職稱英語新增

第六篇MakingLightoflSleep

Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock,yourinternalclock2runsona

24-hourcycle.Thiscycle,calledacircadianrhythm,helpscontrolwhen

youwake,whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.

Somewherearoundpuberty,somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.The

clockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyour

mothertellsyouit'stimeforbed,yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayup3forseveralhoursmore.Andthelight

comingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.

Thisshift4isnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsync

withthecycleoflightanddark5.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringother

problems,too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloud6whentheydon'tgetenoughsleep,saysMary

Carskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence?RI7.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilityto

thinkandlearn.

Butjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact,itautomaticallyresets

itselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.

Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingour

internalclocks.Foryears,researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody*sclock8werehandled

throughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee.

Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsusto

see.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.

詞匯：

circadian/s3fkeidion/adj.晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的

adolescent/adoulesont/n.青少年；adj.青少年的

puberty/'pju:bsti/n.發(fā)育；青春期

sync/sigk/n.（口語）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào)

synchronize/'sigkronaiz/V.（使）同時發(fā)生;（使）同步

注釋：

l.makelightof:輕視，不在乎。例如：Wcshouldnotmakelightoftheirachievements.我們不應(yīng)當?shù)凸浪?/p>

們的成就。

2.yourinternalclock：指的是第一句中的aclocklocatedinsideourbrains,也即是第二段第一句中的的e

biologicalclock（生物鐘）。

3.stayup：不睡覺,熬夜

4.Thisshift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現(xiàn)

象。

5.getyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark:打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的

平衡

6.graycloud：提不起精神的狀態(tài)

7.BrownUniversityinProvidence,RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是Rhode

Island（羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國一流大學(xué)，

創(chuàng)建于1764年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、

哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。

8.thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock：平衡生物鐘的光信號

練習：

1.Theclocklocatedinsideourbrainsissimilartoourbedsidealarmclockbecause

Aitcontrolswhenwewake?whenweeatandwhenwesleep.

Bithasacycleof24hours.

Citisacyclealsocalledcircadianrhythm.

Ditcanalarmanytimeduring24hours.

2.Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph?

AYoungchildren'sbiologicalclockhasthesamerhythmwiththatoftheteenagers.

BPeopleafterpubertybegintogotobedearlierduetothechangeofthebiologicalclock.

CChildrenbeforepubertytendtofallasleepearlieratnightthanadolescents.

DTeenagersgotobedlaterthantheyusedtoduetothelightfromthecomputerscreen.

3.Inthethirdparagraphtheauthorwantstotellthereaderthat

Aitisnaturalfbrteenagerstostayuplateandgetuplate.

Bstayinguplatehasabadeffectonteenagers'abilitytothinkandlearn.

Cduringpubertymostteenagersexperienceakindofgraycloud.

Ditishardfbrteenagerstogetoutofbedinthemorning.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs?

AOurbiologicalclockresetsitselfautomatically.

Blightgetsthroughoureyesandresetsourbiologicalclock.

COurinternalclockaswellasthealarmclockcanberesetautomatically.

DOurinternalclock,likethealarmclock,canbereset.

5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,whatdidthepreviousresearchersthinkaboutthehumaneye's

light-sensingsystem?

AThehumaneyehadtwolight-sensingsystems.

BThehumaneyehadonelight-sensingsystem.

CThehumaneyecouldsensethelightofdaymorequicklythanthedarkofnight.

DThehumaneyecouldresetourinternalclocksinaccordancewiththealarmclocks.

答案與題解：

l.B第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的yourinternalclock即指aclocklocatedinsideourBrains。

2.C第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過了青春期(puberty),由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年(adolescentsand

teenagere)比以前要晚睡兒小時。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。

3.B第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。

4.C根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接

受的日光來自動調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能白

動重新設(shè)定時間。

5.B問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)(recentdiscoveries)之前對眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認識，即，

thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclockwerehandledthroughthesame

pathwaysthatweusetosee(眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系

統(tǒng))，也就是說，研究者之前認為人類的眼睛只有一個感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光

系統(tǒng)。

Graphene'sSuperstrengthI

Bigtechnologycomesintinypackages.Newcellphonesandpersonalcomputersgetsmaller

everyyear,whichmeanstheseelectronicsrequireevensmallercomponentsontheinside.

