9Politeness-in-conversation會(huì)話中的禮貌現(xiàn)象

Unit9

PolitenessinConversation會(huì)話中的禮貌現(xiàn)象Contents9.1Approachestopoliteness9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims9.3Clashesandtradeoffsbetweenthemaxims9.4PP:areformulation9.1ApproachestopolitenessAccordingtoJennyThomas(1995:149),fourseparatebutrelatedtypesofphenomenahavebeeninvestigatedinrelationtotheterm“politeness”:

9.1ApproachestopolitenessTypeA:Politenessasareal-worldgoal

norelevancetolinguists

9.1ApproachestopolitenessTypeB:Politenessasdeference

moreofasociolinguisticissuethanapragmaticconcept

9.1ApproachestopolitenessTypeC:Politenessasautterance-levelphenomenon

moresociolinguisticthanpragmaticinnature

9.1ApproachestopolitenessTypeD:Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon

Twoinfluentialmodels:

PolitenessPrincipleanditsmaximsbyLeech

FaceTheorybyBrownandLevinson9.1ApproachestopolitenessTwootherscholarsworthytobementioned:

RobinLakoff

Twobasicstrategiesforcommunication:onestrategy,thatofclarity,guidesthetransmissionofinformation;theother,thatofrapport,pointstopolitenessrules.Accordingtohim,therearethreerulesofpoliteness:don’timpose,giveoptions,befriendly.9.1ApproachestopolitenessPeterGrundy:

Politenesscanbeusedtodescribetheextenttowhichactions,includingthewaythingsaresaid,matchothers’perceptionsofhowtheyshouldbeperformed.Tohim,everyinstanceoflanguageincommunicationinvolvesmoreorlesspoliteness.Oneutterancemaybepoliteinonecontextbutnotinanother.Politenessissomethingsubjective,personal,anddynamic.9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsProblemsinCP:failstoexplainwhypeoplechoosenottobedirectinsayingwhattheymean.LeecharguesthatPPcanexplainwhypeoplearesometimesindirectinconveyingwhattheymeanandisanecessarycomplementtoCP.9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsTwogeneralrequirementsinpoliteness:

a.Maximize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofpolitebeliefs;

b.Minimize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsSixmaximsofPolitenessPrinciple:

I.TactMaxim得體準(zhǔn)那么II.GenerosityMaxim慷慨準(zhǔn)那么

III.ApprobationMaxim贊譽(yù)準(zhǔn)那么IV.ModestyMaxim謙遜準(zhǔn)那么

V.AgreementMaxim一致準(zhǔn)那么VI.SympathyMaxim同情準(zhǔn)那么9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims〔1〕策略準(zhǔn)那么〔tactmaxim，也叫“得體準(zhǔn)那么”，用于指令和承諾〕：盡力縮小對(duì)方的損失，盡力擴(kuò)大對(duì)方的好處?！?〕慷慨準(zhǔn)那么〔generositymaxim，也叫“寬宏準(zhǔn)那么”，用于指令和承諾〕：盡力縮小自己的好處，盡力擴(kuò)大自己的損失。9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims〔3〕褒獎(jiǎng)準(zhǔn)那么〔approbationmaxim，也叫“贊揚(yáng)/贊譽(yù)準(zhǔn)那么”，用于表情和表述〕：盡力縮小對(duì)對(duì)方的詆毀，盡力擴(kuò)大對(duì)對(duì)方的贊揚(yáng)。〔4〕謙遜準(zhǔn)那么〔modestymaxim，也叫“謙虛準(zhǔn)那么”，用于表情和表述〕：盡力縮小對(duì)自己的贊揚(yáng)，盡力擴(kuò)大對(duì)自己的詆毀。9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims〔5〕贊同準(zhǔn)那么〔agreementmaxim，也叫“一致準(zhǔn)那么、同意準(zhǔn)那么”，用于表述〕：盡力縮小與對(duì)方的分歧，盡力擴(kuò)大與對(duì)方的一致?！?〕同情準(zhǔn)那么〔sympathymaxim，用于表述〕：盡力縮小對(duì)對(duì)方的厭煩，盡力擴(kuò)大對(duì)對(duì)方的同情〔和好感〕。9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims(1)Politenesstendstofavorotherthanself.OfthetwinnedmaximsI-IV,I>II,III>IV.(2)Theavoidanceofdiscordisamoreconstantneedthanthecreationofconcord.Thea-sub-maximismoreimportantthantheb-sub-maxim.9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsAccordingtoLeech,twomajorkindsofgoalsareidentifiableincommunication:9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsillocutionarygoals(theimmediate,primarygoalsoflinguisticcommunication,suchasgettingsbtodosth)socialgoals(thelong-term,secondarygoalsofourlinguisticcommunication,suchasmaintainingfriendlyrelationswithothers)9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsTheillocutionarygoalsmayeithersupport(aswhenmakingacompliment)orcompetewith(aswhenmakingarefusal)socialgoals.9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsIllocutionaryactsorfunctionsmaybeclassifiedintofourtypesbasedontherelationbetweenthetwotypesofgoals:(p.119)

