2022年全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一考試試題4

2022年全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一考試試題

試卷一(PaperOne)

PartIListeningComprehension(30%)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Atthe

endofeachconversation,youwillhearauestionaboutwhatissaid.Theuestionwillbereadonly

once,afteryouheartheuestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethe

bestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Listentothefollowingexample.

Youwillhear:

Woman:Ifeelfaint.

Man:Nowonder.Youhaven'thadabiteallday.

Youwillread:

A.Sheissick.B.Sheisbittenbyanant.

C.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.

HereCistherightanswer.

SampleAnswer

ABeD

NowlefsbeginwithuestionNumber1.

1.A.AcoughB.DiarrheaC.AfeverD.Vomiting

2.A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisC.LaryngitisD.Flu

3.A.Inhisbag.B.Bythelamp.

C.Inhishouse.D.Noideaaboutwhereheleftit.

4.A.He'snearlyfinishedhiswork.

B.Hehastoworkforsomemoretime.

C.Hewantstoleavenow.

D.Hehastroublefinishinghiswork.

5.A.ApatientB.AdoctorC.AteacherD.Astudent

6.A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136

7.A.Heistheheadofthehospital.B.HeisinchargeofPediatrics.

C.HewentoutlookingforDan.D.HewenttoMichiganonbusiness.

8.A.Hehasgotafever.B.Heisatalentedskier.

C.Heisveryrich.D.Heisarealskienthusiast.

9.A.Toasklocalpeopleforhelp.

B.TodoasRomansdoonlywheninRome.

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C.Trytoactlikethepeoplefromthatculture.

D.Staywithyourcountryfellows.

10.A.Shemarriedbecauseofloneliness.

B.Shemarriedamillionaire.

C.Shemarriedformoney.

D.Shemarriedforlove.

11.A.spirantB.CourageousC.CautiousD.Amiable

12.A.Hewasunhappy.B.Hewasfeelingabitunwell.

C.Hewenttoseethedoctor.D.Theweatherwasnasty.

13.A.Youmayfindmanyofthemonthebookseller5shelves.

B.Youcanbuyitfromalmosteverybookstore.

C.Ifsaverypopularmagazine.

D.Itdoesn'tsellverywell.

14.A.Ageneralpractitioner.B.Agynecologist.

B.AnorthopedistD.Asurgeon.

15.A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.InjectionsD.Surgery

SectionB

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,

youwillhearfiveuestions.Aftereachuestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,Cand

D.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Dialogue

16.A.Itisageneticdisorder.

B.Itisarespiratoryconditioninpigs.

C.Itisanillnessfrombirdstohumans.

D.Itisagastricailment.

17.A.Eatingpork.B.Raisingpigs.

C.Eatingchicken.D.Breedingbirds.

18.A.Runningnose.B.Inappetence.

C.Painsallover.D.Diarrhea.

19.A.Tostayfromcrowds.B.Toseethedoctorimmediately.

C.Toavoidmedications.D.Togotothenearbyclinic.

20.A.Itisadebate.B.ItisaTVprogram.

C.Itisaconsultation.D.Itisaworkshop.

PassageOne

21.A.About10,000,000.B.About1,000,000.

C.About100.000.D.About10,000.

22.A.Acocktailofvitamins.

B.Acocktailofvitaminsplusmagnesium.

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C.ThecombinationofvitaminsA,CandE.

D.Thecombinationofminerals.

23.A.Thedelicatestructuresoftheinnerear.B.Theinnerearcells.

C.Theeardrums.D.Theinnerearossicles.

24.A.GeneralMotors.B.TheUnitedAutoWorkers.

C.NIHD.Allofabove.

25.A.AnindustrialtrialinSpain.

B.MilitarytrialsinSpainandSweden.

C.IndustrialtrialsinSpainandSweden.

D.AtrialinvolvingstudentsattheUniversityofFlorida

PassageTwo

26.A.Thelinkbetweenobesityandbirthdefects.

B.Thelinkbetweenobesityanddiabetes.

C.Theriskofbirthabnormalities.

D.Theharmfuleffectsofobesity.

27.A.Neuraltubedefects.B.Heartproblems.

C.Cleftlipandpalate.D.Diabetes.

28.A.20million.B.200million.C.400million.D.40million.

29.A.Aweight-losssurgery.B.Abalanceddiet.

C.Achangeoflifestyle.D.Moreexercise.

30.A.Whyobesitycancausebirthdefects.

