，近些年來國際商用機(jī)器企業(yè)在電腦市場上統(tǒng)治地位已經(jīng)下降了。58/74假如一個句子中同時有幾個狀語成份，通常語序?yàn)椋河⒄Z：

1.條件狀語2.目標(biāo)狀語3.程度狀語4.方式狀語5.頻度狀語6.地點(diǎn)狀語7.時間狀語漢語：

1.目標(biāo)狀語2.時間狀語3.地點(diǎn)狀語4.條件狀語5.方式狀語6.頻度狀語7.程度狀語E.g.

Forthisreason,ourcompanynegotiatedwithyourcompanymanytimesthisyear.

為此我們企業(yè)今年曾屢次和貴企業(yè)談判。

59/74

Withthethirdpartyactingasanintermediary,totaketheinterestofthewholeintoaccount,westronglydemandwithfranknessandsincerity

manytimes

attheendofautumnofthesameyearthatyoushouldcompensateallourlosses.

我們?yōu)榱祟櫲缶钟谕昵锬┰诘谌秸{(diào)停下開誠布公地屢次強(qiáng)烈要求賠償我們一切損失。

Anotherexample:60/74HewasborninTianjin

at2:11A.M.onthe16thofOctober,1985.(鐘點(diǎn)、日、月、年）他是1985年10月16日凌晨2點(diǎn)11分在天津出生。（年、月、日、鐘點(diǎn)）HersisteronceworkedinthehospitaloftheHeartoftheNanchangCoal-miningCountry,JiangxiProvince.(英語地點(diǎn)由小到大）他姐姐曾在江西省南昌煤礦中心區(qū)醫(yī)院工作過。（漢語地點(diǎn)由大到?。?3)英語漢語中時間和地點(diǎn)狀語對比：

E.g.

61/743.Hypotactic

vs.Paratactic

主從結(jié)構(gòu)與并列結(jié)構(gòu)

形合與意合在任何一個語言中，句子連接主要有三種方法：句法手段、詞法伎倆和語義伎倆。英語是以形合為特點(diǎn)語言，它句子連接主要靠句法伎倆和詞法伎倆表示詞語或分句之間語法關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系。漢語是以意合為特點(diǎn)語言，它句子連接主要靠語義伎倆。1)英語以形合為特點(diǎn)，重視顯性連貫，重視句子形式，重視結(jié)構(gòu)完整，重視以形顯義。英語中連接伎倆和形式不但數(shù)量大、種類多，而且使用十分頻繁。62/74（1）英語關(guān)系詞和連接詞英語關(guān)系詞包含關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，用來連接定語從句、主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。

關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,that,which,what；關(guān)系副詞:

when,where,why,how。英語連接詞包含并列連詞和隸屬連詞：

并列連詞用來連接詞、詞組、分句，如:and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neither…nor,as…as…等；隸屬連詞用來連接各種狀語從句，如When,while,since,because,although,until,unless,lest,so…that

等。英語句子幾乎離不開這些關(guān)系詞和連接詞，而漢語則少用甚至不用這類詞。63/74E.g.E-C:Itwasquitelatewhenwegotback,nearlyseveno’clockintheevening.我們回到家已經(jīng)很晚，快黃昏7點(diǎn)了。Whywastebreathonthemwhohaveturnedsuchanunwillingear?他們不愿意聽，為何還對他們白費(fèi)口舌呢？Proverbsarethepopularsayings

that

brightensomuchLatinAmericantalk,theboiled-downwisdomthatyouareasapttohearfromprofessorsas

frompeasants,frombeggarsasfromelegants.Briefandcolorful,theymoreoftenthannotcarryasting.諺語是全拉美言談中那么妙趣橫生通俗話語，濃縮智慧你隨地能夠聽到，從大學(xué)教授到鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)民，從市井乞丐到窈窕淑女，諺語脫口而出。即簡練又富有幽默，往往話中帶刺。64/74E.g.C-E:

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。

Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall(膽汁）,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到黃河心不死。

Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.他老是見異思遷。Heisalwayschanginghismindthemomentheseessomethingnew.65/74（2）英語介詞

英語中各種介詞多達(dá)286個，英語造句幾乎離不開介詞。其中9個介詞占介詞使用90%，他們是：with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for,andon.這些介詞使句子邏輯關(guān)系更清楚明確。英語介詞從結(jié)構(gòu)上分為三類：簡單介詞，如:with,to,in,of,at,about,between;合成介詞，如：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout;短語介詞，如：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto,etc.漢語中也有介詞但經(jīng)常不用或省略。如：

Hehadadisconcertinghabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession.他有一個令人難堪習(xí)慣，一會兒一個看法，自相矛盾，反復(fù)無常。66/74Eveninitsblas