competitivefunctions,convivialfunctions,collaborativefunctions,andconflictivefunctions9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaxims“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)類”〔competitive〕：命令、請(qǐng)求等“和諧類”〔convivial〕：祝福、感謝等“合作類”〔collaborative〕：告訴、通報(bào)等“沖突類”〔conflictive〕：咒罵、威脅等9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsDifferentillocutionaryfunctionsrequiredifferentkindsanddegreesofpoliteness:thefirsttwoaretheoneswhichchieflyinvolvepoliteness.9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximscompetitivefunctions:politenessisofanegativecharactertoreducediscordimplicitinthecompetitionbetweenwhatSpeakerwantsandwhatisgoodmanners9.2PP:theprincipleanditsmaximsconvivialfunctions:politenesstakesamorepositiveformofseekingopportunitiesforcomitycollaborativefunctions:largelyirrelevantconflictivefunctions:outofquestion9.3ClashesandtradeoffsbetweenthemaximsClashesorconflictscanoccurbetweentwomaximsofPP.(example1onp.119)TheycanalsoarisebetweenacertainmaximofPPandonemaximofCP.(example2onp.119)

9.3ClashesandtradeoffsbetweenthemaximsWhenclashesbetweenmaximsareinevitable,sometradeoffsmustbesought.Wewillhavetoallowonemaximtotakepriorityovertheother.Differentculturesmayprioritizedifferentmaximsinthisregard.(example3onp.120)9.3ClashesandtradeoffsbetweenthemaximsAsLeechobserves,whenmaximsoftheCPandthePPcomeintoconflict,thelattergenerallygainsmoreconsideration.Thisissobecause,whiletheCPregulatescommunicatorsundertheassumptionofcooperativeness,thePPhasahigherregulativeroleinmaintainingsocialequilibriumandthefriendlyrelationsonwhichtheassumptionofcooperativenessdepends.9.4PP:areformulationTheuseofthetermmaximisquestionedforitsmoralandimperativeconnotations.Leech(2005)decidestoreformulatethesixmaximsintosomethingthatsoundsmorelikepragmaticconstraints.

9.4PP:areformulationOnesinglesuper-constraintheinventsistheGrandStrategyofPoliteness(GSP,禮貌大策略):

Inordertobepolite,SexpressesorimpliesmeaningswhichplaceahighvalueonwhatpertainstoO(O=otherperson[s],[mainlytheaddressee])orplacealowvalueonwhatpertainstoS(S=self,speaker).(Leech2005)9.4PP:areformulationPolitenessinapragmaticsenseisamatterofconveyingmeaningsinaccordancewiththeGSP.PolitenessoftenshowsupinoppositestrategiesoftreatingSandHindialogue.9.4PP:areformulationWhereasconveyingahighlyfavorableevaluationofHispolite,conveyingthesameevaluationofSisimpolite.WhileconveyinganunfavorableevaluationofSispolite,givingthesameevaluationofHisimpolite.9.4PP:areformulationUnderthesuper-constraint,Leechidentifiesasetofsub-constraintswhichhavevariableconstrainingpower:(p.121)

ABCDE9.4PP:areformulationPolitenesscanbemeasuredintermsoftwoscales:onebeingabsolutepolitenessscaleandtheotherbeingrelativepolitenessscale.9.4PP:areformulationAbsolutepolitenessscale絕對(duì)禮貌等級(jí):wecanorderutterancesonascaleofpolitenessoutofcontextRelativepolitenessscale相對(duì)禮貌等級(jí):wecanjudgepolitenessasrelativetonormsinagivensociety,foragivengroup,orforagivensituation.9.4PP:areformulationAbsolutepolitenessscale絕對(duì)禮貌等級(jí):wecanorderutterancesonascaleofpolitenessoutofcontextUnidirectional,determinesdegreesofpolitenessintermsofthelexico-grammaticalformandsemanticmeaningoftheutterance.Example4onp.1229.4PP:areformulationRelativepolitenessscale相對(duì)禮貌等級(jí):wecanjudgepolitenessasrelativetonormsinagivensociety,foragiv