B.Howobesitymaycausebirthdefects.

C.Whyobesitycancausediabetes.

D.Howobesitymaycausediabetes.

PartIIVocabulary(10%)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C

andDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthe

sentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

31.Havingabird'seyeviewfromthehelicopter,thevastpasturewaswithbeautifulhouses.

A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed

32.Asusual,SingaporeAirlineswillreducetrans-pacificcapacityinseasonsthisyear.

A.stemB.slackC.sumptuousD.glamorous

33.Astothelivingenvironment,bacteria'sneedsvary,butmostofthemgrowbestinaslightly

acid.

A.mechanismB.miniatureC.mediumD.means

34.Underanunstableeconomicenvironment,employersintheconstructionindustryplacegreat

valueoninhiringandlayingoffworkersastheirvolumesofworkwaxandwane.

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A.flexibilityB.moralityC.capacityD.productivity

35.Inastarkoffortunes,thePhilippines一onceAsia'ssecondrichestcountryrecently

hadtobegVietnamtosellitsriceforitshungrymillions.

A.denialB.reversalC.intervalD.withdrawal

36.WebportalSohuhasgoneastepfurtherandcalledfornetizenstojoininanall-outboycottof

content.

A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgarD.stagnant

37.Expertsurgeareforestingofclearedareas,promotionofreduced-impactlogging,and

agriculture,tomaintaintherainforest.

A.sustainableB.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable

38.IntheUS,theRepublican'sdoctrineswereslightlyliberal,whereastheDemocrats5were

hardly.

A.rationalB.radicalC.conservativeD.progressive

39.OfficialsfromtheDepartmentofAgricultureconfirmedthatthefloodsanddrought

thissummerdidnotaffectthecountry'sgrainoutput

A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating

40.ItisbelievedthattheBlackDeath,rampantintheMedievalEurope,killed1/3ofits

population.

A.atlargeB.atrandomC.onendD.onaverage

SectionB

Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords

orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningof

theoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWER

SHEET.

41.Christmasshoppersshouldbeawareofthepossibledefectsoftheproductssoldatadiscount.

A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacksD.discrepancies

42.Thegoalofthistrainingprogramistoraisechildrenwithasenseofresponsibilityand

necessarycouragetobewillingtotakeonchallengesinlife.

A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake

43.After"9.11”,theOlympicGamesseverelytaxedthesecurityservicesofthehostcountry.

A.improvedB.burdenedC.inspectedD.tariffed

44.Theclown'sperformancewassofunnythattheaudience,adultsandchildrenalike,wereall

thrownintoconvulsions.

A.afitofenthusiasmB.ascreamoffright

C.aburstoflaughterD.acryofanguish

45.WeraisedamortgagefromBankofChinaandwereinformedtopayitoffbytheendofthis

year.

A.loanB.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval

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46.Theadvocateshighlyvaluethe“sportspirit”,whiletheopponentdevalueit,assertingthatifs

asheerhypocrisyandself-deception.

A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute

47.Wheneverarattlesnakeisagitated,itbeginstomoveitstailandmakearattlingnoise.

A.irritatedB.tamedC.stampedD.probed

48.Thedetectivehadanunusualinsightintocriminal'stricksandknewclearlyhowtotrackthem.

A.inductionB.perceptionC.interpretationD.penetration

49.Mylittlebrotherpracticesthespeechrepeatedlyuntilhisdeliveryandtimingwereperfect.

A.presentationB.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation

50.Inrecentweeksbothhousingandstockpriceshavestartedtoretreatfromtheirirrationally

amazinghighs.

A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonablyD.unconventionally

PartIIICloze(10%)

Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,thereare

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof

yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEIET.

Videogameplayersmaygetanunexpectedbenefitfromblowingawaybadguys-bettervision.

Playing“action“videogamesimprovesavisualability51taskslikereadinganddrivingatnight,

anewstudysays.Theability,calledcontrastsensitivityfunction,allowspeopletodiscerneven

subtlechanges52grayagainstauniformlycoloredbackdrop.It'salsooneofthefirstvisual

aptitudestofadewithage.53aregularregimenofactionvideogametrainingcanprovidelong-

lastingvisualpower,accordingtoworkledbyDaphneBavelieroftheUniversityofRochester.

