國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)英語帥建林InternationalTradeTerms省公開課一等獎全國示范課微課金獎

Chapter5InternationalTradeTermsMeaningoftradetermsRoleofinternationaltradetermsInternationaltradeusagesAguidetoIncoterms1/76MeaningofinternationaltradetermsDefinition:tradeterms(priceterms/deliveryterms)areanimportantcomponentofaunitpriceininternationaltrade,standingforspecificobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Theyareabbreviationsusedtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.examples:US$750perdozenCIFNewYorkFFR1000perM/TCFRMarseille2/76MeaningofinternationaltradetermsDefinition:tradeterms(priceterms/deliveryterms)areanimportantcomponentofaunitpriceininternationaltrade,standingforspecificobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Theyareabbreviationsusedtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.examples:US$750perdozenCIFNewYorkFFR1000perM/TCFRMarseille3/76RoleofinternationaltradetermsNamingtheexactpointatwhichtheownershipofthemerchandiseistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Definingtheresponsibilitiesandexpensesofboththesellerandthebuyer.SimplifyingnegotiationsSavingtimeandcost4/76ResponsibilitiesandexpensesResponsibilitiesinclude:CarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforthegoodsObtainingtheimportorexportlicenseCharteringashiporbookingshippingspaceMakinginsuranceAskingforinspectionExpensescomprise:FreightLoadingandunloadingexpensesInsurancepremiumWarehousechargesDutiesandtaxesMiscellaneousexpenses5/76InternationaltradeusagesWarsaw-OxfordRules1932RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms6/76Warsaw–OxfordRules1932WarsawRules1928Contains22clausesconcerningCIFcontractsWarsawRules1932BasedonWarsawRules1928,contains21clausesconcerningthenature,risksandexpensesbornebyboththesellerandthebuyer.Stillinuse.7/76RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941OriginallyTheUSExportQuotationsandAbbreviations1919Revisedandrenamedin1941Sixtradeterms:ExPortofOrigin,ExDock,FreeonBoard,FreeAlongSide,

Cost&Freight,Cost,InsuranceandFreight.ApplicableintheUSA,CanadaandothercountriesinAmerica.8/76InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsAlsoabbreviatedasIncotermsEstablishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)in1936,revisedin1953,1967,1976,1980,1990and.AimedatprovidinguniformrulesfortheinterpretationoftradetermsCharacteristicsofIncoterms9/76ComparativeEditionoftheobligationsofboththebuyerandtheseller

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractLicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceDeliveryTransferofrisksDivisionofcostsNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageChecking-packaging-markingOtherobligationsThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsLicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceTakingdeliveryTransferofrisksDivisionofcostsNoticetothesellerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageInspectionofgoodsOtherobligations10/76StructureofIncotermsGroupE(departure):EXWGroupF(maincarriageunpaid):FCA;FOB;FASGroupC(maincarriagepaid):CFR;CIF;CPT;CIPGroupD(arrival):DAF;DES;DEQ;DDU;DDP11/76EXW:ExWorks工廠交貨Exworksmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenhehasmadethegoodsavailableathispremises(i.e.works,factory,warehouse,etc.)tothebuyer.Inparticular,heisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidedbythebuyerorforclearingthegoodsforexport.12/76Thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller‘spremisestothedesireddestination.Thistermthusrepresentstheminimumobligationfortheseller.Thistermshouldnotbeusedwhenthebuyercannotcarryoutdirectlyorindirectlytheexportformalities.Thistermmaybewritteninthisway:US$100perdozenexworksNingbo13/76Thisisalsocalledthedepartureterm.Underthisterm,theselleronlycoversthecostandliabilitiesofthemanufactureorpurchaseofthegoodswhilethebuyeranswersforalltheothercostsandliabilities.Sointhequotationsofpricebytheseller,thisshouldbethelowestasunderthisterm,thesellerhastheleastliabilitiesandrisks.14/76Thistermisnotonlyapplicabletomarinetransportationofthegoods,butalsotoalltheothermodesoftransportations,includingmulti-modaltransport(MT).Certainly,underEXWthesellershouldrenderassistancetothebuyeruponrequestforclearanceofcustoms,cargoinspection,exportformalitiesandinsurance,etc..15/76EXW:ExWorks(…namedplace)Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractCostofbasicpackingNoticetothebuyerThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsLicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceTakingdeliveryProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageTwooptions:ExworksclearedforexportExworksunclearedforexport16/76FTermsFtermsrefertoFAS,FCA,FOB.Theyaredifferenttermsunderwhichsellersorbuyersfulfilltheirobligationsinthedeliveryofgoods.FASistheshortformof“FreeAlongsideShip”,andFCAistheshortformof“FreeCarrier”whileFOBistheshortformof“FreeOnBoard”.17/76FCAFreeCarrier貨交承運人

