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2007年6月23日大學(xué)英語六級(CET-6)真題試卷(A卷)
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShould
OneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?Youshouldwriteatleast150
wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.有人做好事期望得到回報(bào);
2.有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該像雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報(bào);
3.我的觀點(diǎn)。
ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswer
thequestionsonAnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-4,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthe
passage;
N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJob
Manypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfour
workersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent"Plansfor2004"survey.
Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn'tmeettheiremotional,socialor
creativeneeds.They'restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmoveto
anotherjob.
MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,says
thatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.
Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8Myths
ofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,she
hashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.
LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Miller
encouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsabout
workandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouare
today.^^Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,
therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothafswhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebrought
uptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,
orbecomeadentistc<justlikedad."Ifthissoundsfamiliar,ifsprobablytimetolookatthenew
possibilitiesforyourfuture.
Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituation
andbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheir
passionthroughwork.
Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.
Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksfor
jobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifit
doesn'tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhat
theyarecurrentlydoing.
Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.
Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthat
youlovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor
“chainedtoyourdesk“mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternative
careersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanager
foralargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,
shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogoto
schoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster'sdegreeinforestry.
Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.
Step3:Self-definition
Millersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosell
themselves."'Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthe
featuresandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.^^Examinetheskills
andknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Your
qualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.
Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.
Self^honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingableto
acceptyourselfwithoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumore
self-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare-allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,
andyouruniquewayofbeing-you'llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalking
withpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself^honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyou
wereprogrammedtobelieve-thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrong
enough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.
Step5:Vision.
Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoI
reallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribein
detailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobean
actressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestate
agent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuying
propertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.
Step6:Appropriaterisk.
Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstacles
anddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.
Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogive
up,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassesto
learnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.For
someoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfull
time.You'llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouare
willingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.
Step7:Action.
Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,"Ifonewantstogettothetopofa
mountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingthe
effortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.^^Alltoo
often,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.
Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.
Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamore
meaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingto
peoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyour
targetedfield.
Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.
Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。
1.Accordingtotherecent"Plansfor2004"survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrent
jobs.
2.MaryLynMiller'sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.
3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.
4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.
5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommit
themselvestothepursuitof.
6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike.
7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self^honoringorself-lovemayhelpajob
seekertoshow.
8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion
9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto.
10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Atthe
endofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatsaid.
Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereach
questiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoices
markedA)B)C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthe
correspondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
11.A)Surfingthenet.
B)Watchingatalkshow.
C)Packingabirthdaygift.
D)Shoppingatajewelrystore.
12.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams.
B)Heissureofhissuccessintheexam.
C)Hedoesn'tknowifhecandowellintheexam.
D)HeusedtogetstraightA'sintheexamshetook.
13.A)Themanisgenerouswithhisgoodcommentsonpeople.
B)Thewomanisunsureiftherewillbepeaceintheworld.
C)Thewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperstories.
D)Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumannature.
14.A)Studyfbrsomeprofession.
B)Attendamedicalschool.
C)Stayinbusiness.
D)Sellhisshop.
15.A)Moremoney.
B)Fairtreatment.
C)Acollegeeducation.
D)Shorterworkhours.
16.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip.
B)Shemissedthecomfortsofhome.
C)ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood.
D)ShewillnotgotoMexicoagain.
17.A)Cheerherselfupabit.
B)Findamoresuitablejob.
C)Seekprofessionaladvice.
D)Takeapsychologycourse.
18.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow.
B)Whathewearsdoesnotmatchhisposition.
C)Hehasignoredhisfriendssincegraduation.
D)Hefailedtodowellatcollege.
Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
19.A)Togosightseeing.
B)Tohavemeetings.
C)Topromoteanewchampagne.
D)Tojoininatrainingprogram.
20.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassengercomplaints.
B)Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining.
C)Itcancutdowntheexpensesforairtravel.
D)Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairtravel.
21.A)Tookbalancedmealswithchampagne.
B)Atevegetablesandfruitonly.
C)Refrainedfromfishormeat.
D)Avoidedeatingrichfood.
22.A)Manyofthemfounditdifficulttoexerciseonaplane.
B)Manyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirwell-being.
C)Notmanyofthemchosetodowhatshedid.
D)Notmanyofthemunderstoodtheprogram.
Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
23.A)Atafair.
B)Atacafeteria.
C)Inacomputerlab.
D)Inashoppingmall.
24.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology.
B)Theorganizingofanexhibition.
C)Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.
D)Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket.
25.A)Datacollection.
B)Trainingconsultancy.
C)Corporatemanagement.
D)Informationprocessing.
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwill
hearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.
Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoice
markedA)B)C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2
withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
PassageOne
Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
26.A)Improvethemselves.
B)Getridofemptydreams.
C)Followtheculturaltradition.
D)Attemptsomethingimpossible.
27.A)Byfindingsufficientsupportforimplementation.
B)Bytakingintoaccounttheirownabilitytochange.
C)Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirultimategoals.
D)Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryingthemout.
28.A)Toshowpeoplehowtogettheirlivesbacktonormal.