Previousresearchshowsthatgamingimprovesothervisualskills,suchastheabilitytotrack

severalobjectsatthesametimeand54attentiontoaseriesoffast-movingevents.Baveliersaid,"A

lotofdifferentaspectsofthevisualsystemarebeingenhanced,55.〃

Thenewworksuggeststhatplayingvideogamescouldsomedaybecomepartofvision-

correctiontreatments,whichcurrentlyrelymainlyonsurgeryorcorrectivelenses."56you'vehad

eyesurgeryorgetcorrectivelenses,exposingyourselftothesegamesshouldhelptheopticalsystem

torecoverfasterandbetter,youneedtoretrainthebraintomakeuseofthebetter,crisper

informationthat'scomingin57yourimprovedeyesight/'Baveliersaid.

Expertactiongamersinthestudyplayedfirst-personshootersUnrealTournament2022and

CallofDuty2.AgroupofexperiencednonactiongamersplayedTheSims2,aa<lifesimulation”

videogame.Theplayersofnonactionvideogamesdidn'tseethesamevision58,thestudysays.

Bavelierandothersarenowtryingtofigureoutexactlywhyactiongames59seemtosharpen

visualskill.Itmaybethatlocatingenemiesandaimingaccuratelyisastrenuous,strength-building

workoutfortheeyes,shesaid.Anotherpossible60isthattheunpredictable,fast-changing

environmentofthetypicalactiongamereuiresplayerstoconstantlymonitorentirelandscapesand

analyzeopticaldatauickly.

51.A.crucialforB.availableinC.resultingfromD.ascribedto

52.A.indisguiseofB.inshadesofC.insearchofD.inplaceof

53.A.ThisishowB.ThafswhyC.ItisnotthatD.Thereexists

54.A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying

55.A.thoughB.nottosayC.notjustoneD.aswell

56.A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once

57.A.asopposedtoB.inadditiontoC.asaresultofD.inspiteof

58.A.benefitsB.defectsC.approachesD.risks

59.A.incaseB.inadvanceC.inreturnD.inparticular

60.A.effectB.reasonC.outcomeD.conclusion

PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)

Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfiveuestions.Foreach

uestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerandmarkthe

letterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Passageone

Thereisplentywedon'tknowaboutcriminalbehavior.Mostcrimegoesunreportedsoitis

hardtopickouttrendsfromthedata,andevenreliablesetsofstatisticscanbedifficulttocompare.

Buthereisonethingwedoknow:thosewithabiologicalpredispositiontoviolentbehaviorwho

arebroughtupinabusivehomesareverylikelytobecomelifelongcriminals.

Antisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,butnoonewassurewhetherthiswas

duemostlytosocial-environmentalfactorsorbiologicalones.Itturnsoutbothareimportant,but

theeffectismostdramaticwhentheyacttogetherThishasbeenillustratedinseveralstudiesover

thepastsixyearswhichfoundthatmalevictimsofchildabuseareseveraltimesaslikelytobecome

criminalsandabusersthemselvesiftheywerebornwithaless-activeversionofageneforthe

enzymemonoamineoxidaseA(MAO-A),whichbreaksdownneurotransmitterscrucialtothe

regulationofaggression.

Researchersrecentlymadeanotherkeyobservation:kidswiththis"doublewhammy,,of

predispositionandanunfortunateupbringingareHkelytoshowsignsofwhafstocomeatavery

earlyage.Theriskfactorsforlong-termcriminality一attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder,lowI,

languagedifficulties一canbespottedinkindergarten.Sogivenwhatwenowknow,shouldn'twe

bedoingeverythingtoprotectthechildrenmostatrisk

NooneissuggestingtestingallboystoseewhichvariantoftheMAO-Agenetheyhave,but

whatthescienceistellingusisthatweshouldredoubleeffortstotackleabusiveupbringings,and

evensimpleneglect.Thiswillhelpanychild,butespeciallythosewhosebiologymakesthem

vulnerable.ThankfullythereisalreadyconsiderableenthusiasminboththeUSandtheUKfor

convertingthelatestinbehavioralscienceintoparentingandsocialskills:bothgovernmentshave

schemesinplacetoimproveparentinginfamilieswherechildrenareatriskofreceivingpoorcare.

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Somepeopleareuncomfortablewiththeideaofearlyinterventionbecauseitimpliesour

behaviorbecomes"set"aswegrowup,compromisingtheideaoffreewill.Thatviewis

understandable,butitwouldbenegligenttoignorewhatthestudiesaretellingus.Indeed,thecost

tosocietyoffailingtointervene——intermsofcriminaldamage,dealingwithoffendersandhelping

victimsofcrime-isboundtobegreaterthanthecostofimprovingparenting.Thevaluetothe

childrenisimmeasurable.