（……指定地點）FreeCarriermeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenhehashandedoverthegoods,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthecarriernamedbythebuyeratthenamedplaceorpoint.Ifnoprecisepointisindicatedbythebuyer,thesellermaychoosewithintheplaceorrangestipulatedwherethecarriershalltakethegoodsintohischarge.When,accordingtothecommercialpractice,theseller‘sassistanceisrequiredinmakingthecontractwiththecarrier(suchasinrailorairtransport),thesellermayactatthebuyer’sriskandexpense.18/76Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransport,includingmulti-modaltransport.Carriermeansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceofcarriagebyrail,road,sea,air,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.Ifthebuyerinstructsthesellertodeliverthecargotoaperson,e.g.afreightforwarderwhoisnotaCarrier,thesellerisdeemedtohavefulfilledhisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheyareinthecustodyofthatperson.19/76Underthisterm,theselleristoanswerfortheliabilitiesandchargesfromthepurchaseormanufactureofthegoods,thefreightfromtheproductionsitetothesiteofdelivery,exportcustomsclearanceandexportcommodityinspection.Alltheotherchargesandliabilitiesaretobebornbythebuyers.20/76FCA:FreeCarrier(…namedplace)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractLicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesClearingforexportDeliverytothecarrierProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageRisksandcostsbeforedeliveringgoodstothecarrierThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsContractofcarriageandinsuranceTakingdeliveryNoticetothesellerRisksandcostsaftertheseller’sdeliveringgoodstothecarrier21/76

FAS---FreeAlongsideShip船邊交貨（……指定裝運港）FreeAlongsideShipmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenplacedalongsidethevesselonthequayorinlightersatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksofthelossordamagetotheirgoodsfromthatmoment.

22/76TheFAStermrequirestheSELLER(INCOTERMS),notthebuyer(INCOTERMS1990requiresthebuyer)toclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.Underthisterm,theselleranswersforthecostandliabilitiesarisingfromtheproductionorpurchaseofthegoodsandthecarriageofthegoodstotheloadingportor,inlanddelivery,tothedeliveryplaceatthefrontier.23/76UnderFAS,thesellermustpaythecostsofthosecheckingoperations(suchascheckingquality,measuring,weighing,counting)whicharenecessaryforplacingthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyer.Thesellermustprovideathisownexpensepackagingthatisrequiredforthetransportofthegoods,totheextentthatthecircumstancesrelatingtothetransport(modalities,destination)aremadeknowntothesellerbeforethesalescontractisconcluded.Packagingistobemarkedappropriately.24/76FAS:FreeAlongsideShip(…namedportofshipment)Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractClearingthegoodsforexportDeliveryProofofdeliveryCostsandrisksbeforethegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsContractofcarriageandinsuranceTakingdeliveryTransportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageCostsandrisksafterthegoodsareplacealongsidethevesselNoticetotheseller25/76FOBFreeonBoard船上交貨