Engineersarclookingforcreativewaystobuildthesecomponents?andthey'veturnedtheireyestographene,a

superthin2material,madeofcarbon?thatcouldchangethefutureofelectronics.

Thisyear'sNobelPrizeforPhysics3hasbeenawardedtoAndreGcimandKostyaNovoselov

fromtheUniversityofManchester%UK.forthediscoveryofgraphene.Grapheneisn'tjustsmall,

it's"lhethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld,“saysNovoselov.Hecallsita*4wonder

material.nIt'ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceof

ordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers5,you'dhavenoideabecauseyou

wouldn'tbeabletoseeit.

Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflife

containscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon,butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'thavetolook

fartofindgrapheme—it*sallaroundyou.

Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff6,allyouneedisapencil,paperandalittleadhesive

tape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesive

tapeoverthearea7.WhenyoupuUupthetape,you'llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeof

theshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite,oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.

Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup-thereshouldbeaneventhinner

layer,thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover,untilyougetthethinnestpossible

layerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomihick,andyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.

Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer,you'vefoundgraphene.

詞匯：

graphene/'gr?fi:n/n.石墨烯

abundant/^bAndont/adj.豐富的，充裕的

atom/'aetam/n.原子

adhesive/od'hi:siv/n.膠粘劑;adj.黏著的

stack/staek/v.使成堆，堆放

graphite/'grjefait/n.石墨

注釋：

I.superstrength：超強的力量。該詞是一個合成詞，由兩部分組成，super（超級的）和strength（力量）。

2.superthin：超薄。見注釋1。

3.NobelPrizeforPhysics：諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎

4.theUniversityofManchester：曼徹斯特大學(xué)。這是一所位于英國曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于

1851年。

5.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers：句子使用的是虛擬語氣，因為不可能將幾乎肉眼看

不到的石果烯放在指尖上。

6.wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個詞構(gòu)成。

wonderstuff指的是第二段提到的wondermateriaL

7.applyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeover...：將一小片膠帶敷在..」

練習：

1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?

ABigtechnology.

BCreativeways.

CGraphene.

DBothAandB.

2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs,whatistrueofgraphene?

AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.

BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.

CItiseasytofindgraphene.

DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword“apply“inparagraph4?

Arequest.

Bpolish.

Cuse.

Dput.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?

AGrapheneismadeofgraphite,oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.

BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,thethinnestmaterialintheworld.

CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite,wefindgraphene.

DWithapencil,asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape,wecanfindgraphene.

5.Graphene'ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthat

AItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.

BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.

CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.

DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.

答案與題解：

LC第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料?，

這種材料能夠改變電子產(chǎn)品的未來。

2.C第二段倒數(shù)第二句告訴我們，25,000層石墨烯才能堆砌成?張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說明石墨烯

是多么的薄，而不是說它可以用來造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說明石墨烯就在我們周圍,

因此C是答案。B和D的表述內(nèi)容都與該兩段內(nèi)容不符合。

3.Dapply...over：將.涂（敷）在...上。

4.A最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石，塞烯；無數(shù)層石婚烯構(gòu)成石，瞿，當鉛

筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時，我們就得到了石里烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內(nèi)容。

"LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitan

ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifclontheSaturn'smoon2.Thediscoveryofasortoflifewas

announcedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA3,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini4,whichpointed

to,theexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn'sbiggestmoon.

Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare"breathing1'in

Titan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.

TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan'splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesand

rivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsomc"bugs"5consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoon

lessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.

"Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit'stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartotheway

weconsumeoxygenonEarth,"saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay."Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflifejl

wouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeon

Earth.”

Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisfonnoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-

water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,where

temperaturesarearound90Kelvin6(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethanebasedorganismwouldhavetousea

substancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan's

surfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.

ScientistshadexpectedtheSun'sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetylene

onTitan'ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.

TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan'ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,said

MarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigator?oftheNASATitanteam.

"Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biological

explanationsareaddressed,"Allensaid,"Wehavealotofworktodotoruleout8possiblenon-biological

explanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults.n

詞匯：

Saturn/'saeton/n.土星methane^miiGein/n.甲烷，沼氣

Titan/'taitan/n.土衛(wèi)六acetylene/a'setili:n/n.乙快

alienfeiljan/n.外星人;adj.夕卜星球的;相異的

consenzatism/k9n's3:vatiz9m/n.保守主義，守IH

注釋：

1.hintsofalienlife：外星生命跡象。

2.theSatum*smoon：指土衛(wèi)六(Titan)。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。

3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是：NationalAeronauticsandSpace

Administrationo

4.spacecraftCassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞

土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場進行深人考察。1997年10月15H,重六噸的“卡西尼”

號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船。西尼”號用了

將近七年時間，在2004年7月1日飛達土星軌道。

5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達，所以使用了引號。

6.KeIvin：可翻譯成"絕對溫度KelvinScale,絕對溫標，開氏溫標，是由Kelvin勛爵于19世紀中葉發(fā)

明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當于攝氏一273.15”C,被認為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為

科學(xué)家使用。

7.principalinvestigator：研究項目負責人

8.ruleout：排除.的可能性

練習：

I.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?

ATheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn.

BTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.

CTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan.

DTheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn'smoon.

2.WhatdoscientistssayaboutTitan?

ATherearelifecluesthere.

BTlicreisacetylenethere.

CWateronTitanexistsintheformofice.

DRiversandlakestherecontainlifefbnnls.

3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisfonnoflife.（paragraph5）Whatdoes"thisform

oflife"referto?

AWater-basedlife.

BMethane-basedlife.

CLiquid-water-basedmicroorganisms.

DGas-basedlife.

4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?

AScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.

BScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan.

CScientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable.

DScientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?

AEarthlikeLivingBeingsFoundonTitan.

BFindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn.

CTitan,aNewSatelliteFound.

DAdifferentLifeForm,aPossibility.

答案與題解：

l.C短文的第?段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡

象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。

2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare

,breathing'inTitan*sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen/',說明土衛(wèi)六（Tilan）有生命跡象。因此A是答

案。

3.Bthisformoflife指的是土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。

4.A科學(xué)家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生

物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan上沒有生物的觀點做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還

須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。

5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以

甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短

文E向主題：“Ifthesesignsdotumouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresenta

secondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth.”

TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety

Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsatthe

UniversityofChicagollSianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemale

teachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,then

herfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath.

"Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaletcachcrs2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheir

mathachievementssaidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirtcachers4.The

studysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmay

notdoaswellastheywouldhaveif

theyweremoreconfident.

Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobe

difficulttolearn-andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.

Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.

Tlicnewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluence

howherfemalestudentsfeciaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-and

second-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthe

beginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.

Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobea

boy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,the

researchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasales

reccipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxious

aboutmath.

Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxious

teachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowing

whethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetterat

math-andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.

"Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneed

ofreplicationwithalargersampled,"saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri?inColumbia.

詞匯：

snowball「snoub。:!/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事replication/replikeijon/n.重復(fù)，復(fù)現(xiàn)

superstar/'sju:pasta:/n.超級明星

練習：

1.UniversityofChicago：芝加哥大學(xué)。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立.大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1891

年。

2.keepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers：一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)。此處getting是having

的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數(shù)學(xué)沒有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的

解釋。

3.snowballeffectontheirmathachievement：在數(shù)學(xué)成就上的雪球效應(yīng)。其含義是：在數(shù)學(xué)上越來越?jīng)]有信

心。

4.enduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。Endupdoing

something：最終會做某事

5.salesreceipt：銷售清單

6.inneedofreplicationwithalargersample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進行重復(fù)驗證。replication

在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復(fù)（實驗）

7.theUniversityofMissouri：密蘇里大學(xué)。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1839年。

練習：

1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?

AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.

BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.

CFemaleteachers*mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.

DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.

2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?

AMathteachcrsjikemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.

BAdiificultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.

CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.

DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.

3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfelt

Anervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Bhelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.

4.Thesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindings

Aproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents1math

achievements.

Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemale

students.

Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.

Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.

5.DavidGearythinksthat

Athestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.

Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.

Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.

Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.