61.Researchershavecometoaconsensus:toexplainviolentbehavior.

A.intermsofphysicalenvironmentB.formabiologicalperspective

C.basedontheempiricaldataD.inastatisticalway

62.Whenwesaythatantisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,asindicatedbythe

recentfindings,wecanprobablymeanthat.

A.aparticulargeneispassedoninfamilies

B.childabusewillleadtodomesticviolence

C.themalevictimsofchildabusewillpassonthetendency

D.theviolentpredispositionisexclusivelybomofchildabuse

63.Therecentobservationimplicatedthattocheckthedevelopmentofantisocialandcriminal

behavior.

A.boysaretobescreenedforthebiologicalpredisposition

B.high-riskkidsshouldbebroughtupinkindergarten

C.itisimportanttospotthegenesfortheriskfactors

D.activemeasuresoughttobetakenatanearlyage

64.Todefendtheargumentagainsttheunfavorableidea,theauthormakesitapointto

consider.

A.theimmeasurablevalueofthegeneticresearchonbehavior

B.theconseuencesofcompromisingdemocracy

C.thehugecostofimprovingparentingskills

D.thegreatercostoffailingtointervene

65.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage

A.ParentingStrategiesforKidsB.TheMakingofaCriminal

C.ParentalEducationD.AbusiveParenting

Passagetwo

After25yearsbattlingthemotherofallviruses,havewefinallygotthemeasureofHIVThree

developmentsfeaturedinthisissuecollectivelygivegroundsforoptimismthatwouldhavebeen

scarcelybelievableayearagointhewakeofanotherfailedvaccineandcontinuingproblems

supplyingdrugstoallwhoneedthem.

Perhapsthemostcompellinghopeliesintheapparent"cure"ofamanwithHIVwhohadalso

developedleukemia.Doctorstreatedhisleukemiawithabonemarrowtransplantthatalsovanuished

thevirus.NowUSCompanySangamoBiosciencesishopingtoemulatetheeffect

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patientsbeingcuredwithasingleshotofgenetherapy,insteadoftakingantiretroviraldrugsforlife.

Antiretroviraltherapy(ART)isitselfanotherreasonforoptimism.ResearchersattheWorld

HealthOrganizationhavecalculatedthatHIVcouldbeeffectivelyeradicatedinAfricaandother

hard-hitplacesusingexistingdrugs.Thetrickistotesteveryoneoften,andgivethosewhotest

positiveARTassoonaspossible.Becausethedrugsrapidlyreducecirculatinglevelsofthevirusto

almostzero,itwouldstoppeoplepassingitonthroughsex.Byblockingthecycleofinfectionin

thisway,theviruscouldbevirtuallyeradicatedby2050.

Bankrollingsuchalong-termprogramwouldcostseriousmoney—initiallyaround$3.5billion

ayearinSouthAfricaalone,ringto$85billionintotal.Hugeasitsounds,however,itispeanuts

comparedwiththeestimated$1.9trillioncostoftheIrawar,orthe$700billionspentinonego

proppinguptheUSbankingsector.Italsolooksmallbeercomparedwiththecostsofcarryingon

asusual,whichtheWHOsayscanonlyleadtospiralingcasesandcosts.

ThefinalbitofgoodnewsisthatthecostofARTcouldkeeponfalling.LastFriday,

GlaxoSmithklinechairmanAndrewWittysaidthathiscompanywouldofferallitsmedicinestothe

poorestcountriesforatleast25percentlessthanthetypicalpriceinrichcountries.GSKhas

alreadybeendoingthisforART,butthehopeisthatthecompanymaynowofferitcheaperstilland

thatotherfirmswillfollowtheirlead.

NoonedoubtthedevastationcausedbyAIDS.In2022,2millionpeoplediedand2.7million

morecontractedthevirus.Thosedismalnumbersarenotgoingtoturnaroundsoonandtheywon't

turnaroundatallwithouthugeeffortandinvestment.Butatleastthereisrenewedbeliefthat,given

thetimeandmoney,wecanfinallystartriddlingtheworldofthismostfearsomeofviruses.

66.Whichisthefollowingcanbemostprobablyperceivedbeyondthefirstparagraph

A.Theendoftheworld.B.Acandleofhope.

C.ANobelprize.D.AuickFix.

67.Accordingtothepassage,theapparent"cure"oftheHIVpatientwhohadalsodeveloped

leukemiawould.