（……指定裝運港）FreeonBoardmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassedovertheship‘srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.26/76TheFOBtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.Whentheship‘srailservesnopracticalpurpose,suchasinthecaseofroll-on/roll-offorcontainertraffic,theFCAtermismoreappropriate.27/76Underthisterm,thesellerhasroughlythesameliabilitiesasinthesalesunderFCA.ThedifferencebetweenFCAandFOBisthatFOBisapplicableonlytomarinetransportationwhileFCAcanbeappliedtoallmodesoftransportations.28/76TheParticularPointsabouttheSalesunderFOB:1) AccordingtoINCOTERMS(InternationalChamberofCommerce Terms),thesellerfulfilshisobligationstodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassed overtheship‘srailatthenamedportofshipment,butitisoftenthepracticethatthesellerseesthegoodsaredeliveredonboard.Undersuchcases,theship’srailcanbetakenasthepointwherethesellerandbuyerdividetheirrisks.29/762)UnderFOB,itisthebuyerwhoarrangestheshipfortheshipmentofthegoods.Sothepartiesmusttrytoensurethatthegoodsandtheboatarriveatthesameloadingportatthesametime.Thelosscausedbytheuntimelyarrivalordelayoftheshipshouldbecompensatedbythebuyerwhilethelossarisingfromtheuntimelyarrivalordelayofthegoodswillbecoveredbytheseller.30/76UnderFOB,thesellersometimesalsomakesthecharterparty.Butitisonthebuyer‘sbehalfandthecostaswellastheriskshouldbecoveredandbornebythebuyer31/763) Astheloadingchargesareconcerned,theyareusuallycoveredbythebuyeras thefreightchargedbythelinersincludestheloading,trimming,stowing,andthe unloadingcharges.Butundervoyagecharterparty,thepartiesneedtoclarifyin theircontractwhoshouldcovertheloading,trimming,orstowingcharges.32/76ThisisreflectedinthevariationsofFOB:FOBlinerterms班輪條件:Theloadingaswellastrimmingorstowingchargeswillbecoveredbythebuyer/carrier.FOBundertackle釣鉤下交貨:Thesellerfulfilshisdeliverywhenithasplacedthegoodsunderthetackle.FOBstowed理艙費在內(nèi):Thesellerwillbearthecostofstowingaswellasloading.FOBtrimmed平艙費在內(nèi):Thesellerwillbearthecostoftrimmingaswellasloading.FOBST:FOBStowedandTrimmed33/76FOB:FreeonBoard(…namedportofshipment)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesDeliveryProofofdeliveryCostsandrisksbeforethegoods’passingtheship’srailNoticetothebuyerThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceTakingdeliveryTransportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageRisksandcostsafterthegoods’passingtheship’srail34/76DifferentInterpretationofFOBRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941gives6formsofFOB.Underthefirstthreeforms,thesellerdeliversgoodsontheinlandconveyanceatthenamedplaceintheexportcountry.Underthefourthtype,deliveryismadeontheinlandconveyanceattheplaceofexport.Thefifthtyperequiresdeliveryonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.Withthesixthtype,theselleristodeliverthegoodsatthenamedplacewithintheimportcountry.caution:confusionmayarisewhenapplyingthefourthtypeandthefifthtypeastheplaceofdeliverymayappeartobethesame.Forexample,FOBSanFranciscomayrefertodeliveryeitheroninlandconveyancewithinthecityoronboardthevesselattheportofSanFrancisco.Toavoidconfusion,aword“Vessel”shouldbeaddedbetweenFOBandthenameoftheport(FOBVesselSanFrancisco)ifdeliveryonboardthevesselisintended.35/76CTermsCTermsrefertoCFR,CIF,CPT,andCIP.UndertheCterms,thesellerwillcoverthecostarisingfromthemaincarriage.36/76CFRCostandFreight成本加運費

（……指定目標港）

CostandFreightmeansthatthesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskoflossordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboardthevessel,istransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship‘srailintheportofshipment.TheCFRtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.37/76Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Whentheship‘srailservesnopracticalpurpose,CPTtermismoreappropriatetouse.Underthisterm,thebuyerwilleffecttheinsurance.

Thesellercoversthecostofcarriagebutdoesnotbeartherisksarisingfromthecarriageofthegoods.

38/76SomeadditionalpointsaboutCFR:1) Underthisterm,thesellerarrangesthecharterpartyorrenttheshipspace. AccordingtoINCOTERMS,heisobligedtocontractonusualtermsathisownexpenseforthecarriageofthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbytheusualrouteinaseagoingvessel(or,ininlandwaterwaytransport,aninlandwaterwayvesselasappropriate)ofthetypenormallyusedforthetransportofthegoodsofthecontractdescription.Thebuyerisnotentitledtodemandthesellertouseaspecialboat,thoughsuchrequirementscanbemetifthesellerwouldgranthiswish.39/762) Thedischargecharges:likethebusinessunderFOB,ifthecargoesarecarriedbyaliner,thedischargechargeswillbeincludedinthefreightandbecoveredbytheseller.Forvoyagechartercarriage,thepartiesshouldnegotiatetodeterminewhoshouldbeartheunloadingcharges.ThiswillresultinthevariationsofCFR.40/76

Thetermsunderwhichthesellerwillbeartheunloadingcharges:

CFRlinerterms班輪條件

CFRextackle釣鉤下交貨

CFRlanded卸至碼頭4) Thetermunderwhichtheunloadingchargeswillbebornbythebuyer:

CFRexship‘shold船底交貨5) ThesellerunderCFRmustgivethebuyersufficientnoticethatthegoods havebeendeliveredonboardthevesselaswellasanyothernoticerequiredin ordertoallowthebuyertotakemeasureswhicharenormallynecessarytoenablehimtoreceivethegoods.41/766) INCOTERMSstatesthatunderCFR,thesellershouldprovidethebuyer,upon request,withthenecessaryinformationforprocuringinsurance.Thismeansthatthesellerisnotobligedtonotifythebuyeroftheshipmentfortheinsuranceofthegoods.Butsomecountriesstipulatethatthesellershouldnotifythebuyeroftheshipmentforthebuyertoeffectinsurance,orthesellerwillbeartherisks.Thus,toavoiddisputes,thesellershouldgivetimelynoticetothebuyertoeffectinsurance.42/76CFR:CostandFreight(…namedportofdestination)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageDeliveryRisksbeforethegoods’passingtherailofthevesselNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsContractofinsuranceImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesTakingdeliveryRisksandadditionalcostsafterthegoods’passingtherailofthevessel43/76CIFCost,Insurance,andFreight保險成本加運費（……指定目標港）CIFmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobligationsasunderCFRbutwiththeadditionthathehastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer‘sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.44/76ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisonlyrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonminimumcoverage.TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Whentheship’srailservesnopracticalpurposessuchasinthecaseofroll-on/roll-offorcontainertraffic,theCIFtermismoreappropriatetouse.45/76SomeadditionalpointsaboutCIF:1)SymbolicdeliveryUnderCIF,thesellerisobligedtoeffectinsurance,buthedoesnotbeartheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringtransit.Oncehehasdeliveredthegoodsandacquiredthenecessarydocuments,heisentitledtothepaymentsofthegoodsevenifthecargoesarelost.Thisiscalledsymbolicdeliveryordocumentarytransaction.Andifthegoodsarelostduringtransit,thebuyer,insteadoftheseller,istoasktheinsurancecompanytocoverthelosses,andusuallythesellerwillrenderthenecessarysupport.46/762) InsurancecoverTheinsuranceshouldbecontractedwithunderwriters/insureroraninsurancecompanyofgoodreputationinaccordancewiththeminimumcoverofInstituteCargoClauses,ICC(InstituteofLondonUnderwriters)orChinaInsuranceClauses.CICWhenrequiredbythebuyer,thesellershallprovide,atthebuyer‘sexpense,war,strikes,riots,andcivilcommotionriskinsurancesifprocurable.Theminimuminsuranceshallcoverthepriceprovidedinthecontractplustenpercentandshallbeprovidedinthecurrencyofthecontract.Inpractice,whentwotradingpartnershavereachedanagreementunderCIF,theyusuallystipulateintheircontractwhatriskstocoverandhowmuchtheinsuredamountis,soastoclarifytheliabilitiesoftheparties.47/763)CIFvariantsCIFLinerTerms班輪條件:Thesellerorcarrierpaysforthechargesforunloading.CIFLanded卸致碼頭:Thesellercoversthechargesforunloadingtotheportofdestination.CIFExTackle吊鉤下交接:Thesellercoversthechargesforunloadingfromtheship’sholdtothewharforlighter.Thebuyercoversthechargesofthelighterandthechargesforunloadingfromthelightertothewharf.CIFExShip’sHold艙底交接:Thebuyercoversthechargesforunloadingfromtheship’sholdtothewharf.48/76CIF:Cost,InsuranceandFreight(…namedportofdestination)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceDeliveryRisksbeforethegoods’passingtheship’srailNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesTakingdeliveryRisksafterthegoods’passingtheship’srail49/76CPTCarriagePaidto(...namedplaceofdestination)運費付至（……指定目標地）CarriagePaidTo...meansthatthesellerpaysthefreightforthecarriageofthegoodstothenameddestination.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrier,istransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredintothecustodyofthecarrier.50/76Carriermeansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceofcarriage,byrail,road,sea,air,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.Ifsubsequentcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestination,theriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrier.TheCPTtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransportincludingmulti-modaltransport.Underthisterm,thesellerhasthesameliabilitiesasunderCIF,butthistermisapplicablenotonlytoseatransportation,butalsotoothermodesoftransportation.51/76CPT:CarriagePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageDeliveryRisksbeforedeliveringthegoodstothecarrier/firstcarrierNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesTakingdeliveryRisksafterthegoods’deliverytothecarrier/firstcarrierNoticetotheseller52/76CIPCarriageInsurancePaidto運費保費付至(……指定目標地)ThisisthesameasCPT,butwithinsurancepaidbytheseller.Itisspeciallyapplicabletomulti-modaldeliveries.Asamatteroffact,FCA,CPT,andCIPcameintouseastheresultoftheavailabilityofmulti-modaldeliveriesininternationaltradestartingfrom1970’.Nowadays,theservicesofMTP(multi-modaltransportoperator)arebeingwidelyusedbytradersinWesterncountriesasaresultoftheincreasinguseofcontainersinthemovementofcargoesbetweendifferentplacesintheworld.53/76CIP:CarriageandInsurancePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageandinsuranceDeliveryRisksbeforedeliveringthegoodstothecarrier/firstcarrierNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesTakingdeliveryRisksafterthegoods’deliverytothecarrier/firstcarrierNoticetotheseller54/76DTermsTherearefiveDterms:DAF,DES,DEQ,DDUandDDP.DtermsaredifferentfromCTermsinthatunderDterms,thesellerisresponsibleforthearrivalofthegoodsattheagreedplaceorpointofdestination.Thesellermustbearalltherisksandcostsinbringingthecargoesthereto.Hence,contractsunderDtermsmeanarrivalcontractswhilecontractsunderCTermsmeanshipmentcontracts55/76DAFDeliveredatFrontier(...namedplace)

邊境交貨（……指定地點）DAFmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailable,clearedforexport,atthenamedpointandplaceatthefrontier,butbeforethecustomsborderoftheadjoiningcountry.Theterm“frontier”maybeusedforanyfrontierincludingthatofthecountryofexportandthefrontierofathirdcountry.Therefore,itisofvitalimportancethatthefrontierinquestionshouldbedefinedpreciselybyalwaysnamingthepointandplaceintheterm.56/76Thetermisprimarilyintendedtobeusedwhengoodsaretobecarriedbyrailorroad,butitmaybeusedforanyothermodeoftransport.Ifthenamedplaceislocatedinaportoftheimporter’scountry,INCOTERMSsuggeststhatDESorDEQbeadopted.57/76UnderDAFthebuyermustobtainathisownriskandexpenseanyimportlicenseorotherofficialauthorizationandcarryoutallcustomsformalitiesatthenamedpointofdeliveryatthefrontier,orelsewherefortheimportationofthegoodsand,wherenecessary,fortheirsubsequenttransport.58/76TwoIssuesaboutDAFWhentherearemorethanoneplacefordeliveryontheborder,itisimportantthattheplaceofdeliverybedefinedpreciselyinordertoavoidanydispute.Ifthereisnotsuchaplaceagreedbythetwoparties,thesellerhastherighttochooseoneplacethatheconsidersmostappropriatefordeliveryUnderDAF,riskspassfromthesellertothebuyeronlywhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothebuyeratthenamedplaceonthefrontier.NoticethedifferencebetweenDAFandCPT.59/76DAF:DeliveredatFrontier(…namedplace)

Theseller’sobligationsProvisionofgoodsinconformitywiththecontractExportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesContractofcarriageDeliveryRisksandcostsbeforethegoods’deliverytothenamedplaceatthefrontierNoticetothebuyerProofofdelivery,transportdocumentorequivalentelectronicmessageThebuyer’sobligationsPaymentforgoodsImportlicenses,officialdocumentsandcustomsformalitiesTakingdeliveryRisksandcostsafterthegoods’deliverytothenamedplaceatthefrontier60/76DESDeliveredExShip(...namedportofdestination)

船上交貨（……指定目標港）DESmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipunclearedforimportatthenamedportofdestination名副其實到岸價）.Thesellerhastobearallthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.61/76UnderDESthesellermustcontractathisexpenseforthecarriageofthegoodsbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertothenamedplaceatthenamedportofdestination.Ifapointisnotagreedorisnotdeterminedbypractice,thesellermayselectthepointatthenamedportofdestinationwhichbestsuitshispurpose.62/76DES:DeliveredExShip(…namedportofdestination)

Theseller