B)Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletoloseweight.
C)Toremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesonfoodbags.
D)Toillustratehoweasilypeopleabandontheirgoals.
PassageTwo
Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
29.A)MichaeFsparentsgotdivorced.
B)KarenwasadoptedbyRayAnderson.
C)Karen?smotherdiedinacaraccident.
D)Atruckdriverlosthislifeinacollision.
30.A)Heranaredlightandcollidedwithatruck.
B)Hesacrificedhislifetosaveababygirl.
C)Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar.
D)HegotmarriedtoKaren'smother.
31.A)Thereportedheroturnedouttobehisfather.
B)Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoolate.
C)Suchmisfortuneshouldhavefallenonhim.
D)Itremindedhimofhismiserablechildhood.
PassageThree
Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
32.A)Germany.
B)Japan.
C)TheU.S.
D)TheU.K.
33.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends.
B)Byworkinglonghourseveryday.
C)Byputtinginmorehourseachweek.
D)Bytakingshortervacationseachyear.
34.A)Tocombatcompetitionandraiseproductivity.
B)Toprovidethemwithmorejobopportunities.
C)Tohelpthemmaintaintheirlivingstandard.
D)Topreventthemfromholdingasecondjob.
35.A)Changetheirjobs.
B)Earnmoremoney.
C)Reducetheirworkinghours.
D)Strengthenthegovemmenfsrole.
SectionC
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadfor
thefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageis
readforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to
43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46
youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneither
usetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourown
words.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhat
youhavewritten.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
Nursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpression
thatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,weare(36)toprovide
nursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoral(37)toanyphysician.We
providehealthteaching,(38)physicalaswellasemotionalproblems,(39)
patient-relatedservices,andmakeallofournursingdecisionsbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitable
fbrthepatient.If,inany(40),wefeelthataphysician'sorderis(41)or
unsafe,wehavealegal(42)toquestionthatorderorrefusetocarryitout.
Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbefore
theyentertheprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress.However,thatoccursduetoodd
workinghoursisa(43)reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.(44)
.Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,disruptsoursleeping
andeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjob-relatedfriendsandactivities.
Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.(45)
.Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshaveevidently
notbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueas
predicted,(46).
PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.
Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsin
thefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.
Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.It
wassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨脹)withtheInternetbubble.
Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google'ssearchengine
issowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.The
worldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.
GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseries
offortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthat
eventuallybecameGoogle'ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationa
yearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthe
searchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordof
mouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.
Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdid
morethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(統(tǒng)計(jì))andrankedahostofothercritical
factorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.
BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1
followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraised
moneyfromprescient(有先見之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampus
toturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytried
toselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupon
theirown.
Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithits
invention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobe
advertising,andifsnotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertising
company,giventhatthafsthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertising
company,worth$100billion.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?
48.Google'ssearchengineoriginatedfromstartedbyL.Page.
49.HowdidGoogle'ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?
50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould.
51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom.
SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions
orunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),
C),andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletter
onAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn't
feelgood.Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthat
datesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKenneth
Galbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.
TheAffluentSocietyisamodemclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthe
humancondition.Formostofhistory,"'hunger,sickness,andcold^^threatenednearlyeveryone,
Galbraithwrote.'"Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.^^After
WorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe
1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.
ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,
companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'treallywantorneed.Becauseso
muchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfiilfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthat
wouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively-and
wrongly-labeledgovernmentonlyas"anecessaryevil.^^
Ifsoftensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfalling
behind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrichoverpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butover
anymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,
inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”
becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheirrisingwants-forbiggerhomes,more
healthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.
Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstability
aspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.More
workersfearthey'vebecome"thedisposableAmerican,,9asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbook
bythesamename.
Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrival
ofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(烏托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluence
succeeds.Thereismuchlessphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,
affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.
Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.
Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocial
order.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewayto
self-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsand
sometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownand
obesity(月巴胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.
Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitof
affluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.
注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?
A)Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.
B)Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.
C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.
D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.
53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause.
A)publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpected
B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil
C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression
D)materialismhasrunwildinmodemsociety
54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?
A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.
B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.
C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.
D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.
55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican^^(Line3,Para.5)?
A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.
B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.
C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.
D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.
56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?
A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.
B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.
C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.
D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.
PassageTwo
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,
whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwho
withdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyand
itsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.The
typicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(謹(jǐn)言慎行)in
theworld/9elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.
Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefeminine
linguistic(語言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women's"forms,and
evenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas"men's."This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderable
attentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen's
language.Indeed,wedidn'thearabout"men'slanguage^^untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls'
appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentiment
aboutthe“corruption“ofwomen'slanguage——whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossof
feminineidealsandmorality-andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthat
areregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.
YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthe
highlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthat
youngwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto^^一afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,
butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureof
one'ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteforms
whenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomeninafashionanalogoustolittlegirls'useofa
high-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk"or"mothertalk"inroleplay.
ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignof
change-ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe
“masculizatiorTofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaim
toauthorityasboysandmen,butthatis
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