A.makeapromisingtransitionfromantiretroviralmedicationtogenetherapy

B.facilitatethedevelopmentofeffectivevaccinesfortheinfection

C.compelpeopletodrawananalogybetweenAIDSandleukemia

D.wouldchangethewaywelookatthosewithAIDS

68.Asanotherbitofgoodnews,.

A.HIVwillbevirtuallywipedoutfirstinAfrica

B.thecycleofHIVinfectioncanbebrokenwithART

C.thecirculatinglevelsofHIVhavebeenlimitedtoalmostzero

D.theexistingHIVdrugswillbeenhancedtobemoreeffectivein25years

69.Thelastreasonforoptimismisthat.

A.governmentswillinvestmoreinimprovingART

B.thecostofantiretroviraltherapyisonthedecline

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C.everybodycanaffordantiretroviraltherapyintheworld

D.thefinancialsupportofARTiscomingtobenoproblem

70.Thewholepassagecarriesatoneof.

A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism

PassageThree

Archaeologycantellusplentyabouthowhumanslookedandthewaytheylivedtensof

thousandsofyearsago.ButwhataboutthedeeperuestionsCouldearlyhumansspeak,werethey

capableofself-consciousreflection,didtheybelieveinanything

Suchuestionsmightseemtobebeyondthescopeofscience.Notso.Answeringthemisthe

focusofaburgeoningfieldthatbringstogetherarchaeologyandneuroscience.Itaimstochartthe

developmentofhumancognitivepowers.Thisisnoteasytodo.Askullgivesnoindicationof

whetheritsownerwascapableofspeech,forexample.Thetaskthenistofindproxies（替代物）for

keytraitsandbehaviorsthathavestayedintactovermillennia.

Perhapsthemostintriguingaspectofthisendeavoristeasingouttheroleofcultureasaforce

intheevolutionofourmentalskills.Fordecades,developmentofthebrainhasbeenseenas

exclusivelybiological.Butincreasingly,thatisbeingchallenged.

TakewhattheCambridgearchaeologistColinRenfrewcalls“thesapient（智人的）paradox

（矛盾）〃.Evidencesuggeststhatthehumangenome,andhencethebrain,haschangedlittlein

thepast60,000years.Yetitwasn'tuntilabout10,000yearsagothatprofoundchangestookplacein

humanbehavior:peoplesettledinvillagesandbuiltshrines.Renfrew'sparadoxiswhy,ifthe

hardwarewasinplace,didittakesolongforhumanstostartchangingtheworld

Hisansweristhatthesoftware—theculture—tookalongtimetodevelop.Inparticular,the

interveningtimesawhumansvest（賦予）meaninginobjectsandsymbols.Thosemeaningswere

developedbysocialinteractionoversuccessivegenerations,passedonthroughteaching,andstored

intheneuronalconnectionsofchildren.

Culturealsochangesbiologybymodifyingnaturalselection,sometimesinsurprisingways.

Howisit,forexample,thatahumangeneformakingessentialvitaminCbecameblockedbyjunk

DNAOneansweristhatourancestorsstartedeatingfruit,sothepressuretomakevitaminC

“relaxed“andthegenebecameunnecessary.Bythisreasoning,earlyhumansthenbecameaddicted

tofruit,andanygenethathelpedthemtofinditwasselectedfor.

Evidencesuggeststhatthebrainissoplasticthat,likegenes,itcanbechangedbyrelaxing

selectionpressure.Ourunderstandingofhumancognitivedevelopmentisstillfragmentedand

confused,however.Wehavelotsofproposedcausesandeffects,andhypothesestoexplainthem.

Yetthepotentialpay-offmakesanswersworthsearchingfor.Ifweknowwherethehumanmind

camefromandwhatchangedit,perhapswecangaugewhereitisgoing.Findingthoseanswerswill

takealltheingenuitythemodemhumanmindcanmuster.

71.Theuestionspresentedinthefirstparagraph.

A.seemtohavenoanswerswhatever

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B.areintendedtodigforancienthumanminds

C.arenotscientificenoughtobeansweredhere

D.areraisedtoexploretheevolutionofhumanappearance

72.Thescientistsfindtheproxytobe.

A.theroleofcultureB.thepassageoftime

C.thestructureofaskullD.thebiologicalmakeupofthebrain

73.AccordingtoRenfrew^paradox,thetransitionfrom60,000to10,000yearsagosuggests

that.