答案與題解：

l.D該段告訴我們女教師的想法(whalfemaleleachersihink)和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(whatfemale

studentsleam)之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說，女教師如果對自己的數(shù)學(xué)技能沒有自信，她的女學(xué)生很可

能相信男孩子會在數(shù)學(xué)方面超過女孩子。

2.B第三段的大意是，數(shù)學(xué)對任何人來說都可能有難度(Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultfor

everyone),如同學(xué)生，教師也會覺得數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者

是要告訴我們，教師會因為數(shù)學(xué)這門學(xué)科的難度而對教授該課程不自信。其他選項都不是該段所要表達的

內(nèi)容。

3.C第五段第三句"Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersasked

theteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasales

receipt”指出了答案°memorizingthenumbers；意為“記住數(shù)字"；savingthenumbers意為“保存數(shù)字"；filling

inthenumbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒有提到asalesreport；它們均不是答案。

4.A短文的第六段是對前一段所述調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果的討論，即，男學(xué)生較少受對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師影響，

而那些數(shù)學(xué)成績較低的女生都有對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師(girlswithmath-anxious

teachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathtests),而且，所有認為男生數(shù)學(xué)肯定比女生強的女生，其數(shù)

學(xué)教師都是有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮感的女教師(allofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmath

anxiety.)?D所以不是正確的選擇，因為只提到teachers和students,而不是femaleteachers和femalestudentso

5.B根據(jù)DavidGeary的說法，實驗結(jié)果還是初步的(preliminary),需要更大的樣本對其進行重復(fù)驗證(in

needofreplicationwithalargersample)o他沒有認為該實驗的過程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項：他認為實

驗樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項。

SmallButWise

OnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.Thetelescopeis

calledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhas

apowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsonicthewildestobjects?intheknown

universe,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanets

andstarsarebom.

"I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseen

before,"saidNedWrightascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.

Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityina

polarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscamerais

pointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartofthesky

every11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.

ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon*tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISE

standsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakes

picturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.

Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumof

light?thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigital

cameratakesapictureofatree,forexamplejtreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.

Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimage

together.

Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcameras

don'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longer

infraredradiationcanbedetectedaswannlhbytheskin.

That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Not

everythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,fbrexample,aregiantrocksthat

floatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sotheyYe

difficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduce

imagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesof

hundredsofthousandsofasteroids.

Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.

Theseobjectsare"failed"stars?whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9the

samekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkand

cooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butinthe

infraredspectrumtheyglow.

詞匯：

trashcan/'trjEj,k<En/n.垃圾箱

infrared/'infro'red/adj.紅夕卜線

asteroid/'^steroid/n.小行星

dwarf/dwo：f/n.矮星

注釋：

l.NASA(美國國家航空航天局)是縮寫詞，全稱是NationalAeronauticsandSpace

Administration

2.thewildestobjects：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。

3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。

4.polarorbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運行時能到達南

北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、

地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。

5.lap：?圈。原指競賽場的?圈或游泳池的■個來回，如：Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她

最后圈超過了其他參賽者。

6.infraredradiation：紅外線輻射

7.spectrumoflight：光譜,即,光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。

8.Browndwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。

9.jumpstart:啟動

練習：

1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?

AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.

BItisassmallasatrashcan.

CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.

DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.

2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?

Amake.

Bshoot.

Ctake

Dphotograph.

3.ThecameraonWISE

Aisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.

Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.

Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.

Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout'^steroids'*accordingtoparagraph7?

AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.

BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.

CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,

DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids

5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?

ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.

BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.

CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.

DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.

答案與題解：

l.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機能拍到任

何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中(intheknownuniverse)的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項

都不是短文表達的意思。

2.Asnap是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是"拍快照這里shoot,take和photograph都

是snap的同義詞。

3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機看到的光是visiblelights,看不見紅外線輻

射(infraredradiation).而WISE的相機能夠看到。

4.A短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如Iasteroids,所以A是正確選項。

其他選項的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。

5.B最后?段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE照片中，根據(jù)上文對WISE望遠鏡的描述只有WISE望

遠鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。

AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"

ResearchbytheUniversityofExctcrlhasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasa

resultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimal

Ecology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.

Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding!activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelof

nutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposersto

speciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvast

numbersofantworkers.

DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfrom